Essentials of Dental Radiography and Radiology

Cover
Title page
Table of Contents
Dedication
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part I. Introduction
	1. The Radiographic Image
		Introduction
		Nature of the Traditional Two-Dimensional Radiographic Image
		Quality of the Traditional Two-Dimensional Radiographic Image
		Perception of the Radiographic Image
		Types of Traditional Dental Radiographs
Part II. Radiation Physics, Equipment and Radiation Protection
	2. The Production, Properties and Interactions of X-rays
		Introduction
		Atomic Structure
		X-Ray Production
		Interaction of X-Rays with Matter
	3. Dental X-ray Generating Equipment
		Introduction
		Ideal Requirements
		Main Components of the Tubehead
		Other X-Ray Generating Apparatus
	4. Image Receptors
		Introduction
		Digital Receptors
		Radiographic Film
		Characteristics of Radiographic Film
		Background Fog Density
		Intensifying Screens
		Cassettes
		Important Practical Points to Note
	5. Image Processing
		Computer Digital Processing
		Chemical Processing
	6. Radiation Dose, Dosimetry and Dose Limitation
		Dose Units
		Dose Limits
		Dose Rate
		Dose Limitation
	7. The Biological Effects Associated with X-rays, Risk and Practical Radiation Protection
		Radiation-Induced Tissue Damage
		Classification of the Biological Effects
		Practical Radiation Protection
		Footnote
Part III. Radiography
	8. Dental Radiography – General Patient Considerations including Control of Infection
		General Guidelines on Patient Care
		Specific Requirements When X-Raying Children and Patients with Disabilities
		Control of Infection
		Micro-Organisms That May Be Encountered
		Standard and Transmission-Based Precautions
		Infection Control Measures
		Footnote
	9. Periapical Radiography
		Main Indications
		Ideal Positioning Requirements
		Radiographic Techniques
		Anatomy
		Bisected Angle Technique
		Comparison of The Paralleling and Bisected Angle Techniques
		Conclusion
		Positioning Difficulties Often Encountered in Periapical Radiography
		Assessment of Image Quality
	10. Bitewing Radiography
		Main Indications
		Ideal Technique Requirements
		Positioning Techniques
		Resultant Radiographs
		Assessment of Image Quality
	11. Occlusal Radiography
		Introduction
		Terminology and Classification
		Upper Standard (or Anterior) Occlusal
		Upper Oblique Occlusal
		Lower 90° Occlusal
		Lower 45° (or Anterior) Occlusal
		Lower Oblique Occlusal
	12. Oblique Lateral Radiography
		Introduction
		Terminology
		Main Indications
		Basic Technique Principles
		Positioning Examples For Various Oblique Lateral Radiographs
		Bimolar Technique
	13. Skull and Maxillofacial Radiography
		Equipment, Patient Positioning and Projections
	14. Cephalometric Radiography
		Introduction
		Main Indications
		Equipment
		Main Radiographic Projections
		Cephalometric Posteroanterior of the Jaws (PA Jaws)
	15. Tomography and Panoramic Radiography
		Introduction
		Tomographic Theory
		Panoramic Tomography
		Selection Criteria
		Equipment
		Technique and Positioning
		Normal Anatomy
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Assessment of Image Quality
		Assessment of Not Acceptable Images and Determination of Errors
		Footnote
	16. Cone Beam Computed Tomography
		Main Indications
		Equipment and Theory
		Technique and Positioning
		Normal Anatomy
		Radiation Dose
		Advantages and Disadvantages
		Assessment of Image Quality
		Quality Assurance
		Footnote
	17. The Quality of Radiographic Images and Quality Assurance
		Introduction
		Quality Assurance (QA)
		Digital Image Quality
		Quality Control Procedures for Digital Receptors, Computer Processing and Monitors
		Film-Based Image Quality
		Quality Control Procedures for Film, Chemical Processing and Light Boxes
		Patient Preparation and Positioning Technique Errors in Both Digital and Film-Based Imaging
