Essentials of Materials Science & Engineering - SI Version

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 16
About the Authors......Page 20
Introduction......Page 22
1-1 What is Materials Science and Engineering?......Page 23
1-2 Classification of Materials......Page 26
1-3 Functional Classification of Materials......Page 30
1-4 Classification of Materials Based on Structure......Page 32
1-5 Environmental and Other Effects......Page 33
1-6 Materials Design and Selection......Page 35
Summary......Page 38
Glossary......Page 39
Problems......Page 40
Introduction......Page 42
2-1 The Structure of Materials: Technological Relevance......Page 43
2-2 The Structure of the Atom......Page 44
2-3 The Electronic Structure of the Atom......Page 49
2-4 The Periodic Table......Page 51
2-5 Atomic Bonding......Page 53
2-6 Binding Energy and Interatomic Spacing......Page 61
Summary......Page 65
Glossary......Page 66
Problems......Page 69
Design Problems......Page 70
Introduction......Page 72
3-1 Short-Range Order versus Long-Range Order......Page 73
3-2 Amorphous Materials: Principles and Technological Applications......Page 75
3-3 Lattice, Unit Cells, Basis, and Crystal Structures......Page 76
3-4 Allotropic or Polymorphic Transformations......Page 84
3-5 Points, Directions, and Planes in the Unit Cell......Page 85
3-6 Interstitial Sites......Page 95
3-7 Crystal Structures of Ionic Materials......Page 97
3-8 Covalent Structures......Page 100
3-9 Diffraction Techniques for Crystal Structure Analysis......Page 101
Summary......Page 103
Glossary......Page 104
Problems......Page 107
Design Problems......Page 110
Introduction......Page 111
4-1 Point Defects......Page 112
4-2 Other Point Defects......Page 118
4-3 Dislocations......Page 119
4-5 Schmid’s Law......Page 126
4-6 Influence of Crystal Structure......Page 129
4-7 Surface Defects......Page 130
4-8 Importance of Defects......Page 135
Summary......Page 137
Glossary......Page 138
Problems......Page 140
Design Problems......Page 142
Introduction......Page 143
5-1 Applications of Diffusion......Page 144
5-2 Stability of Atoms and Ions......Page 146
5-3 Mechanisms for Diffusion......Page 148
5-4 Activation Energy for Diffusion......Page 150
5-5 Rate of Diffusion (Fick’s First Law)......Page 151
5-6 Factors Affecting Diffusion......Page 154
5-7 Permeability of Polymers......Page 162
5-8 Composition Profile (Fick’s Second Law)......Page 163
5-9 Diffusion and Materials Processing......Page 167
Summary......Page 168
Glossary......Page 169
Problems......Page 170
Design Problems......Page 173
Introduction......Page 174
6-1 Technological Significance......Page 175
6-2 Terminology for Mechanical Properties......Page 176
6-3 The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress-Strain Diagram......Page 180
6-4 Properties Obtained from the Tensile Test......Page 184
6-5 True Stress and True Strain......Page 190
6-6 The Bend Test for Brittle Materials......Page 192
6-7 Hardness of Materials......Page 195
6-8 Strain Rate Effects and Impact Behavior......Page 197
6-9 Properties Obtained from the Impact Test......Page 198
Summary......Page 201
Glossary......Page 202
Problems......Page 204
Introduction......Page 208
7-1 Fracture Mechanics......Page 209
7-2 The Importance of Fracture Mechanics......Page 212
7-3 Microstructural Features of Fracture in Metallic Materials......Page 215
7-4 Microstructural Features of Fracture in Ceramics, Glasses, and Composites......Page 219
7-5 Weibull Statistics for Failure Strength Analysis......Page 221
7-6 Fatigue......Page 227
7-7 Results of the Fatigue Test......Page 230
7-8 Application of Fatigue Testing......Page 233
7-9 Creep, Stress Rupture, and Stress Corrosion......Page 236
7-10 Evaluation of Creep Behavior......Page 238
Glossary......Page 241
Problems......Page 243
Design Problems......Page 244
Introduction......Page 246
8-1 Relationship of Cold Working to the Stress-Strain Curve......Page 247
8-2 Strain-Hardening Mechanisms......Page 252
8-3 Properties versus Percent Cold Work......Page 253
8-4 Microstructure, Texture Strengthening, and Residual Stresses......Page 256
8-5 Characteristics of Cold Working......Page 260
8-6 The Three Stages of Annealing......Page 262
8-7 Control of Annealing......Page 265
8-8 Annealing and Materials Processing......Page 267
8-9 Hot Working......Page 269
Glossary......Page 271
Problems......Page 273
Design Problems......Page 276
Introduction......Page 278
9-1 Technological Significance......Page 279
9-2 Nucleation......Page 280
9-3 Growth Mechanisms......Page 285
9-4 Cooling Curves......Page 290
9-5 Cast Structure......Page 292
9-6 Solidification Defects......Page 293
9-7 Casting Processes for Manufacturing Components......Page 295
9-8 Continuous Casting, Ingot Casting, and Single Crystal Growth......Page 297
9-9 Solidification of Polymers and Inorganic Glasses......Page 299
