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ویرایش: 1 نویسندگان: Charles A. Vacanti, Pankaj Sikka, Richard Urman سری: ISBN (شابک) : 0521720206, 9780521720205 ناشر: Cambridge University Press سال نشر: 2011 تعداد صفحات: 1191 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 23 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Essential Clinical Anesthesia به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب بیهوشی بالینی ضروری نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
عمل بالینی بیهوشی در چند سال گذشته دستخوش پیشرفتهای زیادی شده است، و این زمان مناسبی برای یک کتاب درسی جدید بیهوشی برای پزشکان و کارآموزان است. هدف از بیهوشی بالینی ضروری ارائه یک کتاب درسی مدرن و متمرکز بر بالینی است که دسترسی سریع به دانش جامع و مختصر متخصصان این حوزه را فراهم می کند. تمام موضوعات بالینی مرتبط با بیهوشی در 29 بخش شامل بیش از 180 فصل سازماندهی شده است. نسخه چاپی شامل 166 فصل است که تمام موضوعات اساسی بالینی را پوشش می دهد، در حالی که 17 فصل اضافی در مورد موضوعات مورد علاقه پزشکان پیشرفته تر را می توان آزادانه در www.cambridge.org/vacanti مشاهده کرد. تکنیکهای جدیدتر مانند بلوکهای عصبی اولتراسوند، جراحی رباتیک، و اکوکاردیوگرافی ترانس مری گنجانده شدهاند، و تصاویر و جداول متعدد به خواننده کمک میکنند تا به سرعت اطلاعات کلیدی را جذب کند. این متن معتبر توسط اساتید برجسته دانشکده پزشکی هاروارد، با مشارکتکنندگان بسیاری از بخشهای پیشرو بیهوشی دانشگاهی در ایالات متحده و مقدمهای از دکتر S. R. Mallampati ویرایش شده است. Essential Clinical Anesthesia همراه ضروری شما در هنگام آماده شدن برای بررسی هیئت مدیره و امتحانات صدور گواهینامه مجدد و در عمل بالینی روزانه شما است.
The clinical practice of anesthesia has undergone many advances in the past few years, making this the perfect time for a new state-of-the-art anesthesia textbook for practitioners and trainees. The goal of Essential Clinical Anesthesia is to provide a modern, clinically focused textbook giving rapid access to comprehensive, succinct knowledge from experts in the field. All clinical topics of relevance to anesthesiology are organized into 29 sections consisting of more than 180 chapters. The print version contains 166 chapters that cover all of the essential clinical topics, while an additional 17 chapters on subjects of interest to the more advanced practitioner can be freely accessed at www.cambridge.org/vacanti. Newer techniques such as ultrasound nerve blocks, robotic surgery, and transesophageal echocardiography are included, and numerous illustrations and tables assist the reader in rapidly assimilating key information. This authoritative text is edited by distinguished Harvard Medical School faculty, with contributors from many of the leading academic anesthesiology departments in the United States and an introduction from Dr. S. R. Mallampati. Essential Clinical Anesthesia is your essential companion when preparing for board review and recertification exams and in your daily clinical practice.
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Section Editors......Page 14
Contributors......Page 16
Preface......Page 30
Foreword......Page 32
Diethyl ether......Page 34
Acceptance of anesthesia in the Western world......Page 36
Regional anesthesia......Page 37
Anesthesiology as a medical specialty......Page 38
Modern anesthesiology practice......Page 39
Halothane......Page 40
Functional capacity......Page 41
Pulmonary disease......Page 43
Renal system......Page 44
Physical examination......Page 45
Consent and instructions......Page 46
Cancellations......Page 47
Pathophysiology of COPD: the intersection of pathology and function......Page 49
Treatment of chronic stable COPD......Page 50
Preoperative optimization......Page 51
Intraoperative management......Page 52
Treatment of asthma......Page 53
Pathology and pathophysiology of restrictive disease......Page 54
Perioperative care of the patient with restrictive disease......Page 55
Myocardial oxygen supply and demand......Page 56
Ischemic preconditioning and myocardial protection......Page 57
Pathophysiology and management of heart failure......Page 58
Conclusion......Page 60
Prosthetic and mechanical valves......Page 61
Anesthetic considerations......Page 63
Pathophysiology......Page 64
Pathophysiology......Page 65
Mitral valve prolapse......Page 66
Anesthetic considerations in aortic stenosis......Page 67
Anesthetic considerations in aortic regurgitation......Page 68
Pulmonary regurgitation......Page 69
Pulmonary system and airway......Page 70
Gastrointestinal system......Page 72
Intraoperative considerations......Page 73
Postoperative pain management......Page 74
Metabolic acidosis......Page 76
Neurologic alterations......Page 77
Pharmacologic alterations......Page 78
Dialysis and transplantation......Page 80
Gastrointestinal......Page 82
Hemodynamic......Page 83
Hepatopulmonary syndrome......Page 84
Autonomic neuropathy......Page 86
Perioperative access and monitoring......Page 87
