Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology, 13th edition

Cover
Brief Contents
Title Page
Copyright
About the Authors
New to the Thirteenth Edition
Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments for the Global Edition
Contents
1. The Human Body: An Orientation
	1.1 An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
		1.1a Anatomy
		1.1b Physiology
		1.1c Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology
	1.2 Levels of Structural Organization
		1.2a From Atoms to Organisms
		1.2b Organ System Overview
			Integumentary System
			Skeletal System
			Muscular System
			Nervous System
			Endocrine System
			Cardiovascular System
			Lymphatic System
			Respiratory System
			Digestive System
			Urinary System
			Reproductive System
	1.3 Maintaining Life
		1.3a Necessary Life Functions
			Maintaining Boundaries
			Movement
			Responsiveness
			Digestion
			Metabolism
			Excretion
			Reproduction
			Growth
		1.3b Survival Needs
	1.4 The Language of Anatomy
		1.4a Anatomical Position
		1.4b Directional Terms
		1.4c Regional Terms
			Anterior Body Landmarks
			Posterior Body Landmarks
		1.4d Body Planes and Sections
		1.4e Body Cavities
			Dorsal Body Cavity
			Ventral Body Cavity
			Other Body Cavities
	1.5 Homeostasis
		1.5a Components of Homeostatic Control Systems
		1.5b Feedback Mechanisms
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body
2. Basic Chemistry
	2.1 Concepts of Matter and Energy
		2.1a Matter
		2.1b Energy
			Forms of Energy
			Energy Form Conversions
	2.2 Composition of Matter
		2.2a Elements and Atoms
		2.2b Atomic Structure
			The Basic Atomic Subparticles
			Planetary and Orbital Models of an Atom
		2.2c Identifying Elements
			Atomic Number
			Atomic Mass Number
			Atomic Weight and Isotopes
	2.3 Molecules and Compounds
	2.4 Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions
		2.4a Bond Formation
			Role of Electrons
			Types of Chemical Bonds
		2.4b Patterns of Chemical Reactions
			Synthesis Reactions
			Decomposition Reactions
			Exchange Reactions
			Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions
	2.5 Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter
		2.5a Inorganic Compounds
			Water
			Salts
			Acids and Bases
		2.5b Organic Compounds
			Carbohydrates
			Lipids
			Proteins
			Nucleic Acids
			Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	Focus on Careers Pharmacy Technician
3. Cells and Tissues
	Part I: Cells
		3.1 Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life
		3.2 Anatomy of a Generalized Cell
			3.2a The Plasma Membrane
				The Fluid Mosaic Model
				Cell Membrane Junctions
			3.2b The Nucleus
				Nuclear Envelope
				Nucleolus
				Chromatin
			3.2c The Cytoplasm
				Cytosol and Inclusions
				Organelles
			3.2d Cell Extensions
				Cilia and Flagella
				Microvilli
			3.2e Cell Diversity
		3.3 Cell Physiology
			3.3a Membrane Transport
				Passive Processes: Diffusion and Filtration
				Active Processes
			3.3b Cell Division
				Preparations: DNA Replication
				Events of Cell Division
			3.3c Protein Synthesis
				Genes: The Blueprint for Protein Structure
				The Role of RNA
				The Process of Protein Synthesis
	Part II: Body Tissues
		3.4 Epithelial Tissue
			3.4a Hallmarks of Epithelium
			3.4b Classification of Epithelia
				Simple Epithelia
				Stratified Epithelia
				Glandular Epithelium
		3.5 Connective Tissue
			3.5a Hallmarks of Connective Tissue
			3.5b Extracellular Matrix
			3.5c Types of Connective Tissue
				Bone
				Cartilage
				Dense Connective Tissue
				Loose Connective Tissue
				Blood
		3.6 Muscle Tissue
			3.6a Skeletal Muscle
			3.6b Cardiac Muscle
			3.6c Smooth Muscle
		3.7 Nervous Tissue
		3.8 Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look IV Therapy and Cellular “Tonics”
	A Closer Look Cancer—An Intimate Enemy
4. Skin and Body Membranes
	4.1 Classification of Body Membranes
		4.1a Epithelial Membranes
			Cutaneous Membrane
			Mucous Membranes
			Serous Membranes
		4.1b Connective Tissue Membranes
	4.2 The Integumentary System (Skin)
		4.2a Functions of the Integumentary System
		4.2b Structure of the Skin
			Epidermis
			Dermis
		4.2c Skin Color
		4.2d Appendages of the Skin
			Cutaneous Glands
			Hair and Hair Follicles
			Nails
		4.2e Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin
			Infections and Allergies
			Burns
			Skin Cancer
	4.3 Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look A Wrinkle Out of Time
	Focus on Careers Medical Transcriptionist
	Systems in Sync
5. The Skeletal System
	5.1 Bones: An Overview
		5.1a Functions of the Bones
		5.1b Classification of Bones
		5.1c Structure of Bone
			Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
			Microscopic Anatomy
		5.1d Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling
			Bone Formation and Growth
