Essentials of Sports Law : Fourth Edition

Essentials of Sports Law......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 6
Preface to the First Edition......Page 20
Preface to the Second Edition......Page 22
Preface to the Third Edition......Page 24
Preface to the Fourth Edition......Page 28
CHAPTER 1 Introduction......Page 32
1.1. The Sports Industry......Page 33
1.2. Professional Sports Leagues......Page 34
1.2.1. A Brief Economic Overview......Page 35
1.2.2. Impact of Broadcast Contracts......Page 37
1.2.3. Attendance......Page 40
1.2.5. Personal Seat Licenses......Page 41
1.2.6. Sponsorships, Licensing, and Merchandising......Page 42
1.2.7. Commissioners......Page 44
1.2.8. Single-Entity Leagues......Page 46
1.3. Intercollegiate Athletics......Page 47
1.3.1. Organizational Structure......Page 48
1.3.2. Economic Overview......Page 50
1.3.2.1. Revenues......Page 51
1.3.2.2. Expenses......Page 52
1.3.3. The Institutions......Page 53
1.3.4. Institution Case Study: University of Michigan Athletic Department......Page 54
1.3.5. Knight Foundation Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics......Page 56
1.4.1. Organizational Structure......Page 58
1.4.2. International Federations and National Governing Bodies......Page 62
1.4.3. Economic Overview of Olympic Bodies......Page 64
1.4.4. International Olympic Committee Responses to Prevailing Legal Issues......Page 65
1.5. Interscholastic Athletics......Page 66
1.6. Individual Sport Issues......Page 67
1.7. Facilities, Agency Firms, and Media......Page 68
CHAPTER 2 The Court and Legal System in the United States......Page 70
2.1.1. U.S. Supreme Court......Page 72
2.1.2. U.S. Courts of Appeals......Page 74
2.1.4. Administrative Agencies......Page 75
2.2. The State Court System......Page 78
2.3.1. The Complaint......Page 79
2.3.5. The Answer......Page 80
2.3.8. The Type of Court......Page 81
2.3.9. The Trial......Page 82
2.3.11. The Appeals Process......Page 83
2.4.1.2. Legal Research Guides......Page 84
2.4.1.6. Treatises......Page 85
2.4.1.8. Law Review Articles......Page 86
2.4.1.10. Legal Computer Services......Page 87
2.4.1.11. Sports Law Newsletters......Page 88
2.4.2. Constitutions......Page 89
2.4.4. Federal Administrative Rules and Regulations......Page 90
2.4.5.2. U.S. Courts of Appeals......Page 91
2.4.5.3. U.S. District Courts......Page 92
2.4.5.4. State Courts......Page 93
CHAPTER 3 Legal Principles in Tort Law......Page 94
3.1.1. Duty of Care Owed......Page 96
3.1.1.1. Reasonable Person Standard......Page 98
3.1.1.2. Standard of Care for Children......Page 99
3.1.2. Breach of Duty Owed......Page 100
3.1.2.2. Res Ipsa Loquitur......Page 101
3.1.3. Actual and Proximate Causation......Page 102
3.1.4. Damages......Page 104
3.1.5.1. No Negligence......Page 105
3.1.5.3. Comparative Negligence......Page 106
3.1.5.4. Assumption of Risk......Page 107
3.1.5.6. Immunity and Good Samaritan Statutes......Page 110
3.1.6. Wrongful Death Statutes......Page 112
3.2. The Tort of Reckless Misconduct (Gross Negligence)......Page 113
3.3.1. The Tort of Assault......Page 114
3.3.2. The Tort of Battery......Page 115
3.3.3.1. Consent......Page 116
3.3.3.2. Privilege......Page 117
3.3.4. Tortious Interference with Contractual Relations......Page 118
3.3.5. The Tort of Intentional Infiiction of Emotional Distress......Page 119
3.4.1. Defamation Law......Page 120
3.4.1.2. Slander......Page 121
3.4.2. The Tort of Invasion of Privacy......Page 123
