Essential Readings in Light Metals: Volume 1 Alumina and Bauxite

Front Matter....Pages i-xxiv
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Bauxite — Its Technical and Economical History During the Last Hundred Years....Pages 3-20
Bauxite Mineralogy....Pages 21-29
The Classification of Bauxites from the Bayer Plant Standpoint....Pages 30-36
Effect of Bauxite Microstructure on Beneficiation and Processing....Pages 37-42
Chinese Bauxite and Its Influences on Alumina Production in China....Pages 43-47
Impact of Jamaican Bauxite Mineralogy on Plant Operations....Pages 48-53
Sustainable Bauxite Mining — A Global Perspective....Pages 54-59
Bauxite Mining Sustainably....Pages 60-65
Bauxite Mine Rehabilitation Programs — A Progress Report Patrick Atkins, Alcoa Inc.....Pages 66-69
Cross-Country Bauxite Slurry Transportation....Pages 70-74
Design and Operation of the World’s First Long Distance Bauxite Slurry Pipeline....Pages 75-80
Back Matter....Pages 81-81
Front Matter....Pages 83-83
A Hundred Years of the Bayer Process for Alumina Production....Pages 85-93
The Alumina Technology Roadmap....Pages 94-99
Basic Principles of Bayer Process Design....Pages 100-117
Chemical Reaction Engineering in the Bayer Process....Pages 118-123
The Effect of Silica, Temperature, Velocity, and Particulates on Heat Transfer to Spent Bayer Liquor....Pages 124-131
The Effect of Four Common Bayer Liquor Impurities on Alumina Solubility....Pages 132-140
Autoprecipitation of Gibbsite and Boehmite....Pages 141-147
Equilibrium Composition of Sodium Aluminate Liquors....Pages 148-154
Boiling Point Rise of Bayer Plant Liquors....Pages 155-161
Back Matter....Pages 325-328
Front Matter....Pages 83-83
Viscosity, Specific Gravity, and Equilibrium Concentration of Sodium Aluminate Solutions....Pages 162-169
The Heat of Dissolution of Gibbsite at Bayer Digestion Temperatures....Pages 170-175
Reactions of Iron Minerals in Sodium Aluminate Solutions....Pages 176-183
Identification of Organics in Bayer Liquor....Pages 184-190
Behavior of Radioactive Elements (Uranium and Thorium) in Bayer Process....Pages 191-197
Solubility of Bayer Liquor Impurities in Evaporative Crystallization....Pages 198-201
Reaction of Lime in Sodium Aluminate Liquors....Pages 202-209
Some Aspects of Calcium Chemistry in the Bayer Process....Pages 210-216
Chemistry of Bayer Liquor Causticisation....Pages 217-227
The Equilibrium Approach to Causticisation for Optimising Liquor Causticisity....Pages 228-234
Layered Double Hydroxides in the Bayer Process: Past, Present and Future....Pages 235-239
Dissolution Kinetics of Kaolin in Caustic Liquors....Pages 240-246
The Dissolution Rate of Quartz and the Rate of Desilication in the Bayer Liquor....Pages 247-254
Mathematical Modeling of the Kinetics of Gibbsite Extraction and Kaolinite Dissolution/Desilication in the Bayer Process....Pages 255-262
Autoclave Desilication of Digested Bauxite Slurry in the Flashing Circuit....Pages 263-267
Characterization of Organics in Bayer Liquor....Pages 268-277
Review of Bayer Organics-Oxalate Control Processes....Pages 278-283
Sizing an Organic Control System for the Bayer Process....Pages 284-290
Organic Control Technologies in Bayer Process....Pages 291-296
Removal of HMW Organic Compounds by Partial Wet Oxidation....Pages 297-303
Back Matter....Pages 325-328
Front Matter....Pages 83-83
Removal of Organic Carbon from Bayer Liquor by Wet Oxidation in Tube Digesters....Pages 304-308
A Year of Operation of the Solid-Liquid Calcination (SLC) Process....Pages 309-313
A Thermodynamically Based Model for Oxalate Solubility in Bayer Liquor....Pages 314-319
Oxalate Removal by Occlusion in Hydrate....Pages 320-324
Back Matter....Pages 325-328
Front Matter....Pages 329-329
Bayer Digestion and Predigestion Desilication Reactor Design....Pages 331-349
Digester Design Using CFD....Pages 350-355
Preheaters and Digesters in the Bayer Digestion Process....Pages 356-361
The Improved Low Temperature Digestion (ILTD) Process: An Economic and Environmentally Sustainable Way of Processing Gibbsitic Bauxites....Pages 362-370
New Technology for Digestion of Bauxites....Pages 371-376
Boehmitic Reversion in a Double Digestion Process on a Bauxite Containing Trihydrate and Monohydrate....Pages 377-380
Mixer Design Optimization for High Solids Contents Media: Methodology and Application to the Pechiney’s High Density Predesilication Process....Pages 381-386
Mechano-Activated Bauxite Behaviour....Pages 387-392
