Essential Oils: Art, Agriculture, Science, Industry and Entrepreneurship (A Focus on the Asia-Pacific region)

ESSENTIAL OILS: ART, AGRICULTURE, SCIENCE, INDUSTRY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP (A FOCUS ON THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION)......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 9
PREFACE......Page 11
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 17
INTRODUCTION......Page 19
THE SIZE OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL INDUSTRY......Page 20
DEFINITIONS OF ESSENTIAL OILS ANDOTHER NATURAL AROMATIC EXTRACTS......Page 25
PRODUCT STRATEGY CHOICES......Page 27
Global Warming, the Food and Financial Crisis......Page 29
Market Turbulence......Page 30
Wild Collection and Threatened Plant Species......Page 31
Bargaining Power of Producers......Page 37
The Regulatory Environment......Page 38
Templating of Natural Aromatic Molecules......Page 40
Research......Page 42
Sustainability......Page 43
Planning and Opportunity Assessment......Page 44
Management and Organisational Issues......Page 45
Financial Issues......Page 46
Land Issues......Page 47
Marketing Issues......Page 48
Issues of Fate and Nature......Page 49
REFERENCES......Page 55
INTRODUCTION......Page 59
THE FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE INDUSTRY......Page 60
ESSENTIAL OIL AND OTHER NATURAL PRODUCT PRODUCERS......Page 61
WILD COLLECTION FOR ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION......Page 65
Map Key......Page 66
Map Key (Continued)......Page 68
LOCAL COLLECTORS......Page 69
BY-PRODUCT PRODUCTION OF ESSENTIAL OILS......Page 70
RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS AND UNIVERSITIES......Page 74
PRODUCERS OF ANIMAL EXTRACTS......Page 75
ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCER ASSOCIATIONS......Page 76
CHEMICAL FEED-STOCK MANUFACTURERS......Page 77
AROMA CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS......Page 80
SPECIALTY FINE/AROMA CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS......Page 81
International Trader......Page 82
FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE HOUSES......Page 83
NATIONAL REGULATORY SYSTEMS......Page 86
END PRODUCT MANUFACTURERS......Page 88
CONSUMERS AND DERIVED INDUSTRY DEMAND......Page 90
ESSENTIAL OILS IN THE COSMETIC INDUSTRY......Page 91
ESSENTIAL OILS IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY......Page 92
ESSENTIALS OILS AND THE AROMATHERAPY INDUSTRY......Page 93
ESSENTIAL OILS AS INTERMEDIATES IN THE PRODUCTIONOF OTHER COMPOUNDS......Page 95
ESSENTIAL OILS IN THE ORGANIC AGRO-CHEMICAL INDUSTRY......Page 97
REFERENCES......Page 99
AUSTRALIA......Page 107
NEW ZEALAND......Page 114
PAPUA NEW GUINEA AND THE PACIFIC ISLANDS......Page 116
INDONESIA......Page 117
MALAYSIA......Page 118
THAILAND......Page 119
CAMBODIA......Page 122
VIETNAM......Page 123
REFERENCES......Page 125
INTRODUCTION......Page 129
THE PLANT METABOLISM......Page 130
Carbohydrates......Page 132
Amino Acids......Page 133
Nucleotides......Page 134
THE METABOLIC PATHWAYS......Page 136
Secondary Metabolites and Plant Defence Systems......Page 139
AROMATIC COMPOUNDS FOUND IN PLANTS......Page 140
Terpene Hydrocarbons......Page 150
Myrcene......Page 151
Terpinolene......Page 152
Eugenol......Page 153
Methyl Salicylate......Page 154
Geraniol......Page 155
Menthol......Page 156
Terpinen-4-ol......Page 157
Aldehyde C8......Page 158
Aldehyde C11......Page 159
Cinnamic Aldehyde......Page 160
Benzaldehyde......Page 161
Heliotropine......Page 162
Bornyl Acetate......Page 163
Para-Cresyl acetate......Page 164
Linalyl Acetate......Page 165
Camphor......Page 166
Menthone......Page 167
Ionone......Page 168
Lactones......Page 169
Umbelliferone......Page 170
Methyl anthranilate......Page 171
4-Mercapto-4-methyl-2-pentanone......Page 172
Phenyl acetic acid......Page 173
THE ANALYSIS OF ESSENTIAL OILS......Page 174
Chromatography......Page 177
Other Methods of Analysis......Page 180
Multidimensional Chromatography......Page 181
Thin Layer Chromatography......Page 182
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy......Page 183
Electronic Nose (E-Nose)......Page 185
