Essential reproduction

Title Page
......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Preface......Page 10
How to use this book......Page 12
Acknowledgements......Page 13
About the companion website......Page 14
Part 1 Introduction
......Page 15
Chapter 1 What is reproduction?......Page 17
Reproductive strategies......Page 18
Reproductive life cycles......Page 22
Key learning points......Page 25
Further reading......Page 26
Chapter 2 The infrastructure of reproduction
......Page 27
The reproductive hardware......Page 28
The brain, hypothalamus and pituitary......Page 29
Reproductive messengers......Page 30
General features of reproductive hormones......Page 41
Key learning points......Page 45
Further reading......Page 46
Part 2 Making women and men
......Page 49
Chapter 3 Sex
......Page 51
The genetic determinant of sex is located on the Y chromosome......Page 52
When, where and how does Sry act?......Page 53
Sexual differentiation within the gonads......Page 57
Sexually dimorphic somatic differentiation depends on the endocrine activity of the fetal testis......Page 58
Conclusions......Page 63
Clinical vignette......Page 64
Further reading......Page 65
Chapter 4 Sexual maturation
......Page 67
Prepubertal development......Page 68
Puberty and adolescence......Page 71
A distinctive pattern of hormonal changes underlies puberty......Page 75
The central nervous system plays a key role in the onset of puberty......Page 76
Conclusions......Page 83
Key learning points......Page 84
Further reading......Page 85
Chapter 5 Gender
......Page 86
Gender is a system of classification based on sex......Page 87
Gender stereotypes and gender identities......Page 88
The brain and behavioural dimorphism......Page 90
Gender development may form part of social learning in humans......Page 96
Gender and reproduction......Page 98
Key learning points......Page 99
Further reading......Page 100
Chapter 6 Sexual selection
......Page 102
Sexuality......Page 103
Eliciting male sexual interest and arousal......Page 107
Female sexual behaviour......Page 108
The brain, hormones and sexual behaviour......Page 113
Social factors influence sexual behaviour in higher primates......Page 114
Selecting sexual partners......Page 115
Conclusions......Page 117
Key learning points......Page 118
Further reading
......Page 119
Part 3 Preparing for pregnancy
......Page 121
Chapter 7 Making sperm
......Page 123
Spermatogenesis has three main phases......Page 124
Spermatogenesis is highly organized both temporally and spatially......Page 132
Key learning points......Page 139
Further reading......Page 140
Chapter 8 Men
......Page 142
Testicular hormones......Page 143
Spermatogenesis is dependent on endocrine support......Page 144
Testicular hormones modulate the output of pituitary hormones......Page 146
Androgens play an essential role in the fecund male......Page 147
Conclusions......Page 149
Key learning points......Page 151
Further reading......Page 152
Chapter 9 Making eggs
......Page 153
The follicle is the fundamental reproductive element of the ovary......Page 154
Ovulation......Page 161
The corpus luteum is the postovulatory ‘follicle’......Page 165
Conclusions......Page 167
Key learning points......Page 169
Clinical vignette......Page 170
Further reading......Page 171
Chapter 10 Women
......Page 172
Follicular development and the ovarian cycle......Page 173
Ovarian hormones regulate gonadotrophin secretion......Page 175
Feedback by steroid hormones and the inhibins regulates the menstrual cycle......Page 177
Positive and negative feedback are mediated at the level of both the hypothalamus and pituitary......Page 179
The ovarian cycle in relation to the oestrous and menstrual cycles......Page 182
Conclusions......Page 191
Further reading
......Page 193
Part 4 Making an embryo
......Page 195
Chapter 11 Sperm and eggs
......Page 197
Spermatozoa require a period of epididymal maturation......Page 198
Semen is made up of spermatozoa and seminal plasma......Page 200
Coition......Page 202
Gamete transport through the female genital tract......Page 206
Conclusions......Page 207
Clinical vignette......Page 209
Further reading......Page 210
Chapter 12 Fertilization
......Page 211
Spermatozoa gain their full fertilizing capacity in the female tract......Page 212
Penetrating the egg investments......Page 213
Fertilization completion......Page 217
Anomalous fertilization......Page 221
Conclusions......Page 224
Clinical vignette......Page 225
Further reading......Page 226
Chapter 13 Initiating pregnancy
......Page 229
Early development is ‘embryogenic’......Page 230
Implantation......Page 235
The molecular conversations at implantation......Page 238
The prolongation of luteal life......Page 244
Key learning points......Page 246
Clinical vignette......Page 247
Further reading......Page 248
Part 5 Maintaining a pregnancy
......Page 251
Chapter 14 Supporting the embryo and fetus
......Page 253
Nutritional strategies......Page 254
Endocrine support strategies......Page 263
Conclusions......Page 267
Key learning points......Page 268
Further reading......Page 269
Chapter 15 Growing the fetus
......Page 271
Patterns of fetal growth......Page 272
Placental transport......Page 274
Key learning points......Page 281
Clinical vignette......Page 282
Further reading......Page 283
Chapter 16 Fetal challenges
......Page 284
Pregnancy loss......Page 285
Fetomaternal immune relations......Page 289
Fetal hypoxia......Page 293
Developmental programming......Page 296
Conclusions......Page 298
Clinical vignette......Page 299
Further reading......Page 300
Part 6 A new individual
......Page 303
Chapter 17 Preparing for birth
......Page 305
Fetal systems develop and mature in preparation for postnatal life......Page 306
Fetal hormones orchestrate development and preparations for birth......Page 311
Clinical vignette......Page 313
Further reading......Page 314
Chapter 18 Giving birth
......Page 315
Labour......Page 316
Endocrine control of parturition......Page 325
Conclusions......Page 328
Clinical vignette......Page 329
Further reading......Page 330
Chapter 19 Lactation
......Page 332
Lactation......Page 333
The milk ejection reflex (MER)......Page 338
Cessation of lactation......Page 339
Milk......Page 340
Conclusions......Page 341
Clinical vignette......Page 342
Further reading......Page 343
Chapter 20 Postnatal care
......Page 344
Patterns of maternal behaviour vary amongst mammals......Page 345
Genetics and maternal care......Page 352
Clinical vignette......Page 355
Further reading......Page 356
Part 7 Manipulating reproduction
......Page 359
Chapter 21 Controlling fertility
......Page 361
Artificial control of fertility......Page 363
Conclusions......Page 373
Key learning points......Page 374
Further reading......Page 375
Chapter 22 Restoring fertility
......Page 377
Causes of subfertility......Page 378
Approaches to subfertility treatment......Page 382
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)......Page 389
Key learning points......Page 393
Further reading......Page 394
Chapter 23 Society and reproduction
......Page 397
Social constraints on fertility......Page 398
Biological constraints on fertility......Page 399
Society and the infertile......Page 400
Reproduction, sexuality and ethics......Page 404
Key learning points......Page 405
Further reading......Page 406
Index......Page 409
EULA......Page 427