Essentials of Atmospheric and Oceanic Dynamics (draft)

Contents......Page 3
Preface......Page 7
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics......Page 9
Time Derivatives for Fluids......Page 10
The Mass Continuity Equation......Page 14
The Momentum Equation......Page 17
The Equation of State......Page 19
Thermodynamics......Page 20
Potential Temperature and Entropy......Page 22
The Energy Budget......Page 26
Equations in a Rotating Frame......Page 31
Equations of Motion in Spherical Coordinates......Page 35
Cartesian Approximations: The Tangent Plane......Page 40
Density Variations in the Atmosphere and Ocean......Page 41
The Boussinesq Equations......Page 43
Pressure Coordinates......Page 47
A Gentle Introduction to Scaling......Page 53
Hydrostatic Balance......Page 55
Geostrophic and Thermal Wind Balance......Page 58
Static Instability and the Parcel Method......Page 64
Shallow Water Equations of Motion......Page 68
Conservation Properties......Page 73
Shallow Water Waves......Page 75
Geostrophic Adjustment......Page 79
A Variational Perspective on Adjustment......Page 84
Scaling the Shallow Water Equations......Page 86
Geostrophic Shallow Water Equations......Page 88
Scaling in the Continuously-Stratified System......Page 92
Planetary-Geostrophic Equations for Stratified Fluids......Page 95
Quasi-Geostrophic Equations for Stratified Fluids......Page 96
The Two-level Quasi-Geostrophic Equations......Page 100
Fundamentals and Formalities......Page 102
Group Velocity......Page 106
Rossby Waves......Page 107
Rossby Waves in Stratified Quasi-Geostrophic Flow......Page 112
Ray Theory and Rossby Rays......Page 116
Appendix A:  The wkb Approximation for Linear Waves......Page 118
Internal Waves in a Continuously Stratified Fluid......Page 121
Properties of Internal Waves......Page 123
Internal Waves in a Rotating Frame of Reference......Page 130
Topographic Generation of Internal Waves......Page 133
Flow over an Isolated Ridge......Page 138
Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability......Page 142
Instability of Parallel Shear Flow......Page 144
Necessary Conditions for Instability......Page 148
Baroclinic Instability......Page 149
The Eady Problem......Page 153
Two-layer Baroclinic Instability......Page 159
Necessary Conditions for Baroclinic Instability......Page 165
Quasi-Geostrophic Wave–Mean-Flow Interaction......Page 167
Potential Vorticity Flux......Page 171
The Transformed Eulerian Mean......Page 175
The Non-Acceleration Result......Page 179
The Problem of Turbulence......Page 185
Turbulent Diffusion......Page 188
Spectral Theories of Turbulence......Page 190
Two-dimensional Turbulence......Page 195
Geostrophic Turbulence......Page 200
Beta-plane Turbulence......Page 204
Atmospheres......Page 209
An Observational Overview......Page 210
An Ideal Hadley Circulation......Page 211
Instability of the Ideal Hadley Circulation......Page 216
The Tropical Circulation......Page 217
Effects of Moisture......Page 223
Tropical Convection......Page 227
Jet Formation and Surface Winds......Page 232
The Ferrel Cell......Page 241
The Residual Ferrel Cell......Page 244
Stratosphere......Page 247
Planetary Atmospheres......Page 253
A Taxonomy of Planets......Page 254
Dimensional and Nondimensional Parameters......Page 256
Radiative Transfer and Vertical Structure......Page 265
Planets in our Solar System......Page 269
Exoplanets and Tidal Locking......Page 279
 Oceans......Page 281
An Observational Overview......Page 282
Sverdrup Balance......Page 283
Ocean Gyres......Page 284
Effects of Nonlinearity......Page 293
An Inertial Solution......Page 295
The Observations......Page 298
A Mixing-Driven Overturning Circulation......Page 300
Dynamics of a Mixing-Driven MOC and Thermocline......Page 303
An Interhemispheric Overturning Circulation......Page 309
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current......Page 313
Observations of the Equatorial Ocean......Page 318
Vertically Integrated Flow and Sverdrup Balance......Page 319
Dynamics of the Equatorial Undercurrent......Page 322
El Niño and the Southern Oscillation......Page 328
Ocean Dynamics......Page 333
Unstable Air-Sea Interactions......Page 335
References......Page 340
Index......Page 346