		Patient Dose and X-Ray Generating Equipment
		Working Procedures
		Staff Training and Updating
		Audits
		Footnote
	18. Alternative and Specialized Imaging Modalities
		Introduction
		Contrast Studies
		Radioisotope Imaging
		Computed Tomography (CT)
		Ultrasound Examinations
		Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Part IV. Radiology
	19. Introduction to Radiological Interpretation
		Essential Requirements for Interpretation
		Conclusion
	20. Dental Caries and the Assessment of Restorations
		Introduction
		Classification of Caries
		Diagnosis and Detection of Caries
		Other Important Radiographic Appearances
		Limitations Of Radiographic Detection of Caries
		Radiographic Assessment of Restorations
		Limitations of the Radiographic Image
		Suggested Guidelines for Interpreting Bitewing Images
		Cone Beam Computed Tomography
	21. The Periapical Tissues
		Introduction
		Normal Radiographic Appearances
		The Effects of Normal Superimposed Shadows
		Radiographic Appearances of Periapical Inflammatory Changes
		Treatment and Imaging in Endodontics
		Other Important Causes of Periapical Radiolucency
		Suggested Guidelines for Interpreting Periapical Images
	22. The Periodontal Tissues and Periodontal Disease
		Introduction
		Selection Criteria
		Radiographic Features of Healthy Periodontium
		Classification of Periodontal Diseases
		Radiographic Features of Periodontal Disease and the Assessment of Bone Loss and Furcation Involvement
		Evaluation of Treatment Measures
		Limitations of Radiographic Diagnosis
	23. Implant Assessment
		Introduction
		Main Indications
		Main Contraindications
		Treatment Planning Considerations
		Radiographic Examination
		Peri-operative Imaging
		Post-operative Evaluation and Follow-Up
		Footnote
	24. Developmental Abnormalities
		Introduction
		Classification of Developmental Abnormalities
		Typical Radiographic Appearances of The More Common and Important Developmental Abnormalities
		Radiographic Assessment of Mandibular Third Molars
		Radiographic Assessment of Unerupted Maxillary Canines
	25. Radiological Differential Diagnosis – Describing a Lesion
		Introduction
		Detailed Description of a Lesion
		Footnote
	26. Differential Diagnosis of Radiolucent Lesions of the Jaws
		Introduction
		Step-By-Step Guide
		Typical Radiographic Features of Radiolucent Cysts and Tumours
		Typical Radiographic Features of Tumours
		Typical Radiographic Features of Allied Lesions
		Footnote
	27. Differential Diagnosis of Lesions of Variable Radiopacity in the Jaws
		STEP I
		STEP II
		STEP III
		STEP IV
		STEP V
		Typical Radiographic Features of Abnormalities of the Teeth
		Typical Radiographic Features of Conditions of Variable Opacity Affecting Bone
		Summary
		Typical Radiographic Features of Soft Tissue Calcifications
		Typical Radiographic Features of Foreign Bodies
	28. Bone Diseases of Radiological Importance
		Introduction
		Developmental or Genetic Disorders
		Infective or Inflammatory Conditions
		Hormone-Related Diseases
		Blood Dyscrasias
		Diseases of Unknown Cause
	29. Trauma to the Teeth and Facial Skeleton
		Introduction
		Injuries to the Teeth and Their Supporting Structures
		Skeletal Fractures
		Fractures of the Mandible
		Fractures of the Middle Third of the Facial Skeleton
		Other Fractures and Injuries
	30. The Temporomandibular Joint
		Introduction
		Normal Anatomy
		Investigations
		Main Pathological Conditions Affecting the TMJ
		Footnote
	31. The Maxillary Antra
		Introduction
		Normal Anatomy
		Normal Appearance of the Antra on Conventional Radiographs
		Antral Disease
		Investigation and Appearance of Disease Within the Antra
		Infection and Inflammation
		Other Paranasal Air Sinuses
	32. The Salivary Glands
		Salivary Gland Disorders
		Investigations
Bibliography and Suggested Reading
Index