Essentials of Short-Range Wireless

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 4
Essentials of Short-Range Wireless......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
1.1 The growth of standards......Page 17
1.2.1 Games controllers......Page 20
1.2.4 Internet connected devices......Page 21
1.2.4.2 Smart energy......Page 22
1.3 What is a standard?......Page 23
1.4 Choosing a wireless standard......Page 26
1.5.1 Standard vs proprietary wireless......Page 27
1.5.2 The importance of topology......Page 28
1.5.3 The ‘Internet of things\'......Page 29
1.6 Using this book......Page 31
1.7 References......Page 32
2.1 Basics......Page 33
2.1.3 Security......Page 34
2.2.1 The radio......Page 35
2.2.2 Baseband: media access control (MAC)......Page 36
2.2.4 Profiles......Page 38
2.3 Wireless parameters......Page 40
2.3.1 Range......Page 41
2.3.1.1 Link budget......Page 44
2.3.1.2 Other factors affecting range......Page 48
2.3.2 Throughput......Page 50
2.3.3 Interference and coexistence......Page 52
2.3.3.1 Multipath fading......Page 57
2.3.4 Topology......Page 58
2.3.5 Security – authentication and encryption......Page 64
2.3.6 Power consumption......Page 65
2.3.7 Profiles and interoperability......Page 68
2.3.8 Voice and latency (quality of service and synchronous transmission)......Page 69
2.3.9 Reliability......Page 71
2.3.10 Audio and video......Page 72
2.3.11 Usability and commissioning......Page 73
2.4 Conclusion......Page 74
2.5 References......Page 75
3 Wireless security......Page 76
3.1.3 Denial of service......Page 78
3.1.4 Man-in-the-middle attacks, spoofing and bluejacking......Page 79
3.2.1 Authorisation......Page 82
3.2.2 Authentication......Page 83
3.2.3 Encryption......Page 84
3.2.4 Other features......Page 85
3.4 Comparison of security procedures......Page 86
3.4.1.1 Bluetooth......Page 87
3.4.1.2 Wi-Fi......Page 88
3.4.1.4 Bluetooth low energy......Page 89
3.4.1.5 General......Page 90
3.4.2.1 Bluetooth......Page 91
3.4.2.2 Wi-Fi......Page 92
3.4.2.3 ZigBee authorisation......Page 93
3.4.2.4 Bluetooth low energy......Page 94
3.5 Testing security – in praise of hacking tools......Page 95
3.6 References......Page 96
4.1 Background......Page 97
4.2 The radio......Page 100
4.3 Topologies......Page 103
4.4 Connections......Page 107
4.4.1 Making connections......Page 108
4.5.1 Asynchronous links (ACL)......Page 113
4.5.2 Synchronous links (SCO and eSCO)......Page 114
4.6 The lower-layer stack (the controller)......Page 115
4.7 The higher-layer stack (the host)......Page 116
4.7.2 Service discovery protocol (SDP)......Page 117
4.7.4 Bonding and pairing......Page 118
4.9 Profiles......Page 120
4.9.2 Handsfree profile (HFP)......Page 121
4.9.3 Generic object-exchange profile (GOEP/OBEX)......Page 122
4.9.4 Personal area networking profile (PAN)......Page 124
4.9.6 Human interface device profile (HID)......Page 125
4.9.7 Advanced audio distribution profile (A2DP)......Page 126
4.10 Power consumption......Page 127
4.11 Bluetooth 3.0......Page 128
4.12 References......Page 130
5.1 Introduction......Page 131
5.1.1 The difference between 802.11 and Wi-Fi......Page 133
5.2 802.11 topology......Page 137
5.2.1 Bridging with access points......Page 141
5.2.2 802.11 services......Page 143
5.2.2.2 Distribution services......Page 144
5.3 The 802.11 radio......Page 146
5.4 Framing......Page 150
5.5 Modulation......Page 153
5.6 5.1 GHz – 802.11a......Page 156
5.7 MIMO – 802.11n......Page 157
5.8 Making connections......Page 159
5.9 Power management......Page 160
5.10 References......Page 161
6 IEEE 802.15.4, ZigBee PRO, RF4CE, 6LoWPAN and WirelessHART......Page 163
6.1 IEEE 802.15.4......Page 164
6.1.1 The MAC......Page 168
6.1.2 Topologies......Page 169
6.1.3 Framing......Page 170
6.2 ZigBee......Page 172
6.2.1 ZigBee and ZigBee PRO......Page 176
6.2.2 The ZigBee network......Page 178
6.2.2.1 Broadcast messages......Page 180
6.2.2.3 Multicast messages......Page 181
6.2.2.4 Route discovery......Page 182
6.2.3 ZigBee profiles and applications......Page 183
6.3 ZigBee RF4CE......Page 187
6.4 6LoWPAN......Page 188
6.5 WirelessHART......Page 189
6.6 References......Page 190
7 Bluetooth low energy (formerly Wibree)......Page 192
7.1.2 Autonomous controller......Page 194
7.1.6 Ease of use......Page 195
7.3 Topology......Page 196
7.3.2 Unidirectional devices......Page 197
7.3.3 Bidirectional devices......Page 198