REFERENCES......Page 187
INTRODUCTION......Page 197
DISTILLATION......Page 198
The Fundamental Principals of Distillation......Page 199
The Stages of Distillation......Page 204
Steam and Pressure......Page 206
Wilting Crops Before Distillation......Page 207
Water Distillation......Page 208
Water and Steam Distillation......Page 210
The Condenser System......Page 213
The Separator System......Page 215
THE EXTRACTION OF AROMATIC MATERIALSUSING VOLATILE SOLVENTS......Page 216
CO2 AND SUPERCRITICAL CO2 FLUID EXTRACTION (SCF)......Page 219
SUPERHEATED WATER EXTRACTION......Page 221
MICROWAVE EXTRACTION (ME)......Page 222
ENFLEURAGE......Page 223
THE EXPRESSION OF CITRUS OILS......Page 224
REFERENCES......Page 227
INTRODUCTION......Page 231
EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION......Page 232
THE LEVEL OF COMMITMENT......Page 233
CHALLENGES AND FAILURE......Page 236
RISK AND UNCERTAINTY......Page 239
SOME GENERAL SUCCESS CHARACTERISTICS......Page 241
STRATEGY......Page 242
The Essential Oil development Process......Page 246
REFERENCES......Page 248
INTRODUCTION......Page 251
OPPORTUNITIES FOR ESSENTIAL OIL DEVELOPMENT......Page 252
THE SCREENING PROCESS......Page 254
Bio-Prospecting......Page 256
SCREENING FOR DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL......Page 257
Group 1:......Page 259
Group 4:......Page 260
EVALUATING THE CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF ESSENTIAL OILS......Page 263
Food Additives and Flavour Materials......Page 265
The European Chemicals Agency (EHCA)......Page 266
Biocidal Products Directive......Page 270
Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (SCCP)......Page 274
Flavours and Food Additives......Page 277
Fragrance Ingredients and Cosmetics......Page 278
FDA Globalization Act of 2008......Page 280
Fragrance Ingredients and Cosmetics......Page 281
Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ)......Page 284
The National Industrial Chemicals Assessment Scheme (NICNAS)......Page 286
The ASEAN Region......Page 287
Indonesia......Page 288
Thailand......Page 289
Vietnam......Page 291
The Philippines......Page 292
Consequences for Screening by the International Regulatory Framework......Page 294
REFERENCES......Page 295
INTRODUCTION......Page 303
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS......Page 304
1. Rivalry Among Competitors......Page 305
3. Bargaining Power over Suppliers......Page 306
4. Bargaining Power over Buyers......Page 307
5. Substitutes......Page 308
FACTORING IN THE DYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF THE INDUSTRY......Page 309
COLLATING THE INFORMATION INTO A PICTURE......Page 311
DEVELOPING A BASIC STRATEGY......Page 314
ESSENTIAL OIL TRADE PRICE FLUCTUATIONS......Page 320
TOTALLY NEW ESSENTIAL OILS......Page 324
Overall Cost Leadership......Page 325
Focus......Page 326
MARKET ANALYSIS......Page 328
SUPPLY CHAIN......Page 331
SELECTION OF BASIC MARKET STRATEGIES......Page 332
PLANNING FIELD AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 333
REFERENCES......Page 342
AN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE AS A SYSTEM......Page 345
CLIMATE CHANGE......Page 348
CLIMATE AND MOISTURE......Page 351
PLANT AROMATIC MATERIAL COMPOSITION AND PATHWAYS......Page 355
SELECTION AND ACQUISITION OF GENETIC MATERIALFOR PLANTING......Page 359
Seed Collection......Page 362
Improvement of Genetic Material through Recurrent Selection......Page 364
Land Selection......Page 365
The Socio-Economic Environment......Page 367
Overall Land Topography-Ecology......Page 368
Altitude......Page 371
Soil......Page 372
Potential Crop Cycles......Page 377
Local and Governing Laws......Page 378
PROPAGATION AND PLANTING MATERIAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 380
Vegetative Propagation......Page 387
Cuttings......Page 388
Micro-propagation and Tissue Culture......Page 389
Pest and Disease Control......Page 394
Weed Control......Page 395
FIELD DEVELOPMENT – PREPARATION AND PLANTING......Page 396
Fire Breaks......Page 399
Planting......Page 400
Plant Populations and Spacings......Page 401
Determining the Optimum Cultivation Parameters through Research andDemonstration Plots......Page 402
