Essentials of human anatomy & physiology

Cover......Page 1
Title page......Page 10
Copyright Page......Page 11
About the Authors......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 16
Contents......Page 18
  Anatomy......Page 28
  From Atoms to Organisms......Page 29
   Skeletal System......Page 30
   Digestive System......Page 31
   Movement......Page 34
   Responsiveness......Page 35
  Survival Needs......Page 36
   Anterior Body Landmarks......Page 39
  Body Cavities......Page 42
   Dorsal Body Cavity......Page 43
   Ventral Body Cavity......Page 44
   Other Body Cavities......Page 45
  Feedback Mechanisms......Page 46
 Summary......Page 48
 Review Questions......Page 49
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 50
 A Closer Look Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body......Page 37
  Matter......Page 51
   Energy Form Conversions......Page 52
   The Basic Atomic Subparticles......Page 53
  Identifying Elements......Page 55
   Atomic Weight and Isotopes......Page 56
 Molecules and Compounds......Page 58
   Types of Chemical Bonds......Page 59
   Synthesis Reactions......Page 63
   Exchange Reactions......Page 64
 Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter......Page 65
   Salts......Page 66
   Acids and Bases......Page 67
  Organic Compounds......Page 69
   Carbohydrates......Page 70
   Lipids......Page 71
   Proteins......Page 75
   Nucleic Acids......Page 79
   Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)......Page 82
 Summary......Page 84
 Review Questions......Page 86
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 88
 Focus on Careers Pharmacy Technician......Page 83
  Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life......Page 89
    Nuclear Envelope......Page 90
    The Fluid Mosaic Model......Page 91
    Cell Membrane Junctions......Page 93
    Organelles......Page 94
    Cilia and Flagella......Page 98
   Cell Diversity......Page 101
    Passive Processes: Diffusion and Filtration......Page 103
    Active Processes......Page 105
   Cell Division......Page 109
    Preparations: DNA Replication......Page 110
    Events of Cell Division......Page 111
    The Role of RNA......Page 112
    The Process of Protein Synthesis......Page 113
   Hallmarks of Epithelium......Page 115
    Simple Epithelia......Page 116
    Stratified Epithelia......Page 117
   Hallmarks of Connective Tissue......Page 120
    Dense Connective Tissue......Page 121
    Loose Connective Tissue......Page 124
   Cardiac Muscle......Page 125
  Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)......Page 127
 Part III : Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues......Page 129
 A Closer Look Cancer—An Intimate Enemy......Page 131
 Review Questions......Page 134
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 135
 A Closer Look IV Therapy and Cellular “Tonics”......Page 106
 Classification of Body Membranes......Page 136
  Connective Tissue Membranes......Page 137
  Functions of the Integumentary System......Page 139
  Structure of the Skin......Page 140
   Epidermis......Page 141
   Dermis......Page 143
  Skin Color......Page 145
   Cutaneous Glands......Page 146
   Hair and Hair Follicles......Page 148
   Infections and Allergies......Page 150
   Burns......Page 151
   Skin Cancer......Page 153
 Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes......Page 154
 Summary......Page 157
 Review Questions......Page 158
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 159
 A Closer Look A Wrinkle Out of Time......Page 144
 Focus on Careers Medical Transcriptionist......Page 155
 Systems in Sync......Page 156
 Bones: An Overview......Page 161
  Classification of Bones......Page 162
   Microscopic Anatomy......Page 164
   Bone Formation and Growth......Page 168
   Bone Remodeling......Page 169
  Bone Fractures......Page 171
   Cranium......Page 173
   Facial Bones......Page 178
  Vertebral Column (Spine)......Page 179
   Cervical Vertebrae......Page 181
  Thoracic Cage......Page 183
   Sternum......Page 184
   Arm......Page 185
   Hand......Page 188
  Bones of the Pelvic Girdle......Page 189
   Thigh......Page 191
   Foot......Page 192
 A Closer Look Joint Ventures......Page 193
  Synovial Joints......Page 196
  Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape......Page 197
  Birth to Adulthood......Page 200
  Older Adults......Page 202
 Summary......Page 204
 Review Questions......Page 205
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 207
 Focus on Careers Radiologic Technologist......Page 170
 Systems in Sync......Page 203
  Muscle Types......Page 208
   Skeletal Muscle......Page 210
   Cardiac Muscle......Page 211
 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle......Page 212
   The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential......Page 214
   Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory......Page 217
   Graded Responses......Page 218
   Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction......Page 220
   Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit......Page 221
   Effect of Exercise on Muscles......Page 222
  Types of Body Movements......Page 223
  Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body......Page 227
  Arrangement of Fascicles......Page 229
   Facial Muscles......Page 230
   Neck Muscles......Page 231
   Anterior Muscles......Page 233
   Posterior Muscles......Page 234
  Muscles of the Lower Limb......Page 236
   Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint......Page 237
   Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot......Page 239
 Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System......Page 245
 Summary......Page 246
 Review Questions......Page 249
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 250
 A Closer Look Anabolic Steroids: Dying to Win?......Page 232
 Systems in Sync......Page 247
7 The Nervous System......Page 252
 Organization of the Nervous System......Page 253
  Supporting Cells......Page 254
   Anatomy......Page 256
   Classification......Page 259
   Physiology: Nerve Impulses......Page 261
   Physiology: Reflexes......Page 264
   Cerebral Hemispheres......Page 266
   Diencephalon......Page 271
   Brain Stem......Page 272
   Cerebellum......Page 273
   Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 274
   The Blood-Brain Barrier......Page 277
  Brain Dysfunctions......Page 278
 A Closer Look The “Terrible Three”......Page 279
   Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots......Page 280
   White Matter of the Spinal Cord......Page 281
  Structure of a Nerve......Page 282
  Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses......Page 284
   Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Compared......Page 291
   Autonomic Functioning......Page 293
 Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System......Page 296
 Summary......Page 300
 Review Questions......Page 302
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 304
 A Closer Look Tracking Down CNS problems......Page 297
 Systems in Sync......Page 299
8 Special Senses......Page 305
   External and Accessory Structures......Page 306
    Layers Forming the Wall of the Eyeball......Page 308
    Lens......Page 313
  Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction......Page 314
   Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain......Page 315
 Part II : THE EAR: HEARING AND BALANCE......Page 317
   External (Outer) Ear......Page 318
  Equilibrium......Page 319
   Dynamic Equilibrium......Page 320
  Hearing......Page 323
  Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits......Page 324
  Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell......Page 325
  Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste......Page 327
 Part IV: Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses......Page 328
 Summary......Page 330
 Review Questions......Page 332
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 333
 A Closer Look Visual Pigments—The Actual Photoreceptors......Page 312
 A Closer Look Bringing Things into Focus......Page 316
 Focus on Careers Physical Therapy Assistant......Page 322
9 The Endocrine System......Page 335
   Direct Gene Activation......Page 336
   Second-Messenger System......Page 337
   Hormonal Stimuli......Page 338
 The Major Endocrine Organs......Page 339
   Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationships......Page 340
  Thyroid Gland......Page 344
  Parathyroid Glands......Page 346
  Adrenal Glands......Page 347
   Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex......Page 348
  Pancreatic Islets......Page 350
 Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs......Page 354
 Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System......Page 358
 Summary......Page 360
 Review Questions......Page 362
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 363
 A Closer Look Potential Uses for Growth Hormone......Page 343
 Systems in Sync......Page 359
 Composition and Functions of Blood......Page 364
  Plasma......Page 365
   Erythrocytes......Page 367
   Leukocytes......Page 369
   Platelets......Page 370
   Formation of Red Blood Cells......Page 372
   Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets......Page 373
  Phases of Hemostasis......Page 374
  Disorders of Hemostasis......Page 375
  Human Blood Groups......Page 376
 Developmental Aspects of Blood......Page 379
 Summary......Page 380
 Review Questions......Page 381
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 382
 Focus on Careers Phlebotomy Technician......Page 377
11 The Cardiovascular System......Page 383
   Coverings and Walls of the Heart......Page 384
  Chambers and Associated Great Vessels......Page 385
  Heart Valves......Page 388
   Cardiac Circulation......Page 390
   Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the Basic Rhythm......Page 391
   Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds......Page 392
 A Closer Look Electrocardiography: (Don’t) Be Still My Heart......Page 394
   Tunics......Page 397
   Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries......Page 398
   Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation......Page 400
   Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation......Page 401
   Special Circulations......Page 403
   Arterial Pulse......Page 407
   Blood Pressure......Page 408
 A Closer Look Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drano!......Page 413
   Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds......Page 415
 Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System......Page 416
 Summary......Page 419
 Review Questions......Page 421
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 423
 Systems in Sync......Page 418
 Part I: The Lymphatic System......Page 425
  Lymphatic Vessels......Page 426
  Lymph Nodes......Page 427
  Other Lymphoid Organs......Page 429
 Part II : BODY DEFENSES......Page 430
   Surface Membrane Barriers......Page 431
    Inflammatory Response......Page 433
    Antimicrobial Proteins......Page 436
  Adaptive Body Defenses......Page 437
    Lymphocytes......Page 439
    Antigen-Presenting Cells......Page 441
   Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response......Page 442