3.5.2. Products Liability Based on Negligence......Page 125
3.5.3. Products Liability Based on Strict Tort Liability......Page 126
3.6. Vicarious Liability......Page 128
3.6.1. Exception: Independent Contractors......Page 129
3.7. Workers\' Compensation......Page 130
CHAPTER 4 Application of Tort Law to Sports......Page 136
4.1. Liability of Participants......Page 137
4.2. Liability of Coaches and Teachers......Page 141
4.2.1. Failure to Provide Adequate Supervision......Page 142
4.2.2. Failure to Provide Proper Instruction and Training......Page 144
4.2.3. Failure to Provide Prompt and Capable Medical Assistance......Page 146
4.3. Liability of Administrators, Schools, and Athletic Organizations......Page 148
4.3.1. Failure to Provide Supervision of Athletic Activities and to Hire Qualified Personnel......Page 149
4.3.2. Failure to Provide Proper Medical Assistance......Page 151
4.3.3. Failure to Provide Safe Equipment......Page 152
4.3.4. Vicarious Liability for Actions of Fans and Players......Page 154
4.4.1. Sovereign Immunity......Page 155
4.4.2. Charitable Immunity......Page 157
4.4.3. Civil Liability Immunity Legislation......Page 158
4.5. Liability of Facility Owners and Possessors......Page 159
4.6. Liability of Medical Personnel......Page 169
4.7. Liability of Officials, Referees, and Umpires......Page 173
4.8. Application of Legal Principles to Defects in Equipment......Page 178
4.9. Liability Insurance......Page 181
4.10. Waiver and Release of Liability......Page 182
CHAPTER 5 Athletic Associations......Page 188
5.1.1. Introduction......Page 191
5.1.2. The U.S. Olympic Committee......Page 192
5.1.3. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)......Page 196
5.1.4. Other Athletic Associations......Page 201
5.1.5. High School Athletic Associations......Page 203
5.2.2. Judicial Review......Page 209
5.2.4. Injunctive Relief......Page 213
5.3.1. Introduction......Page 215
5.3.2. NCAA Enforcement Procedure......Page 216
5.3.2.1. Committee on Infractions......Page 217
5.3.2.2. Infractions Appeals Committee......Page 220
5.3.2.3. NCAA Infractions Process......Page 223
5.3.3. The Knight Commission......Page 224
5.3.4. Interscholastic Enforcement Procedures......Page 226
5.3.5. Olympic Enforcement Procedures......Page 229
5.3.6. Court of Arbitration for Sport......Page 232
5.4.1. Disclosure......Page 236
5.4.2. Funding of Public Facilities......Page 239
5.4.3. The Buckley Amendment......Page 240
CHAPTER 6 The Athlete and Constitutional Law......Page 244
6.1.1. State Action Requirement......Page 246
6.1.2. Due Process......Page 250
6.1.2.1. Procedural Due Process......Page 251
6.1.2.2. Substantive Due Process......Page 253
6.1.3. Equal Protection......Page 257
6.2. Definitions of Eligibility......Page 260
6.3. Eligibility Requirements: College and High School......Page 265
6.3.1.1. Initial Eligibility: National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)......Page 267
6.3.1.2. Grade Point Average: High School......Page 270
6.3.1.3. Academic Progress: NCAA......Page 271
6.3.1.4. Academic Progress: High School......Page 273
6.3.2.1. Redshirting......Page 275
6.3.2.2. Longevity......Page 278
6.3.2.3. Transfer Rules......Page 280
6.3.3.1. NCAA Rules Regarding Scholarships, Financial Assistance, and Expenses......Page 283
6.3.3.2. Employment: NCAA......Page 288
6.3.3.3. Summer Camps and Independent Teams......Page 289
6.3.3.4. Olympic Eligibility Requirements......Page 291