			Bone Remodeling
		5.1e Bone Fractures
	5.2 Axial Skeleton
		5.2a Skull
			Cranium
			Facial Bones
			The Hyoid Bone
		5.2b Vertebral Column (Spine)
			Cervical Vertebrae
			Thoracic Vertebrae
			Lumbar Vertebrae
			Sacrum
			Coccyx
		5.2c Thoracic Cage
			Sternum
			Ribs
	5.3 Appendicular Skeleton
		5.3a Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
		5.3b Bones of the Upper Limbs
			Arm
			Forearm
			Hand
		5.3c Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
		5.3d Bones of the Lower Limbs
			Thigh
			Leg
			Foot
	5.4 Joints
		5.4a Fibrous Joints
		5.4b Cartilaginous Joints
		5.4c Synovial Joints
		5.4d Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape
	5.5 Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton
		5.5a Birth to Adulthood
		5.5b Older Adults
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	Focus on Careers Radiologic Technologist
	A Closer Look Joint Ventures
	Systems in Sync
6. The Muscular System
	6.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues
		6.1a Muscle Types
			Skeletal Muscle
			Smooth Muscle
			Cardiac Muscle
		6.1b Muscle Functions
			Produce Movement
			Maintain Posture and Body Position
			Stabilize Joints
			Generate Heat
			Additional Functions
	6.2 Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle
	6.3 Skeletal Muscle Activity
		6.3a Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Fibers
			The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential
			Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory
		6.3b Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole
			Graded Responses
			Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction
			Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit
			Types of Muscle Contractions—Isotonic and Isometric
			Muscle Tone
			Effect of Exercise on Muscles
	6.4 Muscle Movements, Roles, and Names
		6.4a Types of Body Movements
			Special Movements
		6.4b Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body
		6.4c Naming Skeletal Muscles
		6.4d Arrangement of Fascicles
	6.5 Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles
		6.5a Head and Neck Muscles
			Facial Muscles
			Neck Muscles
		6.5b Trunk Muscles
			Anterior Muscles
			Posterior Muscles
		6.5c Muscles of the Upper Limb
			Muscles Causing Movement at the Elbow Joint
		6.5d Muscles of the Lower Limb
			Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint
			Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint
			Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot
	6.6 Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Anabolic Steroids: Dying to Win?
	Systems in Sync
7. The Nervous System
	7.1 Organization of the Nervous System
		7.1a Structural Classification
		7.1b Functional Classification
	7.2 Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function
		7.2a Supporting Cells
		7.2b Neurons
			Anatomy
			Classification
		7.2c Physiology: Nerve Impulses
		7.2d Physiology: Reflexes
	7.3 Central Nervous System
		7.3a Functional Anatomy of the Brain
			Cerebral Hemispheres
			Diencephalon
			Brain Stem
			Cerebellum
		7.3b Protection of the Central Nervous System
			Meninges
			Cerebrospinal Fluid
			The Blood-Brain Barrier
		7.3c Brain Dysfunctions
		7.3d Spinal Cord
			Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots
			White Matter of the Spinal Cord
	7.4 Peripheral Nervous System
		7.4a Structure of a Nerve
		7.4b Cranial Nerves
		7.4c Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses
		7.4d Autonomic Nervous System
			Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Compared
			Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division
			Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division
			Autonomic Functioning
	7.5 Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look The “Terrible Three”
	A Closer Look Tracking Down CNS Problems
	Systems in Sync
8. Special Senses
	Part I: The Eye and Vision
		8.1 Anatomy of the Eye
			8.1a External and Accessory Structures
			8.1b Internal Structures: The Eyeball
				Layers Forming the Wall of the Eyeball
				Lens
		8.2 Physiology of Vision
			8.2a Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction
			8.2b Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain
			8.2c Eye Reflexes
	Part II: The Ear: Hearing and Balance
		8.3 Anatomy of the Ear
			8.3a External (Outer) Ear
			8.3b Middle Ear
			8.3c Internal (Inner) Ear
		8.4 Hearing
		8.5 Equilibrium
			8.5a Static Equilibrium
			8.5b Dynamic Equilibrium
			8.5c Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits
	Part III: Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
		8.6 Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell
		8.7 Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste
	Part IV: Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Visual Pigments—The Actual Photoreceptors