Processing of Diaspore Bauxites....Pages 393-401
On-Line Multivariable Control for Digestion A/C Analysis....Pages 402-407
Back Matter....Pages 409-409
Front Matter....Pages 411-411
Selection of Sedimentation Equipment for the Bayer Process: An Overview of Past and Present Technology....Pages 413-416
Effect of Particle Characteristics on the Solids Density of Bayer Mud Slurries....Pages 417-424
Red Mud Flocculants Used in the Bayer Process....Pages 425-430
Development of New Bayer Process Flocculants....Pages 431-435
Effects of Temperature and Method of Solution Preparation on the Performance of a Typical Red Mud Flocculent....Pages 436-443
Advanced Filtration Methods for Pregnant Liquor Purification....Pages 444-448
Back Matter....Pages 483-484
Front Matter....Pages 411-411
Impact of Excess Synthetic Flocculent on Security Filtration....Pages 449-453
Hydroseparators, Hydrocyclones and Classifiers as Applied in the Bayer Process for Degritting (Desanding) of Digested Bauxite, and for Sand Washing to Recover Soda....Pages 454-460
Development of a Self-Sluicing Pressure Leaf Filter....Pages 461-465
Comparison of the Rheology of Bauxite Residue Suspensions....Pages 466-469
Pressure Decantation At Gramercy Alumina....Pages 470-475
The Manufacture of Tricalcium Aluminate....Pages 476-482
Back Matter....Pages 483-484
Front Matter....Pages 485-485
Precipitation Technology....Pages 487-491
Some Studies in Alumina Trihydrate Precipitation Kinetics....Pages 492-498
Physical Chemistry Considerations in Aluminum Hydroxide Precipitation....Pages 499-508
Modelling Bayer Precipitation with Agglomeration....Pages 509-515
Gibbsite Growth History — Revelations of a New Scanning Electron Microscope Technique....Pages 516-521
Alumina Yield in the Bayer Process....Pages 522-527
Alumina Yield in the Bayer Process Past, Present and Prospects....Pages 528-533
Improvements by the New Alusuisse Process for Producing Coarse Aluminum Hydrate in the Bayer Process....Pages 534-540
Agitation Effects in Precipitation....Pages 541-549
Hydrodynamics Effect on Precipitation Yield....Pages 550-558
Hydrodynamics of Hydrate Slurries in Prepicipators Application to Precipitators Design....Pages 559-562
Alumina Crystalliser Mixing Using CFD....Pages 563-569
Particle Strength of Bayer Hydrate....Pages 570-575
The Effect of Glucoisosaccharinate on the Bayer Precipitation of Alumina Trihydrate....Pages 576-581
Back Matter....Pages 621-622
Front Matter....Pages 485-485
Influence of Mineral and Organic Impurities on the Alumina Trihydrate Precipitation Yield in the Bayer Process....Pages 582-591
Factors Affecting Residual NA2O in Precipitation Products....Pages 592-601
Soda Incorporation During Hydrate Precipitation....Pages 602-607
A Method for Evaluating Seed Balance Parameters in Alumina Refinery Seed Classification Systems....Pages 608-614
Utilization of Horizontal Belt Filters for Washing Fine Alumina Seed and Kiln Feed Product....Pages 615-620
Back Matter....Pages 621-622
Front Matter....Pages 623-624
The World’s Largest Hydrate Pan Filter: Engineering Improvements and Experiences....Pages 625-629
Utilization of Steam Hoods in Horizontal Table Filters....Pages 630-635
Conversion of Conventional Rotary Kiln Into Effective Sandy Alumina Calciner....Pages 636-640
Application of Circulating Fluid Bed Calciners in Large-size Alumina Plants....Pages 641-647
Alumina Calcination in the Fluid-Flash Calciner....Pages 648-652
Industrial Prospects and Operational Experience with 32 mtpd Stationary Alumina Calciner....Pages 653-663
Experience with 3 x 4500 TPD Gas Suspension Calciners (GSC) for Alumina....Pages 664-668
Alcoa Pressure Calcination Process for Alumina....Pages 669-674
Back Matter....Pages 675-676
Front Matter....Pages 677-677
Alumina Refinery Wastewater Management: When Zero Discharge Just Isn’t Feasible….....Pages 679-684
Wastewater Treatment Methods....Pages 685-690
The Need for Energy Efficiency in Bayer Refining....Pages 691-696
Prediction of Heat Exchanger — Heat Transfer Coefficient Decay Due to Fouling....Pages 697-704
Heat Transfer in the Bayer Process....Pages 705-710
Perspective on Bayer Process Energy....Pages 711-714
Back Matter....Pages 715-715
Front Matter....Pages 717-718
Dehydration Products of Gibbsite by Rotaly Kiln and Stational Calciner....Pages 719-726
Back Matter....Pages 799-800
Front Matter....Pages 717-718
Morphological Analysis of Alumina and its Trihydrate....Pages 727-739