6.4.1. Freedom of Expression......Page 294
6.4.2. Discipline......Page 299
6.4.3. Alcohol, Drug, and Conduct Rules: High School......Page 304
CHAPTER 7 Drug Testing and Policies......Page 306
7.1. Legal Principles in Drug Testing......Page 308
7.1.1. Constitutional Law......Page 309
7.1.2. Contract and Labor Law......Page 312
7.2. Drug Policies and Legal Challenges......Page 313
7.2.1.1. Vernonia School District v. Acton......Page 314
7.2.1.3. Considerations in Enacting Drug Testing Programs......Page 316
7.2.2.1. NCAA Policy and Legal Challenges......Page 318
7.2.2.2. College Conferences and Schools: Policies and Legal Challenges......Page 322
7.2.3. Olympic and International Sports......Page 324
7.2.4. Professional Sports......Page 331
7.2.4.1. National Football League......Page 332
7.2.4.2. National Basketball Association......Page 335
7.2.4.3. Major League Baseball......Page 337
7.2.4.4. National Hockey League......Page 341
7.2.4.5. Professional Golf Association......Page 342
7.2.4.6. Women\'s National Basketball Association......Page 343
CHAPTER 8 Gender Discrimination in Athletics......Page 346
8.1. Legal Theories in Gender Discrimination Cases......Page 352
8.1.1.2. Office of Civil Rights (OCR) Policy Interpretation of Title IX......Page 354
8.1.1.3. OCR Analysis and Method of Enforcement......Page 357
8.1.2. The Equal Rights Amendment and State Equal Rights Amendments......Page 361
8.1.3. Equal Protection Laws......Page 365
8.2.1. Legality and Scope of Title IX......Page 368
8.2.2. Post–Civil Rights Restoration Act Litigation......Page 373
8.3. Gender Discrimination Cases Involving Individual Athletes......Page 380
8.3.1.1. Contact Sports......Page 381
8.3.1.2. Noncontact Sports......Page 384
8.3.2. Women\'s Team, No Men\'s Team......Page 387
8.3.3.1. Separate but Equal......Page 391
8.3.3.2. Contact Sports......Page 392
8.3.4.1. Contact Sports......Page 394
8.3.4.2. Noncontact Sports......Page 395
8.3.5. Same Sport, Different Seasons......Page 396
8.3.6. Varsity Sport versus Club Sport......Page 398
CHAPTER 9 Contract Law......Page 400
9.1. Principles of Contract Law......Page 401
9.1.1.1. Offer......Page 402
9.1.1.2. Acceptance......Page 404
9.1.1.3. Consideration......Page 405
9.1.1.4. Legality......Page 408
9.1.1.6. Drafting a Contract......Page 410
9.1.2. Mistakes in Contracts......Page 411
9.1.4. Conditions of a Contract......Page 412
9.1.5. Statute of Frauds......Page 413
9.1.7. Breach of Contract......Page 414
9.1.8. Remedies for a Breach of Contract......Page 417
9.2.1. Standard Player Contract......Page 419
9.2.1.1. Reserve or Option Clause......Page 420
9.2.1.2. Unique Skill Provisions......Page 421
9.2.1.3. Hierarchy of Contracts......Page 422
9.2.1.5. Assignability......Page 423
9.2.1.6. Bonus Clauses......Page 424
9.2.1.7. Health Regulations......Page 426
9.2.1.8. Full Performance......Page 427
9.2.2. Defenses to Standard Player Contract Breaches......Page 429
9.2.3. Tortious Interference with Contractual Relations......Page 439
9.2.4. Marketing, Endorsement, and Sponsorship Contracts......Page 441
9.2.4.2. Sponsorship Rights......Page 443
9.2.4.3. Indemnification......Page 444
9.2.4.5. Force Majeure and Work Stoppage......Page 445
9.2.4.6. Sponsorship Litigation Cases......Page 446
9.2.5. Coaches\' Contracts: Professional and Collegiate Sports......Page 447
9.2.6. Coaches\' Contracts: High School......Page 463
9.2.7. Physicians\' Contracts......Page 465
