Essentials of Social Psychology: An Indian Perspective

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Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Unit I Nature, Scope, History and Methods of Social Psychology
	1. Social Psychology: Meaning, Nature and Scope
		Social Psychology – Meaning and Definition
		Nature of Social Psychology
		The Scope of Social Psychology
			What Is Included in the Study of the Subject Social Psychology?
			Uses and Applications of Social Psychology in Our Day-to-Day Social Life
		Review Questions
		References
	2. Origin and History of Social Psychology
		Origin and Birth of Social Psychology
		Development and Progress in Social Psychology
			Development in the Early Years During the Period 1895–1945
			Development Carried Out During the Period 1946–1970
			Development Carried Out During the Period 1971 Onwards
		Development of Social Psychology in India
			The Development of Social Psychology in Ancient India
			Development of Social Psychology in British India
			Development of Social Psychology After Getting Independence
		Social Psychology Electronic Journals
		Social Psychology Associations
		Review Questions
		References
	3. Relationship of Social Psychology With Other Social Sciences and Related Branches of Psychology
		Introduction
		Relationship of Social Psychology With General Psychology
		Relationship of Social Psychology With Personality Psychology
		Relationship of Social Psychology With Environmental Psychology
		Relationship of Social Psychology With Cultural Psychology
		Relationship of Social Psychology With Evolutionary Psychology
		Relationship of Social Psychology With Sociology
		Relationship of Social Psychology With Anthropology
		Relationship of Social Psychology With Economics
		Relationship of Social Psychology With Social Neuroscience
		Review Questions
		References
	4. Methods of Research or Investigation in Social Psychology
		What Is Research or Investigation?
		Goals of Social Psychology Research or Investigation
		Methods Used in Social Psychology Research or Investigation
			Experimental Method
		Systematic or Naturalistic Observation Method
			Styles and Ways of Carrying Out Observation
			How to Make Use of the Observation Method
		Survey Method
			How to Make Use of the Survey Method
			Correlation Method
			Case Study Method
			Ethnography
			Documentary or Archival Analysis Method
		Review Questions
		References
Unit II Individual Level Processes
	5. Social Cognition
		Introduction
		Social Cognition – Meaning and Concept
		What Happens in the Process of Our Social Cognition?
		Major Cognitive Strategies Involved in Our Social Cognition
			The Role of Schemas in Our Social Cognition
			The Role of Heuristics (Mental Shortcuts) in Our Social Cognition
		The Potential Sources of Errors in Our Social Cognition
		Relationship Between Affect and Cognition
			How Cognition Is Influenced Through Affect
			How Affect Is Influenced Through Cognition
		Review Questions
		References
	6. Social Perception
		Introduction
		Social Perception – Meaning and Definitions
		The Role of Non-Verbal Communication
		Role of Attribution: Understanding Why People Behave in the Way They Do
		Theories of Attribution
			Heider’s Naïve Psychology Attribution Theory
			Jones and Davis’s Correspondent Inference Theory
			Kelley’s Theory of Causal Attribution
			Single-Instance Observation and Use of Causal Schemata Model
			Multiple-Instance Observation and Use of Covariation Model
			Shaver’s Attribution Theory
			Weiner’s Attribution Theory
		Attribution Biases
			1. Fundamental Attribution Bias or Corresponding Attribution Bias
			2. Actor-Observer Bias
			3. The Self-Serving Attribution Bias
		Applications of Attribution Theory in Our Social Life
		Impression Formation and Management
		Impression Formation – Meaning
		How the Task of Impression Formation Is Carried Out
			Implicit Personality Theories for Explaining the Process of Impression Formation
			Cognitive Approach for Explaining the Process of Impression Formation
			Models of Impression Formation
		Impression Management
		Methods and Techniques Used for Impression Management
		Review Questions
		References
	7. Self-Perception
		Introduction
		What Is Self? – Its Meaning and Concept
		Self-Awareness – Meaning and Development
			Development of Self-Awareness
		Self-Concept and Its Development
			Meaning of the Term Self-Concept
			Development of Self-Concept Among Individuals
		Factors Affecting Development of Self-Concept
		Theories of Self-Concept Management and Maintenance
			Control Theory of Self-Regulation
			Self-Discrepancy Theory
			Social Comparison Theory
			Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory
			Social Identity Theory
			Self-Categorization Theory
		Self-Esteem and Its Development
			What Is Self-Esteem?