Postoperative care......Page 88
Stress-related diabetes......Page 89
Wound healing......Page 90
Ketoacidosis......Page 91
Medications......Page 92
Intraoperative management......Page 93
Postoperative management......Page 94
Types of Anemia......Page 95
Sickle cell disease......Page 96
Coagulation disorders......Page 97
Thrombocytopenia......Page 98
Hemophilias......Page 99
Disorders of fibrinolysis......Page 100
Disorders of thrombosis......Page 101
Pulmonary system......Page 103
Central nervous system......Page 104
Renal system......Page 105
Preoperative examination......Page 106
Opioids......Page 107
Positioning......Page 108
Postoperative recovery......Page 109
Seizure disorders......Page 110
Parkinsons disease......Page 111
Huntingtons disease......Page 112
Syringomyelia......Page 113
Prevention and treatment......Page 114
Depression......Page 116
Miscellaneous drugs......Page 117
Atypical antipsychotics......Page 118
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome......Page 119
General considerations......Page 121
Anesthetic implications......Page 123
Anesthetic implications......Page 124
General considerations......Page 125
Pregnant patients and their developing fetuses......Page 126
Pharynx......Page 128
Larynx......Page 129
Trachea......Page 130
Prediction of difficult intubation......Page 131
Atlanto-occipital joint extension......Page 132
Mallampati classification......Page 133
Prediction of difficult surgical airway......Page 134
Face masks......Page 135
Bag–mask ventilation......Page 136
Laryngeal Mask Airway......Page 137
Combitube......Page 139
Endotracheal intubation......Page 140
Extubation......Page 143
Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA)......Page 145
Lighted stylets......Page 147
Indirect fiberoptic laryngoscopes......Page 148
Minimally invasive techniques......Page 149
Awake intubation......Page 150
Oxygen......Page 154
Nitrous oxide......Page 155
Filling......Page 156
Manifold and pipeline network......Page 157
Safe use of cylinders......Page 158
Vacuum......Page 159
Scavenging systems......Page 160
Medical gas inlets......Page 162
Pressure regulator......Page 164
Datex-Ohmeda Link 25......Page 165
The “back bar”......Page 166
Variable bypass vaporizers......Page 167
Desflurane vaporizer......Page 168
Common gas outlet......Page 169
CNS effects......Page 171
Low-flow inhalational anesthesia......Page 172
Piston ventilators......Page 173
Effect of breathing system compliance and leaks on delivered tidal volume......Page 174
Ohmeda 7000......Page 175
Datex-Ohmeda S/5 ADU ventilator......Page 176
22 Anesthesia breathing apparatuses......Page 177
To–fro system......Page 179
Carbon dioxide absorption systems......Page 180
Indication of absorbent exhaustion......Page 181
Hence, the bird and the trolley car......Page 182
Basic concepts of electricity......Page 183
Concept of grounding......Page 184
Macroshock......Page 185
Electrical hazards from surgical diathermy......Page 186
Acknowledgments......Page 187
Standards for basic anesthetic monitoring......Page 188
Principles of invasive pressure monitoring......Page 189
Resonance and damping......Page 190
Arterial pressure waveform......Page 191
Arterial line placement......Page 192
Ultrasound for arterial cannulation......Page 193
CVP waveform......Page 194
Junctional rhythm and complete heart block......Page 195
Pericardial constriction......Page 196
Internal jugular vein cannulation......Page 197
Ultrasound for central venous cannulation......Page 198
Performing real-time ultrasound-guided vessel cannulation......Page 199
Thermodilution technique......Page 200
Guidelines for catheter placement......Page 201
Minimally invasive hemodynamic monitors......Page 202
Limb leads......Page 206
Bradycardia......Page 207
Tachycardia......Page 208
Special scenario: accessory pathways and Wolff--Parkinson--White syndrome......Page 209
Axis......Page 210
Chamber enlargement......Page 212
Right bundle branch block......Page 213
Ischemia and infarction......Page 214
Digitalis effect and toxicity......Page 216
Summary......Page 218
Pulse oximetry sensor......Page 219
Principles of capnography......Page 220
Normal capnogram......Page 221
Abnormal capnograms and clinical considerations......Page 222
Recording the response......Page 224
Maintenance of neuromuscular blockade......Page 226
Detecting reversible block......Page 228
Ensuring adequate neuromuscular function before extubation......Page 229
Mechanisms of heat loss: transfer of thermal energy......Page 231
Untoward effects of hyper- and hypothermia......Page 232
Hyperthermia......Page 233
Techniques for maintaining normothermia......Page 234
Electrocorticography......Page 236
Wake-up test......Page 237
Cranial nerve monitoring......Page 238
Cerebral oxygenation metabolism......Page 239
Summary......Page 240
Consequences of intraoperative awareness......Page 242
