Essential Guide to Blood Groups

Essential Guideto Blood Groups......Page 1
Contents......Page 7
Abbreviations......Page 11
What is a blood group?......Page 13
Biological importance of blood groups......Page 15
Blood group terminology and classification......Page 16
Temperature......Page 19
Antigen density......Page 20
Stages of haemagglutination reactions......Page 21
Direct agglutination......Page 22
Enzyme techniques......Page 23
Antiglobulin tests......Page 25
Automation of test procedures......Page 29
Flow cytometry......Page 30
Molecular blood group genotyping......Page 31
ABO antigens, antibodies, and inheritance......Page 32
A1 and A2......Page 33
Antigen, phenotype, and gene frequencies......Page 34
ABO antibodies......Page 35
Importance of the ABO system to transfusion andtransplantation medicine......Page 36
Biochemical nature of the ABO antigens......Page 37
Biosynthesis of the ABO antigens and ABOmolecular genetics......Page 38
ABH secretion......Page 40
Further complexities......Page 42
Associations with disease and functional aspects......Page 43
Introduction – Rh, not rhesus......Page 45
Haplotypes, genotypes, and phenotypes......Page 46
Biochemistry and molecular genetics......Page 47
Molecular basis of the D polymorphism......Page 49
D variants......Page 50
Clinical significance of anti-D......Page 52
Clinical significance of CcEe antibodies......Page 53
Compound antigens: ce, Ce, CE, cE (RH6, RH7, RH22, RH27) andG (RH12)......Page 54
Rh-deficient phenotypes – Rhnull and Rhmod......Page 55
Putative function of the Rh proteins and RhAG......Page 56
Kell glycoprotein and the KEL gene......Page 57
Kell system antigens......Page 58
McLeod syndrome, McLeod phenotype, and Kx (XK1) antigen......Page 59
Fya (FY1) and Fyb (FY2)......Page 60
Duffy and malaria......Page 61
Jka (JK1) and Jkb (JK2); anti-Jka and -Jkb......Page 62
The MNS system......Page 63
S− s− U− phenotype and anti-U......Page 64
Dia (DI1) and Dib (DI2); anti-Dia and -Dib......Page 65
Wra (DI3) and Wrb (DI4); anti-Wra and -Wrb......Page 66
The Lewis system......Page 67
Lutheran......Page 68
Landsteiner–Wiener (LW)......Page 69
I......Page 70
Antigens that do not belong to a blood group system......Page 71
CHAPTER 6 Clinical significance of bloodgroup antibodies......Page 72
Antibody production and structure......Page 73
Antibody specificity......Page 76
Haemolytic transfusion reactions (HTR)......Page 77
Intravascular red cell destruction......Page 78
Extravascular red cell destruction......Page 79
Haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn(HDFN)......Page 80
Cross-matching for infants under 4 months old......Page 82
Tests to assess the potential significance ofan antibody......Page 84
Decision-making for transfusion......Page 85
Fetal blood grouping......Page 87
Blood group typing of patients and donors......Page 88
Achieving total quality......Page 91
Frequency and specificity of control material......Page 92
Quality requirements for safe transfusion practice......Page 94
Checklist of critical control points......Page 95
Laboratory errors, root cause analysis (RCA) andcorrective and preventative action (CAPA)......Page 96
ABO grouping......Page 98
Rh grouping......Page 100
Problems in antibody screening, identification, andcross-matching......Page 104
CHAPTER 10 Frequently asked questions......Page 108
Recommended reading......Page 116
Index......Page 118