7.4 Advertising and data channels......Page 199
7.4.1 Advertising packets......Page 201
7.4.2.1 Scan response packets......Page 202
7.4.2.2 Initiating packets......Page 203
7.5 The Bluetooth low-energy state machine......Page 204
7.5.1 Advertising......Page 205
7.5.2 Connecting......Page 207
7.5.3 Discovery......Page 209
7.6 The Bluetooth low-energy protocol stack......Page 211
7.6.1 Attributes – exposing state......Page 213
7.6.2 Attribute PDUs......Page 214
7.6.3 Notifications and indications......Page 215
7.6.5 Aggregate characteristics and time stamping......Page 216
7.6.6 Services......Page 217
7.7 Profiles......Page 218
7.7.2 Gateways......Page 219
7.8 Single-mode chips......Page 221
7.9 Dual-mode chips......Page 222
7.10 References......Page 223
8 Application development – configuration......Page 224
8.1.1 Cable replacement......Page 225
8.1.2 Reconnection......Page 230
8.1.3 Multipoint......Page 231
8.1.3.2 Multipoint connection sequences and latency......Page 232
8.1.3.3 Memory requirements......Page 233
8.1.4 Infrastructure (network connectivity)......Page 234
8.1.6 Mesh......Page 236
8.2.1 Profile or proprietary......Page 237
8.2.2 Interfacing with external protocols......Page 238
8.2.3 Voice, audio and codecs......Page 239
8.2.4 Latency and time synchronisation......Page 242
8.3.1 Pairing, bonding, association......Page 243
8.3.2 Promiscuity......Page 244
8.3.3 The initial connection......Page 245
8.3.4 Out-of-band techniques......Page 246
8.3.5 Disconnecting......Page 247
8.4 Feature creep......Page 248
8.6 Upgrading......Page 249
8.6.1 Upgrading mesh and cluster-tree networks......Page 253
8.7 References......Page 254
9.1.1 Power amplifiers and low noise amplifiers......Page 255
9.1.2 Power control......Page 259
9.1.4 RF matching, tuning and PCB design......Page 260
9.2.2 Directionality......Page 262
9.2.4 Detuning......Page 263
9.2.5 Polarisation and antenna radiation characteristics......Page 264
9.2.6 Ground planes......Page 265
9.2.7.2 Helical antennae and rubber ducks......Page 266
9.2.7.3 Ceramic antennae......Page 267
9.2.8 Diversity and multiple antennae......Page 268
9.3.1 Interference mitigation......Page 269
9.3.2 Colocation......Page 271
9.4 Power consumption......Page 272
9.4.1 Duty cycle......Page 273
9.4.3 Functional circuitry......Page 275
9.5 Topology effects......Page 276
9.7 Temperature......Page 277
9.7.1 Working below 0 °C......Page 278
9.8 References......Page 279
10.1 Regulatory approval......Page 280
10.1.1 Modular approval......Page 282
10.1.3 The Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment directive (R&TTE)......Page 283
10.3 Medical, automotive and aviation......Page 284
10.4 Export controls......Page 285
10.5 Standards-based approvals and IP licences......Page 286
10.5.1 Standards approval hierarchies......Page 290
10.5.2.1 Bluetooth......Page 291
10.5.2.2 Wi-Fi......Page 292
10.5.2.4 Bluetooth low energy......Page 294
10.6 Open-source protocol stacks......Page 295
10.7 OUI – the device address......Page 296
10.8 Production test......Page 297
10.9 References......Page 298
11.2 The design architecture......Page 300
11.2.1 Chip-based designs......Page 302
11.2.2 Reference designs......Page 303
11.2.3 Modules......Page 304
11.4 Stack integration tools......Page 305
11.5.2 Development cost......Page 306
11.5.7 Production test......Page 307
11.6 Comparison of costs......Page 308
11.7 Longevity......Page 310
12 Markets and applications......Page 312
12.1 Growing the market......Page 314
12.2 Healthcare, wellness, sports and fitness......Page 315
12.2.1 The Continua Health Alliance......Page 317
12.2.3 Clinical asset management and lone workers......Page 318
12.2.4 Assisted living......Page 319
12.2.5 Sports and fitness......Page 320
12.3 The telematics and automotive markets......Page 321
12.3.1.1 Dedicated short-range communications......Page 322
12.3.1.2 The DSRC standards......Page 323
12.3.2 Vehicle and driver monitoring......Page 324
12.4 Smart energy......Page 325
12.4.1 The key opportunities......Page 328
12.5 Home automation......Page 330
12.6.1 Internet connected devices......Page 332
12.7.2 Watches......Page 334
12.8 Industrial and automation......Page 335
12.10 Privacy concerns......Page 336
12.11 Conclusion......Page 337
12.12 References......Page 338
Glossary of acronyms and abbreviations......Page 340
Index......Page 345