	A Closer Look Bringing Things into Focus
	Focus on Careers Physical Therapy Assistant
9. The Endocrine System
	9.1 The Endocrine System and Hormone Function—An Overview
		9.1a The Chemistry of Hormones
		9.1b Hormone Action
			Direct Gene Activation
			Second-Messenger System
		9.1c Stimuli for Control of Hormone Release
			Hormonal Stimuli
			Humoral Stimuli
			Neural Stimuli
	9.2 The Major Endocrine Organs
		9.2a Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
			Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationships
		9.2b Pineal Gland
		9.2c Thyroid Gland
		9.2d Parathyroid Glands
		9.2e Thymus
		9.2f Adrenal Glands
			Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex
			Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
		9.2g Pancreatic Islets
		9.2h Gonads
			Hormones of the Ovaries
			Hormones of the Testes
	9.3 Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs
	9.4 Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Potential Uses for Growth Hormone
	Systems in Sync
10. Blood
	10.1 Composition and Functions of Blood
		10.1a Components
		10.1b Physical Characteristics and Volume
		10.1c Plasma
		10.1d Formed Elements
			Erythrocytes
			Leukocytes
			Platelets
		10.1e Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation)
			Formation of Red Blood Cells
			Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets
	10.2 Hemostasis
		10.2a Phases of Hemostasis
		10.2b Disorders of Hemostasis
	10.3 Blood Groups and Transfusions
		10.3a Human Blood Groups
		10.3b Blood Typing
	10.4 Developmental Aspects of Blood
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	Focus on Careers Phlebotomy Technician
11. The Cardiovascular System
	11.1 The Heart
		11.1a Anatomy of the Heart
			Size, Location, and Orientation
			Coverings and Walls of the Heart
		11.1b Chambers and Associated Great Vessels
		11.1c Heart Valves
			Cardiac Circulation
		11.1d Physiology of the Heart
			Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the Basic Rhythm
			Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds
			Cardiac Output
	11.2 Blood Vessels
		11.2a Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels
			Tunics
			Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
		11.2b Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels
			Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation
			Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation
			Special Circulations
		11.2c Physiology of Circulation
			Arterial Pulse
			Blood Pressure
			Capillary Exchange of Gases and Nutrients
			Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds
	11.3 Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Electrocardiography: (Don’t) Be Still My Heart
	A Closer Look Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Plumber’s Snake!
	Systems in Sync
12. The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
	Part I: The Lymphatic System
		12.1 Lymphatic Vessels
		12.2 Lymph Nodes
		12.3 Other Lymphoid Organs
	Part II: Body Defenses
		12.4 Innate Body Defenses
			12.4a Surface Membrane Barriers: First Line of Defense
			12.4b Cells and Chemicals: Second Line of Defense
				Natural Killer Cells
				Inflammatory Response
				Phagocytes
				Antimicrobial Proteins
				Fever
		12.5 Adaptive Body Defenses
			12.5a Antigens
			12.5b Cells of the Adaptive Defense System: An Overview
				Lymphocytes
				Antigen-Presenting Cells
			12.5c Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response
				Active and Passive Humoral Immunity
				Antibodies
			12.5d Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response
			12.5e Organ Transplants and Rejection
			12.5f Disorders of Immunity
	Part III: Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Body Defenses
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look COVID-19: A Global Pandemic
	A Closer Look AIDS: An Ongoing Pandemic
	Systems in Sync
13. The Respiratory System
	13.1 Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System
		13.1a The Nose
		13.1b The Pharynx
		13.1c The Larynx
		13.1d The Trachea
		13.1e The Main Bronchi
		13.1f The Lungs
			The Bronchial Tree
			Respiratory Zone Structures and the Respiratory Membrane
	13.2 Respiratory Physiology
		13.2a Mechanics of Breathing
			Inspiration
			Expiration
		13.2b Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
			Nonrespiratory Air Movements
			Respiratory Sounds
		13.2c External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration
			External Respiration
			Gas Transport in the Blood
			Internal Respiration
		13.2d Control of Respiration
			Neural Regulation: Setting the Basic Rhythm
			Nonneural Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth
	13.3 Respiratory Disorders
	13.4 Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Too Clean for Our Own Good?
