Essentials of biology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
About the Authors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
CHAPTER 1 Biology: The Science of Life
	1.1 The Characteristics of Life
		Life Requires Materials and Energy
		Living Organisms Maintain an Internal Environment
		Living Organisms Respond
		Living Organisms Reproduce and Develop
		Living Organisms Have Adaptations
	1.2 Evolution: The Core Concept of Biology
		Natural Selection and Evolutionary Processes
		Organizing the Diversity of Life
	1.3 Science: A Way of Knowing
		Start with an Observation
		Develop a Hypothesis
		Make a Prediction and Perform Experiments
		Develop a Conclusion
		Scientific Theory
		An Example of a Controlled Study
		Publishing the Results
	1.4 Challenges Facing Science
		Biodiversity and Habitat Loss
		Emerging and Reemerging Diseases
		Climate Change
Part I The Cell
	CHAPTER 2 The Chemical Basis of Life
		2.1 Atoms and Atomic Bonds
			Atomic Structure
			The Periodic Table
			Isotopes
			Arrangement of Electrons in an Atom
			Types of Chemical Bonds
			Chemical Formulas and Reactions
		2.2 Water\'s Importance to Life
			The Structure of Water
			Properties of Water
		2.3 Acids and Bases
			Acidic Solutions (High H+ Concentration)
			Basic Solutions (Low H+ Concentration)
			pH and the pH Scale
			Buffers and pH
	CHAPTER 3 The Organic Molecules of Life
		3.1 Organic Molecules
			The Carbon Atom
			The Carbon Skeleton and Functional Groups
		3.2 The Biological Molecules of Cells
			Carbohydrates
			Lipids
			Proteins
			Nucleic Acids
	CHAPTER 4 Inside the Cell
		4.1 Cells Under the Microscope
		4.2 The Plasma Membrane
			Functions of Membrane Proteins
		4.3 The Two Main Types of Cells
			Prokaryotic Cells
		4.4 Eukaryotic Cells
			Nucleus and Ribosomes
			Endomembrane System
			Vesicles and Vacuoles
			Energy-Related Organelles
			The Cytoskeleton and Motor Proteins
			Centrioles
			Cilia and Flagella
		4.5 Outside the Eukaryotic Cell
			Cell Walls
			Extracellular Matrix
			Junctions Between Cells
	CHAPTER 5 The Dynamic Cell
		5.1 What Is Energy? 80
			Measuring Energy
			Energy Laws
		5.2 ATP: Energy for Cells
			Structure of ATP
			Use and Production of ATP
			The Flow of Energy
		5.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes
			An Enzyme\'s Active Site
			Energy of Activation
		5.4 Cell Transport
			Passive Transport: No Energy Required
			Active Transport: Energy Required
			Bulk Transport
	CHAPTER 6 Energy for Life
		6.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
			Plants as Photosynthesizers
			The Photosynthetic Process
		6.2 The Light Reactions-Harvesting Energy
			Photosynthetic Pigments
			The Light Reactions: Capturing Solar Energy
		6.3 The Calvin Cycle Reactions-Making Sugars
			Overview of the Calvin Cycle
			Reduction of Carbon Dioxide
			The Fate of G3P
		6.4 Variations in Photosynthesis
			C3 Photosynthesis
			C4 Photosynthesis
			CAM Photosynthesis
			Evolutionary Trends
	CHAPTER 7 Energy for Cells
		7.1 Cellular Respiration
			Phases of Complete Glucose Breakdown
		7.2 Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis
			Energy-Investment Step
			Energy-Harvesting Steps
		7.3 Outside the Mitochondria: Fermentation
			Lactic Acid Fermentation
			Alcohol Fermentation
		7.4 Inside the Mitochondria
			Preparatory Reaction
			The Citric Acid Cycle
			The Electron Transport Chain
		7.5 Metabolic Fate of Food
			Energy Yield from Glucose Metabolism
			Alternative Metabolic Pathways
Part II Genetics
	CHAPTER 8 Cellular Reproduction
		8.1 The Basics of Cellular Reproduction
			Chromosomes
			Chromatin to Chromosomes
		8.2 The Cell Cycle: Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis
			Interphase
			M (Mitotic) Phase
		8.3 The Cell Cycle Control System
			Cell Cycle Checkpoints
			Internal and External Signals
			Apoptosis
		8.4 The Cell Cycle and Cancer
			Proto-Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes
			Other Genetic Changes and Cancer
		8.5 Characteristics of Cancer
			Characteristics of Cancer Cells
			Cancer Treatment
			Prevention of Cancer
	CHAPTER 9 Meiosis and the Genetic Basis of Sexual Reproduction
		9.1 An Overview of Meiosis
			Homologous Chromosomes
			The Human Life Cycle
			Overview of Meiosis
		9.2 The Phases of Meiosis
			The First Division-Meiosis I
			The Second Division-Meiosis II
		9.3 Meiosis Compared with Mitosis
			Meiosis I Compared with Mitosis
			Meiosis II Compared with Mitosis
			Mitosis and Meiosis Occur at Different Times
		9.4 Changes in Chromosome Number
			Down Syndrome
			Abnormal Sex Chromosome Number
	CHAPTER 10 Patterns of Inheritance
		10.1 Mendel\'s Laws
			Mendel\'s Experimental Procedure
			One-Trait Inheritance
			Two-Trait Inheritance
			Mendel\'s Laws and Probability
			Mendel\'s Laws and Meiosis
		10.2 Mendel\'s Laws Apply to Humans
			Family Pedigrees
			Genetic Disorders of Interest
		10.3 Beyond Mendel\'s Laws
			Incomplete Dominance
			Multiple-Allele Traits
			Polygenic Inheritance
			Gene Interactions
			Pleiotropy
			Linkage
		10.4 Sex-Linked Inheritance
			Sex-Linked Alleles
			Pedigrees for Sex-Linked Disorders
			X-Linked Recessive Disorders
	CHAPTER 11 DNA Biology
		11.1 DNA and RNA Structure and Function
			Structure of DNA
			Replication of DNA
			RNA Structure and Function
		11.2 Gene Expression
			From DNA to RNA to Protein
			Review of Gene Expression
		11.3 Gene Regulation
			Levels of Gene Expression Control
	CHAPTER 12 Biotechnology and Genomics
		12.1 Biotechnology
			Recombinant DNA Technology
			DNA Sequencing
			Polymerase Chain Reaction
			DNA Analysis
			Genome Editing
		12.2 Stem Cells and Cloning
			Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning
		12.3 Biotechnology Products
			Genetically Modified Bacteria
			Genetically Modified Plants
			Genetically Modified Animals
		12.4 Genomics and Proteomics
			Sequencing the Bases of the Human Genome
			Proteomics and Bioinformatics
	CHAPTER 13 Genetic Counseling
		13.1 Gene Mutations
			Causes of Gene Mutations
			Types and Effects of Mutations
		13.2 Chromosomal Mutations
			Deletions and Duplications
			Translocation
			Inversion
		13.3 Genetic Testing
			Analyzing the Chromosomes
			Testing for a Protein
			Testing the DNA
			Testing the Fetus
			Testing the Embryo and Egg
		13.4 Gene Therapy
			Ex Vivo Gene Therapy
			In Vivo Gene Therapy
Part III Evolution
	CHAPTER 14 Darwin and Evolution
		14.1 Darwin\'s Theory of Evolution
			Before Darwin
			Darwin\'s Conclusions
			Natural Selection and Adaptation
			Darwin and Wallace
		14.2 Evidence of Evolutionary Change
			Fossil Evidence
			Biogeographical Evidence
			Anatomical Evidence
			Molecular Evidence
	CHAPTER 15 Evolution on a Small Scale
		15.1 Natural Selection
			Types of Selection
			Sexual Selection
			Adaptations Are Not Perfect
			Maintenance of Variations
		15.2 Microevolution
			Evolution in a Genetic Context
			Causes of Microevolution
	CHAPTER 16 Evolution on a Large Scale
		16.1 Speciation and Macroevolution
			Defining Species
			Models of Speciation
		16.2 The Fossil Record
			The Geological Timescale
			The Pace of Speciation
			Causes of Mass Extinctions
		16.3 Systematics
			Linnaean Classification
			Phylogenetic Trees
			Cladistics and Cladograms
			The Three-Domain System
Part IV Diversity of Life
	CHAPTER 17 The Microorganisms: Viruses, Bacteria, and Protists
		17.1 The Viruses