9.2.9. Facility Contracts......Page 466
CHAPTER 10 Antitrust Law......Page 482
10.1. Overview of Antitrust Law......Page 483
10.1.1. Sherman Act, Section 1: Restraint of Trade......Page 484
10.1.2. Sherman Act, Section 2: Monopolization......Page 486
10.1.3.2. Statutory Labor Exemption......Page 488
10.2.1. Player Restraints and Antitrust Theory......Page 489
10.2.1.1. Football......Page 493
10.2.1.2. Hockey......Page 494
10.2.1.3. Basketball......Page 496
10.2.2. Ownership Restraints and Antitrust Theory......Page 497
10.2.2.1. Existing Owners v. Existing Owners: Raiders v. NFL......Page 499
10.2.2.2. Raiders v. NFL Revisited......Page 500
10.2.2.3.3. MLB v. Crist......Page 502
10.2.3. Interleague Antitrust Challenges......Page 503
10.2.3.1. USFL v. NFL......Page 504
10.2.3.2. NASL v. NFL......Page 505
10.2.4.1. Age Restrictions......Page 507
10.2.4.2. Equipment Rules......Page 508
10.2.4.4. Hosting Tournaments and Confiicts of Interest......Page 509
10.3.1.1. History of the Reserve System......Page 510
10.3.1.2. Creation of the Baseball Exemption: Federal Baseball......Page 511
10.3.1.3. Baseball Exemption Reaffirmed: Toolson......Page 517
10.3.1.4. Baseball Anomaly Upheld: Flood......Page 518
10.3.1.5. The Curt Flood Act......Page 519
10.3.2. The Nonstatutory Labor Exemption......Page 520
10.3.3. Early Uses of the Nonstatutory Labor Exemption: Philadelphia , Mackey , and McCourt......Page 521
10.3.4. Exemption after Expiration of Collective Bargaining Agreement: Bridgeman and Powell......Page 524
10.3.5. Exemption after Decertification: McNeil......Page 526
10.3.6. Nonstatutory Labor Exemption after White : Brown......Page 527
10.3.7. The Nonstatutory Labor Exemption in Clarett......Page 528
10.3.8. Single-Entity Defense by the Big Four......Page 529
10.3.9. Single-Entity Leagues: Fraser v. MLS......Page 531
10.4. Antitrust Law and International Soccer: Bosman......Page 533
10.5. Antitrust Law and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)......Page 535
10.5.2. The NCAA\'s Reduced Power over Television: NCAA v. Board of Regents......Page 536
10.5.3. Coaches\' Salaries: Law v. NCAA......Page 537
10.5.4. Tournaments: MIBA v. NCAA......Page 538
10.5.5. The Bowl Championship Series......Page 539
10.5.6. Other Decisions after Board of Regents......Page 540
CHAPTER 11 Labor Law......Page 544
11.1. Development of Labor Law......Page 546
11.1.1. History of Labor Law......Page 547
11.1.2. National Labor Relations Act (as Amended in 1947)......Page 548
11.1.4. National Labor Relations Act, Section 8......Page 549
11.1.5.2. Domination and Assistance......Page 551
11.1.5.5. Duty to Bargain in Good Faith......Page 552
11.1.5.6. Protection from Unions......Page 553
11.1.6. National Labor Relations Board......Page 554
11.1.7. Certification of a Union......Page 555
11.2.1. The Collective Bargaining Process......Page 556
11.2.2. Mandatory and Permissive Subjects of Bargaining......Page 558
11.2.4. Decertification......Page 559
11.3. Collective Bargaining in Professional Sports......Page 560
11.3.2. National Hockey League Players Association......Page 561
11.3.3. National Football League Players Association......Page 562
11.3.4. National Basketball Players Association......Page 564
11.3.5. Major League Baseball Players Association......Page 565
11.3.6.2. Major League Soccer......Page 566
11.3.6.3. Arena Football League......Page 567
11.3.6.4. Canadian Football League Players Association......Page 568