CROP FIELD MAINTENANCE......Page 406
Fertilisers......Page 407
Weed Control......Page 410
Pest and Disease Control......Page 418
THE LEVEL OF FARM MECHANISATION......Page 424
THE SIZE OF FARM MACHINERY......Page 429
HARVESTING......Page 433
SELECTION AND DESIGN OF EXTRACTION SYSTEM......Page 437
Potential By-Products from the Distillation Process......Page 447
STORAGE FACILITIES......Page 448
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE (GAP)......Page 449
FINANCIAL MODELLING, FEASIBILITY AND EVALUATION......Page 452
REFERENCES......Page 459
INTRODUCTION......Page 471
BASIC ORGANIC FARMING CONCEPTS AND PRACTICES......Page 480
COVER CROPS AND GREEN MANURES......Page 483
ANIMAL MANURES......Page 486
INTERCROPPING......Page 487
COMPOSTING......Page 491
MULCHING......Page 495
CROP DIVERSITY......Page 497
NATURAL FERTILIZERS, MINERALS AND SUPPLEMENTS......Page 498
INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL......Page 501
Biorational Pesticides......Page 507
Insecticidal Soaps and Plant Oils......Page 508
Botanical Pesticides......Page 509
WEED CONTROL......Page 512
TILLAGE......Page 515
PLANNING AND SITE SELECTION......Page 516
CERTIFICATION......Page 518
ORGANIC FARMING IN THE ASIA-PACIFIC REGION......Page 520
CONCLUSION......Page 521
REFERENCES......Page 522
INTRODUCTION......Page 535
THE CLASSIFICATION OF ODOURS......Page 536
The Floral Family......Page 539
The Woody Family......Page 540
The Agrestic Family......Page 541
The Aldehydic Family......Page 542
The Fruity Family......Page 543
The Mint Family......Page 544
The Spicy Family......Page 545
The Herbaceous Family......Page 546
THE CLASSIFICATION OF FLAVOURS......Page 549
THE STRUCTURE OF A FRAGRANCE......Page 551
NEW PRODUCTS AND FRAGRANCE DEVELOPMENT......Page 555
Flavours......Page 563
THE NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS......Page 566
TYPES OF NEW PRODUCTS......Page 572
Product Life Cycles......Page 575
IDEATION......Page 578
IDEA SCREENING AND OPPORTUNITY IDENTIFICATION......Page 580
Concept Generation......Page 585
Manufacturing Plant Design......Page 600
A CASE EXAMPLE OF DEVELOPING AN IN-CISTERN BLUE BLOCKPRODUCTION SYSTEM (TOILET BLUE WATER BLOCK)......Page 602
The Development of the Molding Process......Page 603
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXTRUSION PROCESS......Page 607
Intellectual Property......Page 610
COSMETICS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS......Page 616
THE CASE FOR NATURAL FRAGRANCES......Page 624
The Future Prospects of Supply......Page 634
NATURAL PERFUMERY......Page 635
Aromatherapy......Page 636
Laundry Products......Page 644
Pine Oil Disinfectants......Page 647
Insecticides and Repellents......Page 648
Air Fresheners......Page 651
Orange Oil and d-Limonene Cleaners......Page 652
AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS......Page 653
Essential Oil Based Fungicides/Insecticides......Page 655
Essential Oils in Soap Bases......Page 656
Organic Dusts......Page 657
Herbicides......Page 658
PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS......Page 659
NATURAL ISOLATES AND AROMA CHEMICALS......Page 662
DISTRIBUTION STRATEGIES......Page 666
Agro-Tourism......Page 669
Fairtrade......Page 672
GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE (GMP)......Page 674
HAZARD ANALYSIS AND CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS (HACCP)......Page 679
STANDARDS......Page 680
Organic and Ecological Product Certification......Page 682
Halal and Kosher Certifications......Page 687
Environmental Compliance......Page 691
Occupational Health and Safety (OSHA)......Page 692
THE HOLISTIC AND FOCUSED ENTERPRISE......Page 695
REFERENCES......Page 698
INTRODUCTION – A RE-LOOK AT OPPORTUNITY AND PERSONAL GOALS......Page 713
WILD COLLECTION......Page 716
SUBSISTENCE FARMING......Page 717
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS......Page 721
SMALL TO MEDIUM FAMILY FARMS......Page 723
PRODUCING ESSENTIAL OILS AS A BY-PRODUCT......Page 724
NEW ESSENTIAL OIL CROPS......Page 728
SOME INTERESTING CROPS......Page 735
REFERENCES......Page 757
INDEX......Page 765