			Structure of a Virus
			Viral Reproduction
			Plant Viruses
			Animal Viruses
		17.2 Viroids and Prions
		17.3 The Prokaryotes
			The Origin of the First Cells
			Bacteria
			Archaea
		17.4 The Protists
			Evolution of Protists
			Classification of Protists
	CHAPTER 18 The Plants and Fungi
		18.1 Overview of the Plants
			An Overview of Plant Evolution
			Alternation of Generations
		18.2 Diversity of Plants
			Nonvascular Plants
			Vascular Plants
			Gymnosperms
			Angiosperms
			Economic Benefits of Plants
			Ecological Benefits of Plants
		18.3 The Fungi
			General Biology of a Fungus
			Fungal Diversity
			Ecological Benefits of Fungi
			Economic Benefits of Fungi
			Fungi as Disease-Causing Organisms
	CHAPTER 19 Both Water and Land: Animals
		19.1 Evolution of Animals
			Ancestry of Animals
			The Evolutionary Tree of Animals
			Evolutionary Trends
		19.2 Sponges and Cnidarians: The Early Animals
			Sponges: Multicellularity
			Cnidarians: True Tissues
		19.3 Flatworms, Molluscs, and Annelids: The Lophotrochozoans
			Flatworms: Bilateral Symmetry
			Molluscs
			Annelids: Segmented Worms
		19.4 Roundworms and Arthropods: The Ecdysozoans
			Roundworms: Pseudocoelomates
			Arthropods: Jointed Appendages
		19.5 Echinoderms and Chordates: The Deuterostomes
			Echinoderms
			Chordates
			Fishes: First Jaws and Lungs
			Amphibians: Jointed Vertebrate Limbs
			Reptiles: Amniotic Egg
			Mammals: Hair and Mammary Glands
		19.6 Human Evolution
			Evolution of Humanlike Hominins
			Evolution of Modern Humans
Part V Plant Structure and Function
	CHAPTER 20 Plant Anatomy and Growth
		20.1 Plant Cells and Tissues
			Epidermal Tissue
			Ground Tissue
			Vascular Tissue
		20.2 Plant Organs
			Monocots Versus Eudicots
		20.3 Organization of Leaves, Stems, and Roots
			Leaves
			Stems
			Roots
		20.4 Plant Nutrition
			Adaptations of Roots for Mineral Uptake
		20.5 Transport of Nutrients
			Water Transport in Xylem
			Sugar Transport in Phloem
	CHAPTER 21 Plant Responses and Reproduction
		21.1 Plant Hormones
			Auxins
			Gibberellins
			Cytokinins
			Abscisic Acid
			Ethylene
		21.2 Plant Responses
			Tropisms
			Photoperiodism
		21.3 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
			Overview of the Plant Life Cycle
			Flowers
			From Spores to Fertilization
			Development of the Seed in a Eudicot
			Monocots Versus Eudicots
			Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal
			Germination of Seeds
		21.4 Asexual Reproduction and Genetic Engineering in Plants
			Propagation of Plants in a Garden
			Propagation of Plants in Tissue Culture
			Genetic Engineering of Plants
Part VI Animal Structure and Function
	CHAPTER 22 Being Organized and Steady
		22.1 The Body\'s Organization
			Epithelial Tissue Protects
			Connective Tissue Connects and Supports
			Muscular Tissue Moves the Body
			Nervous Tissue Communicates
		22.2 Organs and Organ Systems
			Transport and Protection
			Maintenance of the Body
			Control
			Sensory Input and Motor Output
			Reproduction
		22.3 Homeostasis
			Organ Systems and Homeostasis
			Negative Feedback
	CHAPTER 23 The Transport Systems
		23.1 Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
			Open Circulatory Systems
			Closed Circulatory Systems
			Comparison of Vertebrate Circulatory Pathways
		23.2 Transport in Humans
			The Human Heart
			Blood Vessels
			Lymphatic System
			Capillary Exchange in the Tissues
		23.3 Blood: A Transport Medium
			Plasma
			Formed Elements
			Cardiovascular Disorders
	CHAPTER 24 The Maintenance Systems
		24.1 Respiratory System
			The Human Respiratory Tract
			Breathing
			Lungs and External Exchange of Gases
			Transport and Internal Exchange of Gases