Preventing intraoperative awareness......Page 243
Postoperative assessment and management......Page 244
Biotransformation and toxicity......Page 246
Xenon......Page 247
Type I hepatotoxicity......Page 248
Inhalational induction technique......Page 249
The alveolar tension curve......Page 251
Initial rise of the alveolar tension curve......Page 252
Plateau of the alveolar tension curve......Page 253
Clinical kinetics: control of anesthetic depth......Page 254
The concentration effect......Page 255
Summary......Page 256
Significance of MAC......Page 257
Physiologic variables......Page 258
Limitations of MAC......Page 259
34 Intravenous induction agents......Page 260
Metabolism and elimination......Page 261
Etomidate......Page 262
CNS effects......Page 263
CNS effects......Page 264
Metabolism and elimination......Page 265
Ion channels in the central nervous system......Page 266
Ketamine, nitrous oxide, cyclopropane, and xenon......Page 267
Suggested readings......Page 268
Protein binding......Page 269
Pharmacokinetic models......Page 270
Suggested readings......Page 273
Pharmacokinetics......Page 275
Meperidine......Page 276
Miosis......Page 277
Tolerance......Page 278
Histamine release......Page 279
Individualization of doses......Page 280
Agonist–Antagonists......Page 281
Suggested readings......Page 282
Depolarizing NMBDs......Page 284
Intermediate-acting NMBDs......Page 286
Renal disease......Page 287
Suggested readings......Page 288
Assessment of neuromuscular blockade......Page 290
Neostigmine, edrophonium, pyridostigmine......Page 291
Sugammadex......Page 292
Suggested readings......Page 293
40 Perioperative pulmonary aspiration prophylaxis......Page 294
Suggested readings......Page 295
Anticholinergics......Page 296
Glucocorticoids......Page 297
Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists......Page 298
Suggested readings......Page 299
Alternative to opioids......Page 301
Ventilatory effects......Page 302
Suggested readings......Page 303
Loop diuretics......Page 304
Ascending limb and distal convoluted tubule diuretics......Page 305
Suggested readings......Page 306
Distribution......Page 307
Pharmacodynamic interactions......Page 308
Cardiovascular medications and drug interactions......Page 309
Suggested readings......Page 310
Types of hypersensitivity reactions......Page 311
Muscle relaxants......Page 312
Hypnotics......Page 313
Treatment of allergic reactions......Page 314
Suggested readings......Page 315
Fresh frozen plasma......Page 316
Absorption of local anesthetics......Page 318
Role of pH......Page 319
Role of additives......Page 320
Potency of local anesthetics......Page 321
Local anesthetic toxicity......Page 322
Lidocaine......Page 323
Chloroprocaine......Page 324
Lidocaine patch (5%)......Page 325
Suggested readings......Page 326
Cervical vertebrae......Page 328
Upper airway obstruction......Page 329
Bronchospasm......Page 330
Emergence delirium......Page 331
Failure to ventilate......Page 332
Arrhythmias......Page 335
Mortality and morbidity......Page 336
Suggested readings......Page 337
Intravenous hypnotic drugs......Page 338
Drug interactions and TIVA......Page 339
Suggested readings......Page 340
Moderate sedation/analgesia (formerly known as “conscious sedation”)\nby nonanesthesiologists......Page 342
Systemic agents used for MAC......Page 343
Outcomes and safety of MAC......Page 344
Suggested readings......Page 345
Supine position......Page 346
Prone position......Page 347
Subsequent care of nerve injury......Page 348
Suggested readings......Page 349
52 Emergence from anesthesia......Page 350
Hypoxemia......Page 354
Hypertension......Page 356
Fluid administration in PACU......Page 357
Hemorrhage......Page 358
Estimating the risk......Page 359
Volatile agents/N2O......Page 360
Clinical summary for providing PONV prophylaxis......Page 361
Postoperative delirium......Page 363
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction......Page 365
Thoracic vertebrae......Page 368
Joints......Page 369
Ligaments......Page 370
Arterial supply and venous drainage......Page 371
Dermatomes and myotomes......Page 372
Neural blockade......Page 373
Preparation for spinal anesthesia......Page 374
Landmarks......Page 375
Approach......Page 376
Factors affecting spinal block......Page 377
Neurologic effects......Page 378
Appendix: anticoagulation guidelines of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia......Page 380
Performing epidural anesthesia......Page 382
Lumbar technique......Page 383
Combined spinal–epidural anesthesia......Page 384
Determinants of epidural spread......Page 385
Drugs used in the epidural space......Page 386
Infection......Page 387
Epidural hematoma......Page 388
Imaging plane......Page 389
General considerations for ultrasound-guided nerve blocks......Page 391
Interscalene approach......Page 394
Supraclavicular approach......Page 396