			The Characteristics of Persons Having High Self-Esteem
			The Characteristics of Persons Having Low Self-Esteem
		Self-Efficacy and Its Development
			What Is Self-Efficacy?
			Nature and Characteristics of Self-Efficacy
			Role of Self-Efficacy in the Progress and Well-Being of Persons
			The Ways and Means for the Development of Self-Efficacy
		Self-Regulation and Its Development
			What Is Self-Regulation?
			The Characteristics of Self-Regulated Individuals
			Development of Self-Regulation and Self-Regulated Behavior Among Individuals
		Review Questions
		References
	8. Attitudes – Concept, Formation and Measurement
		Introduction
		What Are Attitudes?
		Characteristic Features of Attitudes
		The Components of Attitudes
			The Cognitive Component of Attitudes
			The Affective Component of Attitude
			The Behavioral Component of Attitudes
		Functions of Attitudes
		Formation of Attitudes – How Attitudes Get Developed and Maintained
			How Do We Learn or Acquire Attitudes?
		The Role of Social Comparison in Attitude Formation
		Factors Influencing the Formation or Development of Attitudes
			Factors Within the Individual
			Factors Within the Individual’s Environment
		The Link Between Attitudes and Behavior
		Persuasion: Changing of Attitudes
		Dealing With Cognitive Dissonance Associated With Our Attitudes
			Heider’s Balance Theory
			Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory
			What Creates Dissonance?
			Means and Ways of Dealing With the State of Dissonance
		Resistance to Persuasion
		The Measurement of Attitudes
			Direct Method for the Measurement of Attitude
		Review Questions
		References
	9. Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination
		Introduction
		Stereotyping
			Meaning and Concept
			Types or Forms of Stereotyping Behavior
			Relationship of Stereotypes With Prejudices and Discrimination
			From Where Do Stereotypes Emerge?
			Impact of Stereotyping on the Progress and Well-Being of Individuals and Societies
		Prejudices
			Meaning and Nature of Prejudices
			Sources of Prejudices
			The Evil Impact of Prejudices on Interpersonal Relationships
		Discrimination
			Meaning and Nature of Discrimination
			The Consequences or Impacts of Discrimination
		Techniques for Countering the Ill Effects of Stereotyping, Prejudices and Discrimination
		Review Questions
		References and Suggested Readings
Unit III Interpersonal and Social Processes
	10. Social Influence
		What Is Social Influence?
		The Forms and Ways of Social Influence
		Conformity
			Concept and Meaning
			Types or Forms of Conformity
			Sherif ’s Classical Experiments on Private Conformity
			Sources for Conformity – Why and When Do We Choose to Conform?
			Factors Affecting Conformity
		Compliance
			Concept and Meaning
			Principles or Factors Governing One’s Compliance
			Techniques of Compliance – Making People Comply
		Obedience
			Concept and Meaning
			Forms of Obedience
			Milgram’s Study on Obedience
			Factors Affecting Obedience
			Exercising Restraint or Control Over the Destructive Obedience
		Review Questions
		References
	11. Social Exchange Process
		Introduction
		What Is Social Exchange?