11.3.6.5. Potential Unionization of Minor League Baseball and College Athletics......Page 569
11.3.7.1. Labor Disputes in Professional Sports......Page 570
11.3.7.1.1. Strikes......Page 571
11.3.7.1.2. Lockouts......Page 574
11.3.7.1.3. Impasse......Page 575
11.3.7.1.4. Baseball Collusion Cases......Page 584
11.3.8. Outline of a Professional Sports Collective Bargaining Agreement......Page 586
11.3.9. Free Agency......Page 587
11.3.10. Salary Caps......Page 590
11.3.12. Hard Cap versus Soft Cap......Page 592
11.3.13. Arbitration......Page 593
11.3.14. Grievance Procedures in Professional Sports......Page 595
11.3.14.1. Unlawful Discharge......Page 598
11.3.15. Salary Arbitration......Page 600
CHAPTER 12 Agency Law......Page 604
12.1. Agency Law......Page 608
12.2.1. Functions of the Player Agent......Page 609
12.2.1.1. Negotiating......Page 612
12.2.1.2. Counseling......Page 613
12.2.1.4. Marketing......Page 614
12.2.1.6. Planning......Page 615
12.3. Players Associations and Agents......Page 616
12.3.1. Salary Information......Page 617
12.3.2. Union-Agent Relationships......Page 621
12.3.3. Agent-Athlete Agreements......Page 623
12.3.4. Agent-Athlete Dispute Resolution......Page 624
12.4. Agent-Agent Litigation......Page 628
12.5.1. Uniform Athlete Agent Act......Page 629
12.5.3. State Regulations......Page 640
12.5.4. Ethical Constraints......Page 641
12.5.5. National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Regulations......Page 642
12.6. Team Sports Player Drafts......Page 646
12.6.1.2. Draft Retention Rights......Page 647
12.6.1.3. Impact on NCAA Eligibility......Page 652
12.6.2. Major League Baseball Draft......Page 653
12.6.3. National Basketball Association Draft......Page 656
12.6.5. Single-Entity League Drafts......Page 657
12.6.5.2 Women\'s National Basketball Association......Page 658
12.7. Standard Player Contract......Page 659
12.8. Endorsement Contracts and Financial Planning......Page 664
12.10. Foreign Leagues......Page 678
CHAPTER 13 Intellectual Property Law......Page 694
13.1. Trademark Law......Page 696
13.1.2. Service Marks and Collective Marks......Page 698
13.1.3. Identification Function of a Trademark......Page 699
13.1.4. Secondary Meaning......Page 700
13.1.5. Trademark Infringement......Page 703
13.1.6. Ambush Marketing......Page 711
13.1.7. Licensing Programs for Intercollegiate Athletics......Page 713
13.1.7.1. Litigation Involving Intercollegiate Licensing Programs......Page 715
13.1.7.2. Trademark Law and Nicknames......Page 718
13.1.8. Trademark Law and the Olympics......Page 720
13.2. Copyright Law......Page 724
13.2.1. Copyright Law and the Internet......Page 727
13.3. Patent Law......Page 731
13.4. The Right of Publicity......Page 734
CHAPTER 14 Broadcasting and Multimedia......Page 738
14.1.1. Case Law......Page 741
14.1.2. Copyright Laws......Page 743
14.1.3. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Regulations......Page 744
14.1.4. Other Legislation......Page 745
14.2.1. Rights Granted......Page 748
14.2.2. Broadcast Rights of a Professional League......Page 749
14.2.2.1. Broadcast Rights of a Professional Team......Page 751
14.2.3.1. Broadcast Rights of the NCAA Championships......Page 754
14.2.4. Broadcast Rights for Conferences and Schools......Page 755
14.2.4.1. Antitrust Issues in Broadcasting for Colleges......Page 759
14.2.5. Broadcast Rights of Individual Sports......Page 764
14.2.6. Broadcast Rights for the Olympics......Page 765