Infraclavicular approach......Page 398
Axillary approach......Page 399
Intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier block)......Page 401
Technique......Page 403
Technique......Page 404
Classical approach......Page 405
Posterior approach......Page 408
Lateral approach......Page 412
Anatomy......Page 413
Technique......Page 414
62 Fluid replacement......Page 416
ABO/Rh type......Page 418
Antibody screen......Page 419
Fresh frozen plasma......Page 420
63 Acid–base balance in anesthesia and intensive care medicine......Page 421
Example 3: an isolated decrease in [Albtot by 2 g/dl......Page 423
PCO2 respiratory acid–base disturbances......Page 424
Strong ion difference, [SID [strong cations – [strong anions......Page 425
Appendix 1:......Page 427
Example 3......Page 428
Treatment......Page 429
Treatment......Page 430
Hypokalemia (plasma potassium < 3.5 mEq/L)......Page 431
Hypocalcemia (plasma calcium < 8.5 mg/dl)......Page 432
Clinical manifestations......Page 433
Treatment......Page 434
Branched-chain amino acids......Page 435
Nutrient composition of the TPN mixture......Page 436
Metabolic monitoring......Page 437
Refeeding syndrome......Page 438
66 Blood products......Page 440
Blood substitutes......Page 443
Blood compatibility testing......Page 444
Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction......Page 446
Air embolus......Page 447
Transfusion triggers......Page 448
Coagulopathy......Page 450
Prevention of coagulopathy......Page 451
Resuscitation for trauma......Page 452
Acid–base disturbances......Page 453
Acute normovolemic hemodilution (intraoperative autologous donation)......Page 455
Intraoperative blood salvage (cell saver)\nand postoperative blood salvage......Page 456
Autologous blood donation......Page 457
Coronary blood supply......Page 460
Cellular anatomy and electrical physiology......Page 461
Electrocardiogram correlation......Page 462
Innervation......Page 463
Atrial filling and emptying......Page 464
Ventricular performance......Page 465
Preload......Page 466
Afterload......Page 467
Wall motion abnormalities......Page 468
Myocardial oxygen supply and demand......Page 469
Conclusion......Page 470
The central role of calcium......Page 471
Inotropic drugs......Page 472
Vasoconstrictors......Page 473
Calcium channel blockers......Page 476
Choice of inotrope or vasoactive drug......Page 478
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia......Page 480
Anticoagulation in a patient with HIT......Page 481
Antifibrinolytics......Page 482
Monitoring......Page 484
Induction of anesthesia......Page 485
Anesthetic management prior to CPB......Page 486
CPB......Page 487
ABG monitoring......Page 490
Management of patients during the post-CPB period......Page 491
Laboratory assessment post CPB......Page 492
Failure to wean off CPB......Page 493
Implications for anesthetic management......Page 494
Outcomes......Page 495
Guidelines and indications......Page 497
Evaluation of cardiac function......Page 499
The role of anesthesiologists as primary practitioners and intraoperative echocardiographers......Page 500
TEE for minimally invasive surgery......Page 501
TEE in the non–operating room setting......Page 502
Pulmonary embolism......Page 503
Patient risk and complications of TEE......Page 504
Future direction of TEE......Page 505
Permanent pacemakers......Page 506
Pacemaker programming......Page 507
AICD design and function......Page 508
AICD programming......Page 509
Preanesthetic device management......Page 510
Postprocedure device management......Page 511
What is a VAD?......Page 512
Preoperative assessment of the VAD candidate......Page 513
Induction of anesthesia......Page 514
Anesthetic considerations for the pre-CPB period......Page 515
Anesthetic considerations after VAD insertion......Page 516
Anticipating bleeding and transfusion requirements......Page 518
Arterial blood pressure monitoring and cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass......Page 520
One-lung ventilation......Page 521
Spinal cord protection......Page 522
Conclusions and future directions......Page 524
Anesthesia management issues for heart transplant donors......Page 525
Anesthesia management of the recipient......Page 526
Rejection and antirejection strategies......Page 527
Anesthetic management of the patient with a denervated heart......Page 528
Summary......Page 529
Clinical presentation......Page 530
Preoperative anticoagulation......Page 531
Effects of cardiopulmonary bypass on coagulation......Page 532
Fluids......Page 533
Important points......Page 534
Shunting......Page 536
General anesthesia......Page 537
Monitoring......Page 538
Future trends......Page 540
Preoperative evaluation......Page 542
Monitoring......Page 543
Blood loss......Page 544
Unclamping......Page 545
Postoperative care and complications......Page 546
Anesthetic considerations......Page 549