		The Social Exchange Theory
		Social Exchange Processes and Their Significance in Our Social Life
		Social Exchange Processes – Meaning and Concept
		Forms or Types of Social Exchange or Social Processes
		Cooperation
			Concept and Meaning
			Forms or Types of Cooperation
			Needs and Significance of Cooperation
		Competition
			Concept and Meaning
			The Characteristic Features of the Process of Competition
			Types and Forms of Competition
			Role and Functions of Competition
		Conflict
			Concept and Meaning
			The Characteristic Features of the Conflict Process
			Causes of Conflict
			Types or Forms of Conflicts
			Role and Functions of Conflict
			Techniques Used for the Resolution of the Conflict
		Review Questions
		References
	12. Interpersonal Attractions and Relationships
		Introduction
		Interpersonal Attraction
			Meaning and Nature
		Theories of Interpersonal Attraction
			Evolutionary Theory of Attraction
			Learning Theory or Reinforcement Model
			Exchange Theory of Attraction
			Equity Theory of Attraction
			Balance Theory of Attraction
		Determinants of Interpersonal Attraction and Relationship
		Interpersonal Relationships
			Early Family Relationships
			Close Friendships
			Romantic Relationships and Love
			Passionate Love
			Components of Passionate Love
			Compassionate Love
			Romantic Love and Marriage Relationship
		Review Questions
		References
	13. Altruism and Pro-Social Behavior
		Introduction
		Pro-Social Behavior
		Altruism and Altruistic Behavior
		Distinguishing Among the Terms Helping Behavior, Pro-Social Behavior and Altruistic Behavior
		Bystanders Intervention in an Emergency
		The Perspectives or Theories Explaining the Pro-Social Behavior
			Empathy-Altruism Theory
			Negative State Relief Theory
			Empathic Joy Theory
			Competitive Altruism Theory
			Kin Selection Theory
		Personality Variables Associated With Pro-Social Behavior of the Helpers
		The Characteristics of Those Being Helped
		How Should One Feel to Receive Help?
		Determinants of Pro-Social Behavior
			Internal or Personal Factors
		Review Questions
		References
Unit IV Socialization and Societal Processes
	14. Socialization – Concept, Theories and Agents
		Introduction
		Concept of Socialization – Meaning and Nature
		Theories of Socialization
			Psychoanalytic Theory or Perspective of Socialization
			Erikson’s Theory or Perspective of Socialization
			Social Learning Perspective or Theory of Socialization
			Moral Development Perspectives or Theories of Socialization
			Piaget’s Theory of Moral Development
			Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development
		Agents of Socialization
		Review Questions
		References
	15. Social Change – Meaning, Nature and Mechanism
		Introduction
		Social Change – Meaning and Definitions
		Nature and Characteristics of Social Change
		Forms and Kinds of Social Change
		Factors of Social Change
		Theories of Social Change
			Evolutionary or Linear Theory of Social Change
			Cyclical Theory of Social Change
			Conflict Theory of Social Change
		Review Questions
		References
	16. Social Integration – Concept and Mechanism
		Introduction
		Social Integration: Meaning and Concept
		Measures to Achieve or Promote Social Integration
			A. Social Integration Through Legislative Means and Administrative Measures
			B. Social Integration Through Change of Attitudes, Beliefs and Values
		Review Questions
		References
Unit V Group Level Processes
	17. Group Dynamics and Group Behavior
		Introduction
		Group Dynamics – Meaning and Definitions
		Basic Assumptions of Group Dynamics
		Groups – Meaning and Characteristics
		Types or Kinds of Groups
			Sumner’s Classification
			Cooley’s Classification
			Organized vs. Spontaneous Groups
			Formal vs. Informal Groups
			Exclusive vs. Inclusive Groups
		Formation of Groups – How Are Groups Formed or Developed?
			What Makes Us Join One or the Other Groups?
			The Process of Group Formation or Development
		How Do Groups Function?
		Performance of Individuals in the Presence of Others
			The Phenomenon of Social Facilitation
			The Phenomenon of Social Inhibition
		Theories Explaining the Phenomena of Social Facilitation and Inhibition
		The Phenomenon of Social Loafing
			Why Does Social Loafing Occur?