	Systems in Sync
14. The Digestive System and Body Metabolism
	Part I: Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System
		14.1 Anatomy of the Digestive System
			14.1a Organs of the Alimentary Canal
				Mouth
				Pharynx
				Esophagus
				Stomach
				Small Intestine
				Large Intestine
			14.1b Accessory Digestive Organs
				Teeth
				Salivary Glands
				Pancreas
				Liver and Gallbladder
		14.2 Functions of the Digestive System
			14.2a Overview of Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls
			14.2b Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
				Food Ingestion and Breakdown
				Food Propulsion—Swallowing and Peristalsis
			14.2c Activities of the Stomach
				Food Breakdown
				Food Propulsion
			14.2d Activities of the Small Intestine
				Chyme Breakdown and Absorption
				Chyme Propulsion
			14.2e Activities of the Large Intestine
				Nutrient Breakdown and Absorption
				Propulsion of Food Residue and Defecation
			14.2f The Microbiota
	Part II: Nutrition and Metabolism
		14.3 Nutrition
			14.3a Dietary Recommendations
			14.3b Dietary Sources of the Major Nutrients
				Carbohydrates
				Lipids
				Proteins
				Vitamins
				Minerals
		14.4 Metabolism
			14.4a Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells
				Carbohydrate Metabolism
				Fat Metabolism
				Protein Metabolism
			14.4b The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism
				General Metabolic Functions
				Cholesterol Metabolism and Transport
			14.4c Body Energy Balance
				Regulation of Food Intake
				Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production
				Body Temperature Regulation
	Part III: Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System and Metabolism
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Peptic Ulcers: “Something Is Eating at Me”
	A Closer Look Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted
	Systems in Sync
15. The Urinary System
	15.1 Kidneys
		15.1a Location and Structure
			Kidney Structure
			Blood Supply
		15.1b Nephrons
		15.1c Urine Formation and Characteristics
			Glomerular Filtration
			Tubular Reabsorption
			Tubular Secretion
			Nitrogenous Wastes
			Characteristics of Urine
	15.2 Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra
		15.2a Ureters
		15.2b Urinary Bladder
		15.2c Urethra
		15.2d Micturition
	15.3 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
		15.3a Maintaining Water Balance of Blood
			Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
			The Link between Water and Electrolytes
			Regulation of Water Intake and Output
		15.3b Maintaining Electrolyte Balance
		15.3c Maintaining Acid-Base Balance of Blood
			Blood Buffers
			Respiratory Mechanisms
			Renal Mechanisms
	15.4 Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney
	Focus on Careers Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)
	Systems in Sync
16. The Reproductive System
	16.1 Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
		16.1a Testes
		16.1b Duct System
			Epididymis
			Ductus Deferens
			Urethra
		16.1c Accessory Glands and Semen
			Seminal Vesicles
			Prostate
			Bulbourethral Glands
			Semen
		16.1d External Genitalia
	16.2 Male Reproductive Functions
		16.2a Spermatogenesis
		16.2b Testosterone Production
	16.3 Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
		16.3a Ovaries
		16.3b Duct System
			Uterine Tubes
			Uterus
			Vagina
		16.3c External Genitalia and Female Perineum
	16.4 Female Reproductive Functions and Cycles
		16.4a Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle
		16.4b Hormone Production by the Ovaries
		16.4c Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle
	16.5 Mammary Glands
	16.6 Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
		16.6a Accomplishing Fertilization
		16.6b Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development
		16.6c Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother
			Anatomical Changes
			Physiological Changes
		16.6d Childbirth
			Initiation of Labor
			Stages of Labor
	16.7 Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System
	Summary
	Review Questions
	Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
	A Closer Look Contraception: Preventing Pregnancy
	Systems in Sync
Appendixes
	Appendix A. Answers to Did You Get It? Questions and Multiple Choice Review Questions
	Appendix B. Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes
	Appendix C. Periodic Table of the Elements
	Appendix D. Key Information about Vitamins and Many Essential Minerals
Glossary
Credits
Index
Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes by Chapter