Endovascular repair of thoracic aortic aneurysms......Page 550
Future......Page 551
History and examination......Page 552
Surgical approach......Page 553
Postoperative considerations......Page 554
Determinants of flow and volume......Page 556
Control of breathing......Page 558
Distribution of perfusion and the West zones......Page 559
Abnormalities in ventilation/perfusion matching: the primary cause of hypoxemia......Page 560
Pulmonary function testing......Page 561
Bohr effect......Page 563
Fetal oxygen transport......Page 564
Oxygen radicals......Page 565
Conversion to bicarbonate by carbonic anhydrase......Page 566
Haldane effect......Page 567
Anatomy......Page 569
Double-lumen tubes......Page 570
Confirmation of placement......Page 571
Fogarty catheter......Page 573
Advantages......Page 574
Cohen bronchial blocker......Page 575
Lateral position, awake and spontaneously breathing, closed chest......Page 576
Physiology of OLV......Page 577
Immediate preoperative evaluation......Page 579
Surgical approaches......Page 581
Special monitoring considerations for thoracic surgery......Page 582
Positioning......Page 583
Operative events with anesthetic management implications......Page 584
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction......Page 585
Fluid management and postpneumonectomy pulmonary edema......Page 586
Anesthesia-relevant surgical issues for pneumonectomy......Page 587
Emergence......Page 588
Living donor lung transplantation......Page 590
Recipient selection and indications......Page 591
Preinduction......Page 592
Transesophageal echocardiography in lung transplantation......Page 593
Primary graft dysfunction......Page 594
Anesthesia for flexible bronchoscopy......Page 596
Anesthesia for rigid bronchoscopy......Page 597
Mediastinoscopy......Page 598
Anesthesia for mediastinoscopy......Page 599
Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial biopsy......Page 600
Compression of the pulmonary artery and heart......Page 601
Preoperative evaluation......Page 602
Radiologic evaluation......Page 603
Induction and intubation......Page 604
Ventilation......Page 605
Perils of biopsy under local anesthesia......Page 606
Parasympathetic nervous system (“craniosacral” division of the peripheral ANS)......Page 608
Autonomic control of blood vessels......Page 609
Cerebral metabolic rate......Page 611
Cerebral blood flow......Page 612
Intracranial pressure......Page 613
CMR......Page 614
Intravenous anesthetics......Page 615
Neuromuscular blockers......Page 616
Neurophysiology normal parameters......Page 617
Cerebral blood flow during ischemia......Page 618
Pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia......Page 619
Hypothermia......Page 620
Barbiturates......Page 621
Conclusion......Page 622
Monitoring and access......Page 624
Induction and maintenance of general anesthesia......Page 625
Transsphenoidal surgery......Page 626
Positioning for craniotomy......Page 627
Venous air embolism......Page 628
Diagnosis......Page 630
Pathophysiology......Page 631
Vasospasm......Page 632
Preoperative consideration......Page 633
Electrolyte evaluation......Page 634
Monitoring......Page 635
Maintenance......Page 636
Blood pressure control......Page 637
Circulatory arrest......Page 638
Endovascular aneurysm coiling......Page 639
Pathophysiology......Page 640
Maintenance......Page 641
Endovascular embolization......Page 642
Pulmonary gas exchange......Page 644
Seizure threshold......Page 645
Anesthesia protocol......Page 646
Recovery......Page 647
Brain tumor......Page 648
Pregnancy......Page 649
Reabsorption and secretion......Page 650
Tubuloglomerular feedback(TGF)......Page 651
Measures of renal function......Page 652
Regional anesthesia......Page 654
Anesthetic technique......Page 655
Prostatectomy......Page 656
Nephrectomy......Page 658
Anesthetic technique......Page 659
Intraoperative considerations......Page 661
Pancreas and kidney–pancreas transplantation......Page 662
Anesthesia management for the living-kidney donor......Page 663
Fluid management......Page 664
Postoperative ileus......Page 665
Splenectomy......Page 666
Abdominal compartment syndrome......Page 667
Effects of patient positioning......Page 669
Monitoring......Page 670
Postoperative considerations......Page 671
Preoperative assessment......Page 673
Postoperative management......Page 674
Bariatric surgery......Page 675
Intraoperative management......Page 676
Postoperative management......Page 678
Gynecological surgery......Page 680
Anesthetic techniques for laparoscopy......Page 681
Postoperative analgesia......Page 682
Laparoscopic hysterectomy and myomectomy......Page 683
Indications, contraindications, patient selection......Page 684
Perioperative management......Page 685
Monitoring and vascular access......Page 686
Induction and maintenance of anesthesia......Page 687
Anesthetic concerns......Page 689