			Ways and Measures for Reducing Social Loafing
		De-Individuation – Mob or Crowd Behavior
		Measures for Restraining De-Individuation
		Decision Making in Groups: How Does It Occur?
		Potential Dangers and Pitfalls Faced in Group Decision Making
			Biased Use of Available Information in Groups
			Failure to Share Unique Information From Some Members
			The Phenomenon of Group Polarization
			The Phenomenon of Groupthink
		Review Questions
		References and Suggested Readings
	18. Leaders and Leadership
		Introduction
		What Is Leadership?
		Traits or Qualities of Leadership
		Types of Leaders and Styles of Leadership
			Task-Oriented Authoritarian Style of Leadership
			The Relationship-Oriented Democratic Leadership Style
			Transformation Leaders and Their Leadership
			Transactional Leaders and Their Leadership
		Theories of Leadership
			Universal Trait Theory
			Universal Behavior Theory
			Situation Specific Trait Theories of Leadership
			Situation Specific Behavior Theories of Leadership
		Functions of Leaders
		Review Questions
		References
Unit VI Social Issues and Social Psychology
	19. Aggression and Violence
		Introduction
		What Is Aggression or Aggressive Behavior?
		Defining Aggression
		Types of Aggression
		Aggression and Violence
		Different Types or Forms of Violent Behavior in Our Social World
			Bullying (Violence Involving School Mates)
			Audience or Spectator Violence in Sports
			Workplace Violence
		Theories of Aggression
			Genetic Theory of Aggression
			Neurological Theory of Aggression
			Hormonal Theory of Aggression
			Psycho-Analytical Instinct Theory of Aggression
			Evolutionary Theory of Aggression
			Frustration Theory of Aggression
			Revised Version of Frustration-Aggression Theory
			The Social Learning Theory of Aggression
			The General Aggression Model (GAM): A Modern Theory of Human Aggression
		Causes or Determinants of Aggression or Aggressive Behavior
		Prevention and Control of Aggression or Violence
		Review Questions
		References
	20. Alcoholism, Drug Addiction and Criminal Behavior
		Introduction
		Alcoholism
			Concept and Meaning
			How One Gets Habituated to Alcoholism
			The Effects of Alcoholism
			The Causes of Alcoholism
			Treatment of Alcoholism
		Drug Addiction
			Concept and Meaning
			Drugs – Types and Effects
			Causes of Drug Addiction
			Prevention and Treatment of Drug Addiction
		Criminal Behavior – Concept and Meaning
		Delinquency
			Concept and Meaning
			Causes of Delinquency
			Prevention and Treatment
		Crime
			Concept and Meaning
			Causes Underlying Crime
			Prevention and Treatment
		Review Questions
		References
	21. Other Social Issues and Problems
		Introduction
		The Issue Concerning Poverty
			Meaning and Nature
			The Ill Consequences of Poverty
			Efforts for Dealing With the Issue of Poverty
			Measures Employed in Our Country
		The Issue Concerning Unemployment
			Meaning
			The Ill Impacts of Unemployment
			How to Deal With the Unemployment Problem of Our Country
		The Corruption Issue
			Meaning
			Causes Underlying Corruption
			Ill Consequences or Adverse Outcomes of Corruption
			How to Deal With the Issue of Corruption in Our Country
		Aggression and Violence Prevalent in Society
			Domestic Violence
			Child Abuse (Violence Against Children)
			Sexual Violence
			Violence Committed by Naxalites and Terrorists
		Some Contemporary Social Issues Facing the Indian Society
			Same Gotra and Intra-Khap Marriages
			Inter-Caste Marriages
			Inter-Faith or Inter-Religion Marriages
			Same Sex Marriages
			Transgender Persons and Their Rights
		Review Questions
		Online Website References
		References
Bibliography
	Online Resources
Author Index
Index