Factors Affecting the Attrition Strength of Alumina Products....Pages 740-746
The Generation of Fines Due to Heating of Alumina Trihydrate....Pages 747-756
Development of Particle Breakdown and Alumina Strength During Calcination....Pages 757-764
“Measurement of Sandy Alumina Dustiness”....Pages 765-773
Alumina Handling Dustiness....Pages 774-782
The Influence of Alumina Properties on its Dissolution in Smelting Electrolyte....Pages 783-787
The Influence of Physical and Chemical Properties of Alumina on Hydrogen Fluoride Adsorption....Pages 788-792
SGA Requirements in Coming Years....Pages 793-798
Back Matter....Pages 799-800
Front Matter....Pages 801-801
Application of Operation Integrity Management in the Alumina Industry....Pages 803-807
Management methodology for pressure equipment....Pages 808-816
The Design of Pressure Safety Systems in the Alumina Industry....Pages 817-822
Inspection Techniques for Digestion Pressure Relief System....Pages 823-827
Benefits of the Utilization of Cleaning Liquor in Red Side of CVG-Bauxilum....Pages 828-831
MAX HT™ Sodalite Scale Inhibitor: Plant Experience and Impact on the Process....Pages 832-837
Back Matter....Pages 839-840
Front Matter....Pages 841-841
Modern Control Instrumentation and Process Management in Bayer Plants....Pages 843-848
Process Control in Alumina Refining, Review and Prospects....Pages 849-851
Development of Automatic Control of Bayer Plant Digestion....Pages 852-859
Aspen Modeling of the Bayer Process....Pages 860-869
Bayer Digester Optimization Studies using Computer Techniques....Pages 870-878
Back Matter....Pages 899-899
Front Matter....Pages 841-841
Equations for Calculating Recovery of Soluble Values in a Countercurrent Decantation Washing System....Pages 879-884
Simulation and Development of Internal Model Control Applications in the Bayer Process....Pages 885-890
Dynamic Modeling of Yield and Particle Size Distribution in Continuous Bayer Precipitation....Pages 891-897
Back Matter....Pages 899-899
Front Matter....Pages 901-901
Opportunities for Improved Environmental Control in the Alumina Industry....Pages 903-908
Ferrosilt (Red Mud): Geotechnical Properties and Soil Mechanical Considerations....Pages 909-914
Correlation of Red Mud Consolidation with its Soil Properties....Pages 915-921
Mobility in Mud....Pages 922-926
Developments in the Disposal of Residue from the Alumina Refining Industry....Pages 927-932
Thickened Tailing Disposal in any Topography....Pages 933-937
Solar Drying of Red Mud....Pages 938-943
Red Mud Stacking....Pages 944-950
Proposed Mechanism for the Formation of Dust Horizons on Bauxite Residue Disposal Areas....Pages 951-956
Induction of Biological Activity in Bauxite Residue....Pages 957-964
The Conversion and Sustainable Use of Alumina Refinery Residues: Global Solution Examples....Pages 965-971
Back Matter....Pages 973-973
Front Matter....Pages 975-975
Alumina Production by the Pedersen Process — History and Future....Pages 977-982
Efficiency of Nepheline Ore Processing for Alumina Production....Pages 983-997
A Technological Comparison of Six Processes for the Production of Reduction-Grade Alumina from Non-Bauxitic Raw Materials....Pages 998-1030
The Comparative Economics of Producing Alumina From U.S. Non-Bauxitic Ores....Pages 1031-1056
Recovery of Alumina From Non-Bauxite Aluminum-Bearing Raw Materials....Pages 1057-1064
Alumina Extraction from a Pennsylvania Diaspore Clay by an Ammonium Sulfate Process....Pages 1065-1073
Back Matter....Pages 1109-1110
Front Matter....Pages 975-975
Alumina from Clay — A Nitric Acid Process....Pages 1074-1081
The Ammonoalunite Process for Production of Alumina from Clay....Pages 1082-1088
Options in the HCl Process for the Production of Alumina from Clay....Pages 1089-1097
The Leaching of Aluminium In Spanish Clays, Coal Mining Wastes and Coal Fly Ashes by Sulphuric Acid.....Pages 1098-1107
Back Matter....Pages 1109-1110
Front Matter....Pages 1111-1111
Non-Metallurgical use of Alumina and Bauxite....Pages 1113-1120
The Grafting of Industrial Chemicals Operations onto the Bayer Process....Pages 1121-1123
On Alumina Powders for Ceramics....Pages 1124-1128
Development of Alumina and Silica Based Products in Hungary....Pages 1129-1136
The use of Bayer Alumina Fines for other Industrial Purposes....Pages 1137-1143
Aluminas in Air Pollution Control....Pages 1144-1157
Aluminum Fluoride Synthesis in Circulating Fluidbeds....Pages 1158-1164
Back Matter....Pages 1165-1165
Back Matter....Pages 1167-1169