		24.2 Urinary System
			Human Kidney
			Problems with Kidney Function
	CHAPTER 25 Digestion and Human Nutrition
		25.1 Digestive System
			Complete and Incomplete Digestive Systems
			The Digestive Tract
			Accessory Organs
			Digestive Enzymes
		25.2 Nutrition
			Introducing the Nutrients
		25.3 The Classes of Nutrients
			Carbohydrates
			Lipids
			Proteins
			Minerals
			Vitamins
			Water
		25.4 Understanding Nutrition Guidelines
			Updating Dietary Guidelines
			Visualizing Dietary Guidelines
			Dietary Supplements
			The Bottom Line
		25.5 Nutrition and Health
			Body Mass Index
			Disorders Associated with Obesity
			Eating Disorders
	CHAPTER 26 Defenses Against Disease
		26.1 Overview of the Immune System
			Lymphatic Organs
			Cells of the Immune System
		26.2 Nonspecific Defenses and Innate Immunity
			Barriers to Entry
			The Inflammatory Response
			The Complement System
			Natural Killer Cells
		26.3 Specific Defenses and Adaptive Immunity
			B Cells and the Antibody Response
			T Cells and the Cellular Response
		26.4 Immunizations
		26.5 Disorders of the Immune System
			Allergies
			Autoimmune Diseases
			AIDS
	CHAPTER 27 The Control Systems
		27.1 Nervous System
			Examples of Nervous Systems
			The Human Nervous System
			Neurons
			The Nerve Impulse
			The Synapse
			Drug Abuse
			The Central Nervous System
			The Peripheral Nervous System
		27.2 Endocrine System
			The Action of Hormones
			Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
			Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
			Adrenal Glands
			Pancreas
	CHAPTER 28 Sensory Input and Motor Output
		28.1 The Senses
			Chemical Senses
			Hearing and Balance
			Vision
			Cutaneous Receptors and Proprioceptors
		28.2 The Motor Systems
			Types of Skeletons
			The Human Skeleton
			Skeletal Muscle Structure and Physiology
	CHAPTER 29 Reproduction and Embryonic Development
		29.1 How Animals Reproduce
			Asexual Versus Sexual Reproduction
			Sexual Reproduction
		29.2 Human Reproduction
			Male Reproductive System
			Female Reproductive System
			Control of Reproduction
			Infertility
			Sexually Transmitted Diseases
		29.3 Human Embryonic Development
			Fertilization
			Early Embryonic Development
			Later Embryonic Development
			Placenta
			Fetal Development and Birth
Part VII Ecology
	CHAPTER 30 Ecology and Populations
		30.1 The Scope of Ecology
			Ecology: A Biological Science
		30.2 The Human Population
			Present Population Growth
			Future Population Growth
			More-Developed Versus Less-Developed Countries
			Comparing Age Structures
			Population Growth and Environmental Impact
		30.3 Characteristics of Populations
			Distribution and Density
			Population Growth
			Patterns of Population Growth
			Factors That Regulate Population Growth
		30.4 Life History Patterns and Extinction
			Extinction
	CHAPTER 31 Communities and Ecosystems
		31.1 Ecology of Communities
			Community Composition and Diversity
			Ecological Succession
			Interactions in Communities
			Community Stability
		31.2 Ecology of Ecosystems
			Autotrophs
			Heterotrophs
			Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling
			Chemical Cycling
		31.3 Ecology of Major Ecosystems
			Primary Productivity
	CHAPTER 32 Human Impact on the Biosphere
		32.1 Conservation Biology
		32.2 Biodiversity
			Direct Values of Biodiversity
			Indirect Values of Biodiversity
		32.3 Resources and Environmental Impact
			Land
			Water
			Food
			Energy
			Minerals
			Other Sources of Pollution
		32.4 Sustainable Societies
			Today\'s Society
			Characteristics of a Sustainable Society
	Appendix A Periodic Table of the Elements & The Metric System
	Appendix B Answer Key
	Glossary
	Index