Essentials of Osborn’s Brain: A Fundamental Guide for Residents and Fellows

Title page......Page 2
Table of Contents......Page 4
Copyright......Page 17
Contributing Authors......Page 20
Introduction......Page 22
Image Contributors......Page 24
Acknowledgments......Page 28
Year 1/Rotation 1 Curriculum......Page 31
Year 2/Rotation 2 Curriculum......Page 42
Year 3/Rotation 3 Curriculum......Page 56
Year 4/Rotation 4 Curriculum......Page 82
Year 5/Rotation 5 (Including Fellowship) Curriculum......Page 114
Final Thoughts......Page 146
Section 1: Trauma......Page 148
Chapter 1: Trauma Overview......Page 149
Introduction......Page 151
Imaging Acute Head Trauma......Page 153
Trauma Imaging: Keys to Analysis......Page 156
Chapter 2: Primary Effects of CNS Trauma......Page 170
Scalp and Skull Injuries......Page 173
Extraaxial Hemorrhages......Page 192
Parenchymal Injuries......Page 264
Miscellaneous Injuries......Page 300
Chapter 3: Secondary Effects and Sequelae of CNS Trauma......Page 338
Herniation Syndromes......Page 340
Edema, Ischemia, and Vascular Injury......Page 371
Section 2: Nontraumatic Hemorrhage and Vascular Lesions......Page 395
Chapter 4: Approach to Nontraumatic Hemorrhage and Vascular Lesions......Page 396
Imaging Hemorrhage and Vascular Lesions......Page 399
Approach to Nontraumatic Hemorrhage......Page 404
Approach to Vascular Disorders of CNS......Page 422
Chapter 5: Spontaneous Parenchymal Hemorrhage......Page 436
Primary (Spontaneous) Intracranial Hemorrhage......Page 438
Evolution of Intracranial Hemorrhage......Page 441
Macrohemorrhages......Page 492
Microhemorrhages......Page 509
Chapter 6: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Aneurysms......Page 521
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage......Page 523
Aneurysms......Page 560
Chapter 7: Vascular Malformations......Page 607
CVMs With Arteriovenous Shunting......Page 611
CVMs Without Arteriovenous Shunting......Page 652
Chapter 8: Arterial Anatomy and Strokes......Page 702
Normal Arterial Anatomy and Vascular Distributions......Page 705
Arterial Infarcts......Page 720
Chapter 9: Venous Anatomy and Occlusions......Page 804
Normal Venous Anatomy and Drainage Patterns......Page 806
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis......Page 819
Venous Occlusion Mimics......Page 864
Chapter 10: Vasculopathy......Page 874
Atherosclerosis......Page 877
Nonatheromatous Vascular Diseases......Page 904
Section 3: Infection, Inflammation, and Demyelinating Diseases......Page 973
Chapter 11: Approach to Infection, Inflammation, and Demyelination......Page 974
CNS Infections......Page 976
HIV/AIDS......Page 981
Demyelinating and Inflammatory Diseases......Page 982
Chapter 12: Congenital, Acquired Pyogenic, and Acquired Viral Infections......Page 986
Congenital Infections......Page 989
Acquired Pyogenic Infections......Page 1004
Acquired Viral Infections......Page 1062
Chapter 13: Tuberculosis and Fungal, Parasitic, and Other Infections......Page 1090
Mycobacterial Infections......Page 1092
Fungal Infections......Page 1113
Parasitic Infections......Page 1130
Miscellaneous and Emerging CNS Infections......Page 1158
Chapter 14: HIV/AIDS......Page 1178
HIV Infection......Page 1181
Opportunistic Infections......Page 1194
Neoplasms in HIV/AIDS......Page 1231
Chapter 15: Demyelinating and Inflammatory Diseases......Page 1243
Multiple Sclerosis and Variants......Page 1246
Postinfection and Postimmunization Demyelination......Page 1280
Other Autoimmune Disorders......Page 1302
Inflammatory-Like Disorders......Page 1323
Section 4: Neoplasms, Cysts, and Tumor-Like Lesions......Page 1344
Chapter 16: Introduction to Neoplasms, Cysts, and Tumor-Like Lesions......Page 1345
Classification and Grading of CNS Neoplasms......Page 1348
Intracranial Cysts......Page 1373
Chapter 17: Astrocytomas......Page 1381
General Features of Astrocytomas......Page 1384
Localized Astrocytomas......Page 1389
Diffuse Astrocytomas......Page 1419
Chapter 18: Nonastrocytic Glial Neoplasms......Page 1483
Oligodendrogliomas......Page 1485
Ependymal Tumors......Page 1499
Choroid Plexus Tumors......Page 1521
Other Neuroepithelial Tumors......Page 1534
Chapter 19: Neuronal and Glioneuronal Tumors......Page 1545
Glioneuronal Tumors......Page 1547
Neuronal Tumors......Page 1569
Chapter 20: Pineal and Germ Cell Tumors......Page 1603
Germ Cell Tumors......Page 1605
Pineal Parenchymal Tumors......Page 1620
“Other Cell” Pineal and Pineal Region Neoplasms......Page 1643