Graft reperfusion......Page 690
Postoperative preparations......Page 691
Treatment......Page 694
Anesthetic considerations......Page 695
Hypothyroidism......Page 696
Anesthetic considerations......Page 697
Primary hyperparathyroidism......Page 699
Complications of parathyroidectomy......Page 700
Pathophysiology......Page 702
-Blockers......Page 703
Postoperative management......Page 704
SIADH......Page 706
Anesthetic considerations......Page 707
Postoperative complications......Page 708
Cushing syndrome......Page 709
Addison disease......Page 710
Perioperative steroid use......Page 711
Masseter muscle rigidity......Page 714
Treatment......Page 715
Follow-up after presumed MH event......Page 716
Diagnosis......Page 718
Preoperative evaluation......Page 719
Postoperative considerations......Page 720
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome......Page 721
Anesthetic implications......Page 722
Becker muscular dystrophy......Page 723
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy......Page 724
Myotonia congenita......Page 725
Other neuromuscular diseases and malignant hyperthermia......Page 726
Conclusion......Page 727
Intraocular pressure......Page 728
Clinical issues......Page 729
Nitrous oxide in ophthalmic surgery......Page 730
General anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery......Page 731
Open globe injury......Page 733
Nerve injury......Page 734
Tracheostomy......Page 735
General considerations......Page 736
Airway management......Page 737
Obstructive sleep apnea......Page 738
Using supraglottic airways......Page 739
Laser surgery......Page 741
Airway fires......Page 742
Tourniquets......Page 746
Anesthetic management......Page 747
Anesthetic management......Page 748
Knee arthroscopy......Page 749
Anesthetic management......Page 750
Intraoperative management......Page 751
Postoperative analgesia......Page 752
Scoliosis and spine surgery......Page 754
Preoperative assessment......Page 755
Hemodynamic management......Page 756
Postoperative care......Page 757
Respiratory assessment......Page 759
Direct or fiber-optic laryngoscopy?......Page 760
Spinal cord monitoring......Page 761
Venous air embolism......Page 762
Postoperative management......Page 763
Airway......Page 765
Blunt trauma......Page 766
Penetrating trauma......Page 767
Airway management......Page 768
Disability......Page 769
Blood volume......Page 772
Changes in respiratory mechanics......Page 773
Gastrointestinal system......Page 774
Musculoskeletal system......Page 775
Systemic opioids......Page 777
Preparation for neuraxial blockade......Page 778
Epidural analgesia......Page 779
Ambulation and progress of labor......Page 780
Excessive motor block......Page 781
Unintentional dural puncture......Page 782
Rare complications......Page 783
Selection of anesthetic technique......Page 784
Epidural anesthesia......Page 785
General anesthesia......Page 786
High spinal......Page 787
Pruritus and shivering......Page 788
Placental abruption......Page 790
Uterine rupture......Page 791
Placenta accreta......Page 792
Genital laceration......Page 793
Etiology and risk factors......Page 794
Coagulation......Page 795
Labor analgesia......Page 796
Obstetric and anesthetic management of eclampsia......Page 797
Valvular lesions......Page 799
Anesthetic implications......Page 800
Anesthetic implications......Page 801
Anesthetic implications......Page 802
Anesthesia implications......Page 803
Uteroplacental anesthetic considerations......Page 805
Rationale for fetal anesthesia and analgesia......Page 806
Intrauterine fetal resuscitation......Page 807
A look to the future......Page 808
Cardiovascular......Page 810
Inhaled anesthetics......Page 811
Opioids......Page 812
Nonopioid analgesics and other adjuvant medications......Page 813
Securing the airway......Page 814
Maintenance and emergence......Page 816
Laryngospasm......Page 817
Pediatric facility requirements and credentialing of providers......Page 818
Physiologic assessment......Page 820
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia......Page 821
Cystic fibrosis......Page 822
Seizure disorder......Page 823
Mitochondrial disease......Page 824
Sickle cell disease......Page 825
NPO guidelines......Page 826
Anesthesia for hernia and hydrocele in young infants......Page 828
Anesthesia for pediatric otorhinolaryngology surgery......Page 829
Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy......Page 830
Ear procedures......Page 831
Pediatric anesthesia in remote locations......Page 832
Radiation therapy......Page 833
Pediatric postoperative nausea and vomiting......Page 834
Hypoglycemia......Page 837
Monitoring......Page 838
Gastroschisis and omphalocele......Page 839
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia......Page 840
Tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia......Page 841
Necrotizing enterocolitis......Page 842