14.2.7. Broadcast Rights of Individual Players......Page 766
14.3.1.1. Restrictions on the Use of Advertising......Page 767
14.4. Internet Rights for Sports Broadcasts......Page 768
14.4.1. Home Recording of Copyrighted Events......Page 770
14.4.2. Domestic and International Piracy of Satellite and Cable Transmissions......Page 771
14.4.3. Blackouts of Scheduled Programming......Page 772
14.4.4. Satellite Distribution......Page 773
14.4.5. FCC and Indecency......Page 774
14.5. A Broadcasting Checklist......Page 775
CHAPTER 15 Business Law: Business Structures, Tax Laws, and Employment Law......Page 776
15.1. Business Structures......Page 777
15.1.2. Partnerships......Page 778
15.1.3. Limited Partnerships......Page 779
15.1.4.1. C Corporations......Page 780
15.1.4.2. S Corporations......Page 781
15.1.4.3. Limited Liability Corporations......Page 782
15.1.4.4. Publicly Traded Corporations......Page 783
15.2. Tax Issues......Page 784
15.2.1. Nonprofit Organizations......Page 785
15.2.2. Unrelated Business Income......Page 786
15.2.2.1. Facility Rentals......Page 789
15.2.2.3. Sponsorship Revenue......Page 790
15.2.4. Charitable Contributions, Luxury Box Rentals, and Entertainment Expenses......Page 791
15.2.5. Professional Sport Franchise Tax Issues......Page 792
15.2.6. Franchise Depreciation Issues......Page 794
15.2.7. State Tax Issues for Player Salaries......Page 796
15.3.1. Employment-at-Will Contracts......Page 797
15.3.2.1. Equal Pay Act......Page 798
15.3.2.2. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Coaching Pay Guidelines......Page 801
15.3.2.4. Gender Discrimination Cases under Title VII......Page 803
15.3.2.5. Gender Discrimination Cases under Title IX......Page 806
15.3.2.6. Race Discrimination Cases under Title VII......Page 807
15.3.2.7. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967......Page 809
15.3.3. Sexual Harassment......Page 811
CHAPTER 16 Additional Legal Concerns......Page 816
16.1. Athletes, Violence, and Criminal Law......Page 817
16.1.1. Defining a Crime......Page 819
16.1.2. Player-against-Player Violence......Page 822
16.1.3. Player and Fan Violence......Page 826
16.1.4. Player-against-Official Violence......Page 828
16.1.5. Off-the-Field Criminal Conduct......Page 830
16.1.6.1. Governing Body Control......Page 832
16.1.6.2. Government Regulation......Page 833
16.2.1. Intercollegiate Athletics and Gambling......Page 834
16.2.2. Professional Sports and Gambling......Page 838
16.2.4. Fantasy Sports and Office Pools......Page 841
16.3.1. Federal Laws Affecting Persons with Disabilities......Page 843
16.3.1.1. The Rehabilitation Act......Page 844
16.3.1.2. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)......Page 845
16.3.1.3. The Amateur Sports Act......Page 846
16.3.1.4. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)......Page 847
16.3.1.4.2. Title II: Public Services......Page 848
16.3.1.4.3. Title III: Public Accommodations Operated by Private Entities......Page 849
16.3.2.1. Youth Sports......Page 850
16.3.2.2. High School......Page 851
16.3.2.3. Colleges, Universities, and the National Collegiate Athletic Association......Page 853
16.3.2.4. Professional Sports......Page 855
16.3.2.5. Sports Facilities......Page 856
16.4. Athletes with AIDS and Testing for HIV......Page 857
Glossary of Legal and Sports Terms......Page 858
Essentials of Sports Law Case Index (Sorted Alphabetically by Plaintiff )......Page 886
Index......Page 916