Essentials of human anatomy & physiology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Contents
1 The Human Body: An Orientation
	An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
		Anatomy
		Physiology
		Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology
	Levels of Structural Organization
		From Atoms to Organisms
		Organ System Overview
	Maintaining Life
		Necessary Life Functions
		Survival Needs
	Homeostasis
		Homeostatic Controls
	The Language of Anatomy
		Anatomical Position
		Directional Terms
		Regional Terms
		Body Planes and Sections
		Body Cavities
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	A CLOSER LOOk Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body
2 Basic Chemistry
	Concepts of Matter and Energy
		Matter
		Energy
	Composition of Matter
		Elements and Atoms
		Atomic Structure
		Identifying Elements
	Molecules and Compounds
	Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions
		Bond Formation
		Patterns of Chemical Reactions
	Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter
		Inorganic Compounds
		Organic Compounds
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	FOCUS ON CAREERS Pharmacy Technician
3 Cells and Tissues
	PART I: CELLS
		Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life
		Anatomy of a generalized Cell
			The Nucleus
			The Plasma Membrane
			The Cytoplasm
			Cell Extensions
			Cell Diversity
		Cell Physiology
			Membrane Transport
			Cell Division
			Protein Synthesis
	PART II: BODY TISSUES
		Epithelial Tissue
			Special Characteristics of Epithelium
			Classification of Epithelium
		Connective Tissue
			Common Characteristics of Connective Tissue
			Extracellular Matrix
			Types of Connective Tissue
		Muscle Tissue
			Types of Muscle Tissue
		Nervous Tissue
		Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)
	PART III: DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF CELLS AND TISSUES
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	A CLOSER LOOk IV Therapy and Cellular “Tonics”
	A CLOSER LOOk Cancer—The Intimate Enemy
4 Skin and Body Membranes
	Classification of Body Membranes
		Epithelial Membranes
		Connective Tissue Membranes
	The Integumentary System (Skin)
		Functions of the Integumentary System
		Structure of the Skin
		Skin Color
		Appendages of the Skin
		Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin
	Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	A CLOSER LOOk A Wrinkle Out of Time
	FOCUS ON CAREERS Medical Transcriptionist
	SYSTEMS IN SYNC
5 The Skeletal System
	Bones: An Overview
		Functions of the Bones
		Classification of Bones
		Structure of Bone
		Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling
		Bone Fractures
	Axial Skeleton
		Skull
		Vertebral Column (Spine)
		Thoracic Cage
	Appendicular Skeleton
		Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
		Bones of the Upper Limbs
		Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
		Bones of the Lower Limbs
	Joints
		Fibrous Joints
		Cartilaginous Joints
		Synovial Joints
		Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
	Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	A CLOSER LOOk Joint Ventures
	FOCUS ON CAREERS Radiologic Technologist
	SYSTEMS IN SYNC
6 The Muscular System
	Overview of Muscle Tissues
		Muscle Types
		Muscle Functions
	Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
	Skeletal Muscle Activity
		Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells
		Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole
	Muscle Movements, Types, and Names
		Types of Body Movements
		Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body
		Naming Skeletal Muscles
		Arrangement of Fascicles
	Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles
		Head and Neck Muscles
		Trunk Muscles
		Muscles of the Upper Limb
		Muscles of the Lower Limb
	Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	A CLOSER LOOk Anabolic Steroids: Dying to Win?
