Essentials of Environmental Health

Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
The Essential Public Health Series......Page 14
Prologue......Page 16
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgments......Page 20
About the Author......Page 21
Introduction......Page 23
Abbreviations......Page 25
Part I Background of the Field......Page 30
Introduction......Page 31
Significance of the Environment for Human Health......Page 35
Population and the Environment......Page 38
Definitions Used in the Environmental Health Field......Page 51
Historical Background......Page 54
Careers in the Environmental Health Field......Page 63
Conclusion and Overview of the Text......Page 68
Study Questions and Exercises......Page 71
References......Page 72
Introduction......Page 76
Definition of Environmental Epidemiology......Page 78
Contributions of Epidemiology to Environmental Health......Page 79
Brief History of Environmental Epidemiology......Page 85
Strategies of Environmental Epidemiology......Page 89
Causality in Epidemiologic Studies......Page 102
Bias in Environmental Epidemiologic Studies......Page 106
Limitations and Deficiencies of Environmental Epidemiology......Page 108
Conclusion......Page 110
Study Questions and Exercises......Page 112
References......Page 113
Introduction......Page 117
Description of Toxicology......Page 119
Terminology Used in the Field of Toxicology......Page 122
The Concept of a Dose and Related Terms......Page 124
Factors That Affect Responses to a Toxic Chemical......Page 129
Links Between Toxicology and Risk Assessment......Page 137
Conclusion......Page 143
Study Questions and Exercises......Page 144
References......Page 145
Introduction......Page 149
Overview of the Environmental Policy Process......Page 150
Risk Assessment and Policy Development......Page 158
Case Studies: Environmental Policies to Protect Human Health......Page 164
Agencies Involved in the Adoption, Implementation, and Enforcement of Environmental Policies......Page 171
Major US Environmental Health Laws......Page 181
Conclusion......Page 190
Study Questions and Exercises......Page 191
References......Page 193
Part II Agents of Environmental Disease......Page 198
Introduction......Page 199
Terminology Used in the Context of Zoonotic and Vector-Borne Diseases......Page 200
Examples of Vector-Borne Diseases......Page 202
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs)......Page 223
Arthropod-Borne Viral Diseases (Arboviral Diseases)......Page 225
Emerging Zoonoses......Page 228
Other Zoonotic Diseases......Page 241
Control and Prevention of Mosquito-Borne Diseases......Page 251
Study Questions and Exercises......Page 252
References......Page 254
Introduction......Page 258
The CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances......Page 259
Overview of Sources and Effects of Exposure to Metals......Page 261
Toxic Heavy Metals......Page 268
Essential Metals with Potential for Toxicity......Page 288
Metals for Use in Medical Therapy......Page 292
Conclusion......Page 293
Study Questions and Exercises......Page 294
References......Page 295
Introduction......Page 300
Chemicals Among the Top 20 in the ATSDR List of 275 Hazardous Substances......Page 304
Pesticides......Page 305
Dioxins......Page 326
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)......Page 329
Organic Solvents......Page 331
Chemicals Used in the Manufacture of Plastics......Page 335
Cleaning and Household Products......Page 337
Environmental Estrogens......Page 338
Study Questions and Exercises......Page 339
References......Page 340
Introduction......Page 348
Overview of Ionizing Radiation......Page 349
Types of Ionizing Radiation......Page 351
Measurement of Ionizing Radiation Dose Units......Page 353
Health Effects of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation......Page 358
Sources of Environmental Exposure to Ionizing Radiation......Page 359
Medical Uses of Ionizing Radiation......Page 373
Nuclear Waste Disposal......Page 374
Nonionizing Radiation......Page 375
Sources of Exposure to Nonionizing Radiation......Page 377
Conclusion......Page 392
Study Questions and Exercises......Page 393
References......Page 394
Part III Applications of Environmental Health......Page 400
Introduction......Page 401
The Water Supply......Page 405
Treatment of Water for Residential Consumption......Page 415
Drinking Water Contamination......Page 422
Beach and Coastal Pollution......Page 438
Conclusion......Page 450
Study Questions and Exercises......Page 451
References......Page 452
Introduction......Page 457
Notorious Air Pollution Episodes in History......Page 461
Sources and Causes of Air Pollution......Page 464
Components of Air Pollution......Page 469
Air Quality Standards......Page 480
Health Effects of Air Pollution......Page 482
Indoor Air Quality......Page 491
Global Climate Change and Global Warming......Page 496
Controlling Air Pollution and Global Warming......Page 506
Study Questions and Exercises......Page 509
References......Page 511
Introduction......Page 519
The Global Burden of Foodborne Illness......Page 521
Common Microbial Agents of Foodborne Illness......Page 525
Bacterial Agents......Page 526
Worms......Page 549
Viral Agents......Page 551
Other Agents......Page 556
Chemically Related Foodborne Hazards......Page 560
Regulation of Food Safety......Page 571
Foodborne Disease Prevention......Page 578
Study Questions and Exercises......Page 590
References......Page 591
Introduction......Page 600
Historical Background—Solid Waste Disposal......Page 601
Solid Waste Management......Page 604
Disposal of Hazardous Materials and Wastes......Page 618
Sewage Processing and Disposal......Page 626
Animal Wastes......Page 632
Study Questions and Exercises......Page 635
References......Page 636
Introduction......Page 642
Background and History......Page 643
Significance of the Occupational Environment for Health......Page 650
Overview of Agents of Occupational Disease......Page 653
Specific Occupationally Associated Diseases and Conditions......Page 659
Prevention of Occupational Disease......Page 683
Conclusion......Page 688
Study Questions and Exercises......Page 689
References......Page 690
Introduction......Page 695
How Injuries are Classified......Page 696
The Significance of Injuries......Page 700
Unintentional Injuries......Page 704
Motor Vehicle Injuries......Page 708
Unintentional Injuries among Children......Page 717
Injuries among the Elderly......Page 725
Schema for Injury Prevention......Page 730
Conclusion......Page 733
Study Questions and Exercises......Page 734
References......Page 735
Glossary......Page 739
Index......Page 759