9-10 Joining of Metallic Materials......Page 300
9-11 Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMG)......Page 301
Summary......Page 303
Glossary......Page 304
Problems......Page 307
Design Problems......Page 311
Introduction......Page 312
10-1 Phases and the Phase Diagram......Page 313
10-2 Solubility and Solid Solutions......Page 317
10-3 Conditions for Unlimited Solid Solubility......Page 320
10-4 Solid-Solution Strengthening......Page 322
10-5 Isomorphous Phase Diagrams......Page 324
10-6 Relationship Between Properties and the Phase Diagram......Page 333
10-7 Solidification of a Solid-Solution Alloy......Page 335
Summary......Page 338
Glossary......Page 339
Problems......Page 340
Design Problems......Page 344
Introduction......Page 345
11-1 Principles and Examples of Dispersion Strengthening......Page 346
11-2 Intermetallic Compounds......Page 347
11-3 Phase Diagrams Containing Three-Phase Reactions......Page 349
11-4 The Eutectic Phase Diagram......Page 352
11-5 Strength of Eutectic Alloys......Page 362
11-6 Eutectics and Materials Processing......Page 368
11-7 Nonequilibrium Freezing in the Eutectic System......Page 370
Glossary......Page 371
Problems......Page 373
Design Problems......Page 377
Introduction......Page 378
12-1 Nucleation and Growth in Solid-State Reactions......Page 379
12-2 Alloys Strengthened by Exceeding the Solubility Limit......Page 383
12-4 Applications of Age-Hardened Alloys......Page 385
12-5 Microstructural Evolution in Age or Precipitation Hardening......Page 386
12-6 Effects of Aging Temperature and Time......Page 388
12-8 Use of Age-Hardenable Alloys at High Temperatures......Page 390
12-9 The Eutectoid Reaction......Page 391
12-10 Controlling the Eutectoid Reaction......Page 396
12-11 The Martensitic Reaction and Tempering......Page 401
Summary......Page 405
Glossary......Page 406
Problems......Page 408
Design Problems......Page 411
Introduction......Page 412
13-1 Designations and Classification of Steels......Page 413
13-2 Simple Heat Treatments......Page 417
13-3 Isothermal Heat Treatments......Page 419
13-4 Quench and Temper Heat Treatments......Page 422
13-5 Effect of Alloying Elements......Page 427
13-6 Application of Hardenability......Page 430
13-7 Specialty Steels......Page 433
13-8 Surface Treatments......Page 436
13-9 Weldability of Steel......Page 438
13-10 Stainless Steels......Page 439
13-11 Cast Irons......Page 443
Glossary......Page 449
Problems......Page 452
Design Problems......Page 455
Introduction......Page 457
14-1 Aluminum Alloys......Page 459
14-2 Magnesium and Beryllium Alloys......Page 465
14-3 Copper Alloys......Page 468
14-4 Nickel and Cobalt Alloys......Page 472
14-5 Titanium Alloys......Page 475
14-6 Refractory and Precious Metals......Page 483
Glossary......Page 484
Problems......Page 485
Design Problems......Page 487
Introduction......Page 489
15-1 Applications of Ceramics......Page 490
15-2 Properties of Ceramics......Page 492
15-3 Synthesis and Processing of Ceramic Powders......Page 493
15-4 Characteristics of Sintered Ceramics......Page 498
15-5 Inorganic Glasses......Page 500
15-6 Glass-Ceramics......Page 506
15-7 Processing and Applications of Clay Products......Page 508
15-8 Refractories......Page 509
15-9 Other Ceramic Materials......Page 511
Summary......Page 513
Glossary......Page 514
Problems......Page 516
Introduction......Page 517
16-1 Classification of Polymers......Page 518
16-2 Addition and Condensation Polymerization......Page 522
16-3 Degree of Polymerization......Page 525
16-4 Typical Thermoplastics......Page 527
16-5 Structure–Property Relationships in Thermoplastics......Page 530
16-6 Effect of Temperature on Thermoplastics......Page 533
16-7 Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastics......Page 539
16-8 Elastomers (Rubbers)......Page 544
16-9 Thermosetting Polymers......Page 549
16-10 Adhesives......Page 551
16-11 Polymer Processing and Recycling......Page 552
Summary......Page 558
Glossary......Page 559
Problems......Page 561
Introduction......Page 564
17-1 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites......Page 566
17-2 Particulate Composites......Page 568
17-3 Fiber-Reinforced Composites......Page 574
17-4 Characteristics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites......Page 578
17-5 Manufacturing Fibers and Composites......Page 585
17-6 Fiber-Reinforced Systems and Applications......Page 589
17-7 Laminar Composite Materials......Page 596
17-8 Examples and Applications of Laminar Composites......Page 598
17-9 Sandwich Structures......Page 599
Summary......Page 600
Glossary......Page 601
Problems......Page 603
Design Problems......Page 605
Appendix A: Selected Physical Properties of Some Elements......Page 606
Appendix B: The Atomic and Ionic Radii of Selected Elements......Page 608
Answers to Selected Problems......Page 610
Index......Page 613