	SYSTEMS IN SYNC
7 The Nervous System
	Organization of the Nervous System
		Structural Classification
		Functional Classification
	Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function
		Supporting Cells
		Neurons
	Central Nervous System
		Functional Anatomy of the Brain
		Protection of the Central Nervous System
		Brain Dysfunctions
		Spinal Cord
	Peripheral Nervous System
		Structure of a Nerve
		Cranial Nerves
		Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses
		Autonomic Nervous System
	Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	A CLOSER LOOk The “Terrible Three”
	A CLOSER LOOk Tracking Down CNS Problems
	SYSTEMS IN SYNC
8 Special Senses
	PART I: THE EYE AND VISION
		Anatomy of the Eye
			External and Accessory Structures
			Internal Structures: The Eyeball
		Physiology of Vision
			Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction
			Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain
			Eye Reflexes
	PART II: THE EAR: HEARING AND BALANCE
		Anatomy of the Ear
			External (Outer) Ear
			Middle Ear
			Internal (Inner) Ear
		Equilibrium
			Static Equilibrium
			Dynamic Equilibrium
		Hearing
		Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits
	PART III: CHEMICAL SENSES: SMELL AND TASTE
		Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell
		Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste
	PART IV: DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE SPECIAL SENSES
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	A CLOSER LOOk Visual Pigments—The Actual Photoreceptors
	A CLOSER LOOk Bringing Things into Focus
	FOCUS ON CAREERS Physical Therapy Assistant
9 The Endocrine System
	The Endocrine System and Hormone Function—An Overview
		The Chemistry of Hormones
		Hormone Action
		Control of Hormone Release
	The Major Endocrine Organs
		Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
		Thyroid Gland
		Parathyroid Glands
		Adrenal Glands
		Pancreatic Islets
		Pineal Gland
		Thymus
		Gonads
	Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs
		Placenta
	Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	A CLOSER LOOk Potential Uses for Growth Hormone
	SYSTEMS IN SYNC
10 Blood
	Composition and Functions of Blood
		Components
		Physical Characteristics and Volume
		Plasma
		Formed Elements
		Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation)
	Hemostasis
		Disorders of Hemostasis
	Blood Groups and Transfusions
		Human Blood Groups
		Blood Typing
	Developmental Aspects of Blood
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	FOCUS ON CAREERS Phlebotomy Technician
11 The Cardiovascular System
	The Heart
		Anatomy of the Heart
		Physiology of the Heart
	Blood Vessels
		Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels
		Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels
		Physiology of Circulation
	Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	A CLOSER LOOk Electrocardiography: (Don’t) Be Still My Heart
	A CLOSER LOOk Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drāno!
	SYSTEMS IN SYNC
12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
	PART I: THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
		Lymphatic Vessels
		Lymph Nodes
		Other Lymphoid Organs
	PART II: BODY DEFENSES
		Innate Body Defenses
			Surface Membrane Barriers
			Internal Defenses: Cells and Chemicals
		Adaptive Body Defenses
			Antigens
			Cells of the Adaptive Defense System: An Overview
			Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response
			Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response
			Organ Transplants and Rejection
			Disorders of Immunity
	PART III: DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND BODY DEFENSES
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	A CLOSER LOOk Aids: The Modern-Day Plague
	SYSTEMS IN SYNC
13 The Respiratory System
	Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
		The Nose
		Pharynx
		Larynx
		Trachea
		Main Bronchi
		Lungs
	Respiratory Physiology
		Mechanics of Breathing
		Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
		Nonrespiratory Air Movements
		Respiratory Sounds
		External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration
		Control of Respiration
	Respiratory Disorders
	Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	A CLOSER LOOk Too Clean for Our Own Good?
	SYSTEMS IN SYNC
14 The Digestive system and Body Metabolism
	PART I: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
		Anatomy of the Digestive System
			Organs of the Alimentary Canal
			Accessory Digestive Organs
		Functions of the Digestive System
			Overview of Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls
			Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
			Activities of the Stomach
			Activities of the Small Intestine
			Activities of the Large Intestine
	PART II: NUTRITION AND METABOLISM
		Nutrition
			Dietary Sources of the Major Nutrients
		Metabolism
			Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells
			The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism
			Body Energy Balance
	PART III: DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND METABOLISM
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	A CLOSER LOOk Peptic Ulcers: “Something Is Eating at Me”
	A CLOSER LOOk Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted
	SYSTEMS IN SYNC
15 The Urinary System
	Kidneys
		Location and Structure
		Nephrons
		Urine Formation
	Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
		Ureters
		Urinary Bladder
		Urethra
		Micturition
	Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
		Maintaining Water and Electrolyte Balance of Blood
		Electrolyte Balance
		Maintaining Acid-Base Balance of Blood
	Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	A CLOSER LOOk Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney
	FOCUS ON CAREERS Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)
	SYSTEMS IN SYNC
16 The Reproductive System
	Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
		Testes
		Duct System
		Accessory Glands and Semen
		External Genitalia
	Male Reproductive Functions
		Spermatogenesis
		Testosterone Production
	Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
		Ovaries
		Duct System
		External Genitalia and Female Perineum
	Female Reproductive Functions and Cycles
		Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle
		Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
		Hormone Production by the Ovaries
	Mammary Glands
	Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
		Accomplishing Fertilization
		Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development
		Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother
		Childbirth
	Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System
	SUMMARY
	REVIEW QUESTIONS
	CRITICAL THINKING AND CLINICAL APPLICATION QUESTIONS
	A CLOSER LOOk Contraception: Preventing Pregnancy
	SYSTEMS IN SYNC
Appendixes
	Appendix A: Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes
	Appendix B: Periodic Table of the Elements
	Appendix C: Key Information about Vitamins and Many Essential Minerals
	Appendix D: Answers to Did You Get It? Questions and Multiple Choice Review Questions
Credits
Glossary
Index