Essentials of College Physics

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents Overview
......Page 18
Contents......Page 19
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time......Page 36
1.2 The Building Blocks of Matter......Page 38
1.3 Dimensional Analysis......Page 39
1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement and Significant Figures......Page 40
1.5 Conversion of Units......Page 43
1.6 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations......Page 44
1.7 Coordinate Systems......Page 45
1.8 Trigonometry......Page 46
1.9 Problem-Solving Strategy......Page 47
Summary......Page 49
2.1 Displacement......Page 53
2.2 Velocity......Page 54
2.3 Acceleration......Page 59
2.4 Motion Diagrams......Page 61
2.5 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration......Page 63
2.6 Freely Falling Objects......Page 68
Summary......Page 70
3.1 Vectors and Their Properties......Page 76
3.2 Components of a Vector......Page 78
3.3 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration in Two Dimensions......Page 82
3.4 Motion in Two Dimensions......Page 83
3.5 Relative Velocity......Page 88
Summary......Page 90
4.1 Forces......Page 96
4.2 Newton’s First Law......Page 97
4.3 Newton’s Second Law......Page 98
4.4 Newton’s Third Law......Page 103
4.5 Applications of Newton’s Laws......Page 104
4.6 Forces of Friction......Page 112
Summary......Page 117
5.1 Work......Page 125
5.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work – Energy Theorem......Page 129
5.3 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 132
5.4 Spring Potential Energy......Page 139
5.5 Systems and Energy Conservation......Page 144
5.6 Power......Page 145
5.7 Work Done by a Varying Force......Page 148
Summary......Page 150
6.1 Momentum and Impulse......Page 159
6.2 Conservation of Momentum......Page 163
6.3 Collisions......Page 165
6.4 Glancing Collisions......Page 172
6.5 Rocket Propulsion......Page 175
Summary......Page 176
7.1 Angular Speed and Angular Acceleration......Page 182
7.2 Rotational Motion Under Constant Angular Acceleration......Page 185
7.3 Relations Between Angular and Linear Quantities......Page 186
7.4 Centripetal Acceleration......Page 189
7.5 Newtonian Gravitation......Page 195
7.6 Kepler’s Laws......Page 200
Summary......Page 203
8.1 Torque......Page 209
8.2 Torque and the Two Conditions for Equilibrium......Page 213
8.3 The Center of Gravity......Page 214
8.4 Examples of Objects in Equilibrium......Page 216
8.5 Relationship Between Torque and Angular Acceleration......Page 218
8.6 Rotational Kinetic Energy......Page 224
8.7 Angular Momentum......Page 225
Summary......Page 228
9.1 States of Matter......Page 239
9.2 The Deformation of Solids......Page 240
9.3 Density and Pressure......Page 244
9.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth......Page 247
9.5 Pressure Measurements......Page 250
9.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle......Page 251
9.7 Fluids in Motion......Page 255
9.8 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics......Page 261
9.9 Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscous Fluid Flow......Page 264
9.10 Transport Phenomena......Page 269
Summary......Page 272
10.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics......Page 281
10.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales......Page 282
10.3 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids......Page 286
10.4 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas......Page 292
10.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases......Page 297
Summary......Page 302
11.1 Heat and Internal Energy......Page 307
11.2 Specific Heat......Page 309
11.3 Calorimetry......Page 311
11.4 Latent Heat and Phase Change......Page 313
11.5 Energy Transfer......Page 318
Summary......Page 327
12.1 Work in Thermodynamic Processes......Page 332
12.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 335
12.3 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 344
12.4 Entropy......Page 351
12.5 Human Metabolism......Page 354
Summary......Page 356
13.1 Hooke’s Law......Page 362
13.2 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion......Page 366
13.3 Position, Velocity, and Acceleration as a Function of Time......Page 369
13.4 Motion of a Pendulum......Page 372
13.6 Waves......Page 375
13.7 Frequency, Amplitude, and Wavelength......Page 378
13.8 The Speed of Waves on Strings......Page 379
13.9 Interference of Waves......Page 381
13.10 Reflection of Waves......Page 382
Summary......Page 383
14.2 Characteristics of Sound Waves......Page 389
14.3 The Speed of Sound......Page 391
14.4 Energy and Intensity of Sound Waves......Page 393
14.5 Spherical and Plane Waves......Page 396
14.6 The Doppler Effect......Page 398
14.7 Interference of Sound Waves......Page 402
14.8 Standing Waves......Page 404
14.9 Forced Vibrations and Resonance......Page 408
14.10 Standing Waves in Air Columns......Page 409
14.11 Beats......Page 411
14.12 The Ear......Page 413
Summary......Page 415
15.1 Properties of Electric Charges......Page 422
15.2 Insulators and Conductors......Page 423
15.3 Coulomb’s Law......Page 425
15.4 The Electric Field......Page 429
15.5 Electric Field Lines......Page 433
15.6 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium......Page 435
15.7 Electric Flux and Gauss’s Law......Page 437
Summary......Page 442
16.1 Potential Difference and Electric Potential......Page 448
16.2 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges......Page 455
16.3 Potentials and Charged Conductors......Page 457
16.5 Capacitance......Page 459
16.6 The Parallel-Plate Capacitor......Page 460
16.7 Combinations of Capacitors......Page 462
16.8 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor......Page 468
16.9 Capacitors with Dielectrics......Page 470
Summary......Page 474
17.1 Electric Current......Page 480