    Active and Passive Humoral Immunity......Page 443
    Antibodies......Page 444
   Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response......Page 447
   Organ Transplants and Rejection......Page 449
   Disorders of Immunity......Page 452
 Part III : DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND BODY DEFENSES......Page 456
 Summary......Page 458
 Review Questions......Page 460
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 462
 A Closer Look AIDS: An Ongoing Pandemic......Page 455
 Systems in Sync......Page 457
 Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System......Page 463
  The Nose......Page 464
  The Pharynx......Page 465
  The Larynx......Page 466
  The Main Bronchi......Page 467
  The Lungs......Page 468
   Respiratory Zone Structures and the Respiratory Membrane......Page 470
   Inspiration......Page 472
   Expiration......Page 474
  Respiratory Volumes and Capacities......Page 475
  External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration......Page 476
   Gas Transport in the Blood......Page 477
   Internal Respiration......Page 478
   Neural Regulation: Setting the Basic Rhythm......Page 479
   Nonneural Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth......Page 480
 Respiratory Disorders......Page 481
 Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System......Page 484
 Summary......Page 486
 Review Questions......Page 488
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 489
 A Closer Look Too Clean for Our Own Good?......Page 483
 Systems in Sync......Page 485
  Anatomy of the Digestive System......Page 490
   Organs of the Alimentary Canal......Page 491
    Mouth......Page 492
    Esophagus......Page 493
    Stomach......Page 494
    Small Intestine......Page 497
    Large Intestine......Page 499
    Teeth......Page 501
    Pancreas......Page 502
  Functions of the Digestive System......Page 503
   Overview of Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls......Page 504
    Food Propulsion—Swallowing and Peristalsis......Page 507
    Food Breakdown......Page 508
    Food Propulsion......Page 509
    Chyme Breakdown and Absorption......Page 510
    Propulsion of Food Residue and Defecation......Page 512
   Dietary Recommendations......Page 514
    Carbohydrates......Page 515
    Vitamins......Page 516
    Carbohydrate Metabolism......Page 517
    Fat Metabolism......Page 519
   The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism......Page 521
    Cholesterol Metabolism and Transport......Page 522
    Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production......Page 524
    Body Temperature Regulation......Page 526
 Part III : Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System and Metabolism......Page 528
 Summary......Page 533
 Review Questions......Page 535
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 537
 A Closer Look Peptic Ulcers: “Something Is Eating at Me”......Page 513
 A Closer Look Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted......Page 530
 Systems in Sync......Page 532
15 The Urinary System......Page 538
  Location and Structure......Page 539
  Nephrons......Page 540
   Glomerular Filtration......Page 543
   Tubular Reabsorption......Page 544
   Nitrogenous Wastes......Page 545
   Characteristics of Urine......Page 546
  Ureters......Page 547
  Urinary Bladder......Page 548
  Micturition......Page 549
   Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments......Page 551
   Regulation of Water Intake and Output......Page 552
  Maintaining Electrolyte Balance......Page 554
   Blood Buffers......Page 556
   Respiratory Mechanisms......Page 557
 Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System......Page 558
 Summary......Page 562
 Review Questions......Page 563
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 564
 A Closer Look Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney......Page 550
 Focus on Careers Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)......Page 559
 Systems in Sync......Page 561
16 The Reproductive System......Page 565
   Epididymis......Page 566
   Ductus Deferens......Page 567
   Prostate......Page 568
  External Genitalia......Page 569
  Spermatogenesis......Page 570
  Testosterone Production......Page 572
   Uterine Tubes......Page 574
   Uterus......Page 575
  External Genitalia and Female Perineum......Page 577
  Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle......Page 578
  Hormone Production by the Ovaries......Page 580
 Mammary Glands......Page 581
 Pregnancy and Embryonic Development......Page 584
  Accomplishing Fertilization......Page 585
  Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development......Page 586
   Anatomical Changes......Page 590
   Physiological Changes......Page 591
   Stages of Labor......Page 592
 Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System......Page 594
 Summary......Page 599
 Review Questions......Page 601
 Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions......Page 603
 A Closer Look Contraception: Preventing Pregnancy......Page 595
 Systems in Sync......Page 598
 Appendix A: Answers to Did You Get It? Questions and Multiple Choice Review Questions......Page 604
 Appendix B: Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes......Page 611
 Appendix C: Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 613
 Appendix D Key Information about Vitamins and Many Essential Minerals......Page 614
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 Z......Page 630
Credits......Page 631
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