Pyloric stenosis......Page 843
Meningomyelocele......Page 844
Right-to-left shunts......Page 846
General considerations for anesthetic management......Page 847
Signs and symptoms......Page 848
Associated anomalies......Page 849
Signs and symptoms......Page 850
Signs and symptoms......Page 851
Treatment......Page 852
Associated anomalies......Page 853
Signs and symptoms......Page 854
Treatment......Page 855
Considerations for patients after the modified Fontan procedure......Page 856
Nonpharmacologic strategies......Page 857
Opioids......Page 858
Nonopioid adjuvant agents......Page 859
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs......Page 860
Regional anesthesia......Page 861
Neuraxial analgesia......Page 863
Conclusion......Page 864
Airway, breathing, circulation......Page 866
Medications and fluids......Page 867
After resuscitation......Page 868
Patients with significant comorbidities......Page 870
Inhalation agents......Page 871
Fast-tracking......Page 872
Postoperative issues......Page 873
Angiography/interventional radiology......Page 874
Computed tomography......Page 876
Orphan non-OR cases......Page 877
Summary......Page 878
How to keep it safe......Page 879
Patient and procedure selection......Page 880
What types of drugs are used in the office?......Page 881
Practical elements for producing safe, high-quality patient care......Page 884
Involving the patient in safety and quality......Page 885
Summary and conclusions......Page 886
Scheduling and efficiency measures......Page 888
Additional cost-control measures......Page 890
Physician credentialing......Page 891
Billing and collections......Page 892
Scheduling......Page 893
Finance......Page 894
Risk management......Page 895
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996......Page 896
Religious and cultural beliefs......Page 897
Death under anesthesia care......Page 898
The impaired anesthesiologist......Page 899
Anesthesia gases......Page 901
Fire safety......Page 902
UV safety......Page 903
Ionizing radiation......Page 904
Graphs of simple equations......Page 907
p value......Page 908
Standard deviation and standard error of the mean......Page 909
Analysis of variance......Page 910
Multiple regression......Page 911
Miscellaneous statistical definitions......Page 912
Neuronal plasticity......Page 914
Types of pain......Page 915
Summary......Page 916
Analgesic modalities......Page 918
Pharmacologic measures......Page 919
PCA opioid choices......Page 921
PCA safety and efficacy......Page 922
PCEA analgesic agents......Page 923
PCEA complications/side effects......Page 924
PCEA management......Page 925
PCEA safety and monitoring......Page 926
Opioid analgesics......Page 927
Nonopioid analgesics......Page 928
Anticonvulsants......Page 929
Topical medications......Page 930
Rehabilitation......Page 931
Pain intensity measures......Page 934
Pain beliefs and coping measures......Page 935
Reduction of pain intensity......Page 936
Cognitive/behavioral therapy......Page 937
Vocational counseling......Page 938
Future studies......Page 939
Fluoroscopy......Page 940
Interlaminar epidural steroid injections......Page 941
Selective spinal nerve blocks......Page 942
Sympathetic nervous system anatomy......Page 943
Stellate ganglion block......Page 944
Celiac plexus blocks......Page 945
Hypogastric plexus block......Page 946
Greater and lesser occipital nerve blocks......Page 947
Intercostal nerve block......Page 948
Ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve blocks......Page 950
Pudendal nerve block......Page 951
Sacroiliac joint injection......Page 952
Discography......Page 953
Implantable therapies for pain......Page 954
Neurostimulation......Page 955
Neurologic injury......Page 958
Vascular injury......Page 959
Infectious complications......Page 960
Stellate ganglion block......Page 961
Chemical neurolytic blockade......Page 962
Radiofrequency neurolytic blockade......Page 963
Summary......Page 964
Epidemiology and risk factors......Page 966
Natural history......Page 967
Diagnosis and treatment......Page 968
Conclusion......Page 970
Criteria for diagnosing CRPS......Page 971
Physiotherapy......Page 972
Etiology and pathophysiology......Page 974
Pharmacologic management......Page 975
Adverse effects management......Page 976
Specific applications......Page 977
Conclusion......Page 978
Electrical therapies......Page 980
Pulseless cardiac arrest......Page 982
Neonatal resuscitation......Page 983
Cardiovascular......Page 988
Assessing the severity of MODS and/or MOF......Page 989
Pathogenesis and suspected mechanism of MODS and/or MOF......Page 990
The future......Page 991
Atrial fibrillation......Page 993
Rate control......Page 995
Atrioventricular reentry tachycardia......Page 996
Multifocal atrial tachycardia......Page 997
Systolic dysfunction......Page 999
Troponin......Page 1000
ACE inhibitors......Page 1001
Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation......Page 1002
Summary......Page 1004
Analgesia......Page 1005
Anxiolysis and sedation......Page 1006
Processed electroencephalograph monitoring......Page 1007
Delirium in the ICU......Page 1008
Weaning sedation......Page 1009
Minute ventilation......Page 1010
Overall......Page 1011
Spontaneous breathing trials......Page 1012
Airway pressure release ventilation......Page 1013
Summary......Page 1014
Epidemiology......Page 1017
Pathophysiology......Page 1018
Treatment......Page 1019
Outcomes......Page 1021
Future study......Page 1022
Clinical manifestations......Page 1024
Treatment......Page 1025
Microbiology of CRBSI......Page 1026
Prevention......Page 1027
Spectrum of disease and definitions......Page 1029
Fluid resuscitation......Page 1030
Vasopressor strategies and ongoing controversies......Page 1031
Recombinant activated protein C......Page 1032
Summary......Page 1033
Definition of brain death and management prior to organ donation......Page 1035
Cardiovascular......Page 1036
Metabolic......Page 1037
Hematologic......Page 1038
Breathing......Page 1040
Circulation and hemorrhage control......Page 1041
Disability and exposure......Page 1042
Pathophysiology......Page 1043
Prevention and treatment......Page 1044
Thrombolytic therapy......Page 1045
Diagnosis......Page 1046
Anticoagulation......Page 1047
Embolectomy......Page 1048
Primary and secondary traumatic brain injury......Page 1049
Secondary brain injury......Page 1050
Cerebral perfusion......Page 1051
Conservative measures: positioning, CO2, and sedation......Page 1052
Barbiturates......Page 1053
Sedation, analgesia, and neuromuscular blockade......Page 1054
Conclusion......Page 1055
Classification of burns......Page 1057
Airway and respiratory issues......Page 1058
Gastrointestinal and nutritional issues......Page 1059
Preoperative evaluation and transport......Page 1060
Key points to remember......Page 1062
Autonomy......Page 1064
Depression......Page 1065
Informed consent......Page 1066
Withholding life-sustaining therapies......Page 1067
Providing comfort at the end of life......Page 1068
Middlemen (and women)......Page 1069
Conclusion......Page 1070
Scavenging system......Page 1072
Automated checkout......Page 1073
Intraoperative management......Page 1076
Postoperative management......Page 1077
Full-term newborn babies......Page 1079
Acute respiratory distress syndrome......Page 1080
Lung transplantation......Page 1081
Metabolism......Page 1082
Acknowledgment......Page 1083
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome......Page 1084
Epidermolysis bullosa......Page 1085
Marfan syndrome......Page 1086
The choice of anesthesia......Page 1088
Rhinoplasty......Page 1089
Treatment of local anesthetic toxicity......Page 1090
Diagnosis......Page 1092
Pulmonary......Page 1094
Central nervous system......Page 1095
Management......Page 1096
Summary......Page 1097
Pathophysiology......Page 1099
Carbon monoxide exposure from anesthesia gas breakdown......Page 1100
Cyanide poisoning......Page 1101
Principles of incident management and patient care......Page 1103
Nerve agents......Page 1105
Biologic agents......Page 1106
Conclusions......Page 1107
Cardiothoracic surgery......Page 1108
Anesthetic implications for mitral valve surgery......Page 1109
Coronary artery bypass grafting......Page 1111
Left ventricular lead placement......Page 1112
Radical prostatectomy......Page 1113
Ophthalmologic surgery......Page 1114
Summary......Page 1115
HIV......Page 1116
Chronic pain and HIV......Page 1117
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)......Page 1118
Protect self, patients, and staff from spreading infection......Page 1119
How pervasive is it?......Page 1120
Harmful reactions to supplements......Page 1121
Echinacea (Echinacea purpura)......Page 1122
What you can do......Page 1123
Cardiovascular system......Page 1124
Central nervous system......Page 1125
Anesthetic concerns at high altitudes......Page 1126
Emergence from anesthesia......Page 1127
179 Practical considerations for the anesthesiologist in flight......Page 1128
In-flight emergencies......Page 1129
Medical air evacuation......Page 1132
Eye and ENT care......Page 1134
Pediatric care......Page 1135
Infection control......Page 1136
A simplified approach for developing intellectual property......Page 1137
Acknowledgment......Page 1138
O-1 visas......Page 1140
State and local government......Page 1141
Medical knowledge......Page 1142
Systems-based practice......Page 1143
Session 1 – 35 minutes......Page 1145
Additional topics – 10 Minutes......Page 1146
Making a difference......Page 1147
Anesthesia information management systems......Page 1149
Behavior patterns......Page 1151
Returning to work......Page 1152
Conclusion......Page 1153
Introduction......Page 1154
Prolonged QT syndrome......Page 1155
Index......Page 1158