Chapter 21: Embryonal Neoplasms......Page 1651
Medulloblastoma......Page 1653
Other CNS Embryonal Tumors......Page 1679
Malignant Rhabdoid Tumors......Page 1689
Chapter 22: Tumors of the Meninges......Page 1706
Meningomas......Page 1708
Nonmeningothelial Mesenchymal Tumors......Page 1760
Other Related Neoplasms......Page 1788
Chapter 23: Nerve Sheath Tumors......Page 1812
Schwannomas......Page 1815
Neurofibromas......Page 1860
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor......Page 1869
Chapter 24: Lymphomas and Hematopoietic and Histiocytic Tumors......Page 1877
Lymphomas and Related Disorders......Page 1880
Histiocytic Tumors......Page 1908
Hematopoietic Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions......Page 1918
Chapter 25: Sellar Neoplasms and Tumor-Like Lesions......Page 1938
Normal Imaging Variants......Page 1944
Congenital Lesions......Page 1953
Neoplasms......Page 1967
Miscellaneous Lesions......Page 1995
Differential Diagnosis of a Sellar Region Mass......Page 2011
Chapter 26: Miscellaneous Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions......Page 2031
Extracranial Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions......Page 2033
Intracranial Pseudoneoplasms......Page 2056
Chapter 27: Metastases and Paraneoplastic Syndromes......Page 2067
Metastatic Lesions......Page 2069
Paraneoplastic Syndromes......Page 2110
Chapter 28: Nonneoplastic Cysts......Page 2119
Extraaxial Cysts......Page 2123
Parenchymal Cysts......Page 2155
Intraventricular Cysts......Page 2175
Section 5: Toxic, Metabolic, Degenerative, and CSF Disorders......Page 2200
Chapter 29: Approach to Toxic, Metabolic, Degenerative, and CSF Disorders......Page 2201
Anatomy and Physiology of the Basal Ganglia and Thalami......Page 2203
Toxic and Metabolic Disorders......Page 2209
Chapter 30: Toxic Encephalopathy......Page 2237
Alcohol and Related Disorders......Page 2240
Amphetamines and Derivatives......Page 2259
Opioids and Derivatives......Page 2266
Inhaled Gases and Toxins......Page 2273
Metal Poisoning and Toxicity......Page 2288
Treatment-Related Disorders......Page 2293
Chapter 31: Inherited Metabolic Disorders......Page 2307
Normal Myelination and White Matter Development......Page 2310
Classification of Inherited Metabolic Disorders......Page 2318
IMDs Predominantly Affecting White Matter......Page 2320
IMDs Predominantly Affecting Gray Matter......Page 2347
Disorders Affecting Both Gray and White Matter......Page 2363
Chapter 32: Acquired Metabolic and Systemic Disorders......Page 2404
Hypertensive Encephalopathies......Page 2407
Glucose Disorders......Page 2433
Thyroid Disorders......Page 2443
Parathyroid and Related Disorders......Page 2451
Seizures and Related Disorders......Page 2469
Miscellaneous Disorders......Page 2489
Chapter 33: Dementias and Brain Degenerations......Page 2520
The Normal Aging Brain......Page 2523
Dementias......Page 2529
Degenerative Disorders......Page 2574
Chapter 34: Hydrocephalus and CSF Disorders......Page 2608
Normal Anatomy of the Ventricles and Cisterns......Page 2611
Normal Variants......Page 2617
Hydrocephalus......Page 2628
CSF Leaks and Sequelae......Page 2663
Section 6: Congenital Malformations of the Skull and Brain......Page 2679
Chapter 35: Embryology and Approach to Congenital Malformations......Page 2680
Cerebral Hemisphere Formation......Page 2682
Imaging Approach to Brain Malformations......Page 2692
Chapter 36: Posterior Fossa Malformations......Page 2702
Chiari Malformations......Page 2704
Hindbrain Malformations......Page 2733
Chapter 37: Commissural and Cortical Maldevelopment......Page 2754
Commissural Anomalies......Page 2756
Malformations of Cortical Development......Page 2765
Abnormalities of Neuronal Migration......Page 2771
Malformations Secondary to Abnormal Postmigrational Development......Page 2784
Chapter 38: Holoprosencephalies, Related Disorders, and Mimics......Page 2801
Holoprosencephaly......Page 2803
Related Midline Disorders......Page 2816
Holoprosencephaly Mimics......Page 2821
Chapter 39: Familial Cancer Predisposition Syndromes......Page 2831
Neurofibromatosis......Page 2833
Other Common Familial Tumor Syndromes......Page 2865
Chapter 40: Vascular Neurocutaneous Syndromes......Page 2906
Capillary Malformation Syndromes......Page 2908
Other Vascular Phakomatoses......Page 2926
Chapter 41: Anomalies of the Skull and Meninges......Page 2944
Cephaloceles......Page 2946
Craniosynostoses......Page 2954
Meningeal Anomalies......Page 2959
Index......Page 2971