17.2 A Microscopic View: Current and Drift Speed......Page 482
17.3 Current and Voltage Measurements in Circuits......Page 484
17.4 Resistance and Ohm’s Law......Page 485
17.5 Resistivity......Page 486
17.6 Temperature Variation of Resistance......Page 488
17.7 Superconductors......Page 490
17.8 Electrical Energy and Power......Page 491
17.9 Electrical Activity in the Heart......Page 493
Summary......Page 495
18.1 Sources of emf......Page 500
18.2 Resistors in Series......Page 501
18.3 Resistors in Parallel......Page 503
18.4 Kirchhoff’s Rules and Complex DC Circuits......Page 508
18.5 RC Circuits......Page 510
18.6 Household Circuits......Page 514
18.7 Conduction of Electrical Signals by Neurons......Page 516
Summary......Page 519
19.1 Magnets......Page 526
19.2 Magnetic Fields......Page 529
19.3 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor......Page 531
19.4 Torque on a Current Loop and Electric Motors......Page 534
19.5 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field......Page 537
19.6 Magnetic Field of a Long, Straight Wire and Amperes law......Page 540
19.7 Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors......Page 542
19.8 Magnetic Fields of Current Loops and Solenoids......Page 544
19.9 Magnetic Domains......Page 547
Summary......Page 548
20.1 Induced emf and Magnetic Flux......Page 556
20.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction......Page 558
20.3 Motional emf......Page 562
20.4 Lenz’s Law Revisited (The Minus Sign in Faradays Law)......Page 565
20.5 Generators......Page 566
20.6 Self-Inductance......Page 570
20.7 RL Circuits......Page 573
Summary......Page 575
21.1 Resistors in an AC Circuit......Page 582
21.2 Capacitors in an AC Circuit......Page 585
21.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit......Page 586
21.4 The RLC Series Circuit......Page 588
21.5 Power in an AC Circuit......Page 591
21.6 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit......Page 593
21.7 The Transformer......Page 594
21.8 Maxwell’s Predictions......Page 596
21.9 Hertz’s Confirmation of Maxwell’s Predictions......Page 597
21.10 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna......Page 598
21.11 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 599
21.12 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 603
Summary......Page 606
22.1 The Nature of Light......Page 612
22.2 Reflection and Refraction......Page 613
22.3 The Law of Refraction......Page 617
22.4 Dispersion and Prisms......Page 620
22.5 The Rainbow......Page 622
22.6 Huygens’ Principle......Page 623
22.7 Total Internal Reflection......Page 625
Summary......Page 628
23.1 Flat Mirrors......Page 634
23.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors......Page 636
23.3 Convex Mirrors and Sign Conventions......Page 638
23.4 Images Formed by Refraction......Page 643
23.5 Atmospheric Refraction......Page 647
23.6 Thin Lenses......Page 648
23.7 Lens and Mirror Aberrations......Page 656
Summary......Page 657
24.1 Conditions for Interference......Page 662
24.2 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment......Page 663
24.3 Change of Phase Due to Reflection......Page 666
24.4 Interference in Thin Films......Page 667
24.5 Diffraction......Page 671
24.6 Single-Slit Diffraction......Page 673
24.7 The Diffraction Grating......Page 675
24.8 Polarization of Light Waves......Page 677
Summary......Page 682
25.1 The Camera......Page 688
25.2 The Eye......Page 689
25.3 The Simple Magnifier......Page 693
25.4 The Compound Microscope......Page 695
25.5 The Telescope......Page 697
25.6 Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures......Page 699
Summary......Page 702
26.1 Galilean Relativity......Page 707
26.2 The Speed of Light......Page 708
26.4 Consequences of Special Relativity......Page 710
26.5 Relativistic Momentum......Page 717
26.6 Relativistic Energy and the Equivalence of Mass and Energy......Page 718
26.7 General Relativity......Page 722
Summary......Page 724
27.1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis......Page 728
27.2 The Photoelectric Effect and the Particle Theory of Light......Page 730
27.3 X-Rays......Page 733
27.4 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals......Page 734
27.5 The Compton Effect......Page 736
27.6 The Dual Nature of Light and Matter......Page 738
27.7 The Wave Function......Page 741
27.8 The Uncertainty Principle......Page 742
Summary......Page 743
28.1 Early Models of the Atom......Page 748
28.2 Atomic Spectra......Page 749
28.3 The Bohr Model......Page 750
28.4 Quantum Mechanics and the Hydrogen Atom......Page 755
28.5 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table......Page 758
28.6 Characteristic X-Rays......Page 761
28.7 Atomic Transitions and Lasers......Page 762
Summary......Page 764
29.1 Some Properties of Nuclei......Page 769
29.2 Binding Energy......Page 772
29.3 Radioactivity......Page 773
29.4 The Decay Processes......Page 776
29.6 Nuclear Reactions......Page 782
29.7 Medical Applications of Radiation......Page 785
Summary......Page 787
30.1 Nuclear Fission......Page 793
30.2 Nuclear Fusion......Page 796
30.3 Elementary Particles and the Fundamental Forces......Page 799
30.4 Positrons and Other Antiparticles......Page 800
30.5 Classification of Particles......Page 801
30.6 Conservation Laws......Page 802
30.8 Quarks and Color......Page 805
30.9 Electroweak Theory and the Standard Model......Page 807
30.10 The Cosmic Connection......Page 808
30.11 Problems and Perspectives......Page 810
Summary......Page 811
Appendix A Mathematics Review......Page 816
Appendix B An Abbreviated Table of Isotopes......Page 829
Appendix C Some Useful Tables......Page 834
Appendix D SI Units......Page 836
Answers to Checkpoints, Quick Quizzes and Odd-Numbered Conceptual Questions and Problems......Page 837
Credits......Page 864
Index......Page 866