Essays on Ethics, Religion and Society (with: Utilitarianism) (Collected Works of John Stuart Mill - Vol. 10)

John Stuart Mill, Collected Works, Volume II (1965)......Page 1
Front Matter......Page 2
Editorial Committee......Page 3
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Details......Page 5
Table of Contents, pp. v-xxi......Page 6
Introduction, by V.W. Bladen, pp. xxiii-lxiv......Page 24
Textual Introduction, by J.M. Robson, pp. lxv-lxxxviii......Page 66
Prefaces......Page 90
First Folio of the Text......Page 99
Preliminary Remarks, p. 3......Page 100
Book I: Production......Page 120
1. Requisites of production, what, p. 25......Page 122
2. The function of labour defined, p. 26......Page 123
3. Does nature contribute more ot the efficacy of labour in some occupations than in others?, p. 28......Page 125
4. Some natural agents limited, others practically unlimited, in quantity, p. 29......Page 126
1. Labour employed either directly about the thing produced, or in operations preparatory to its production, p. 31......Page 128
2. Labour employed in producing subsistence for subsequent labour, p. 33......Page 130
3. Labour employed in producing materials, p. 35......Page 132
4. Labour employed in producing implements, p. 36......Page 133
5. Labour employed in the protection of labour, p. 37......Page 134
6. Labour employed in the transport and distribution of the produce, p. 38......Page 135
7. Labour which relates to human beings, p. 40......Page 137
8. Labour of invention and discovery, p. 41......Page 138
9. Labour agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial, p. 43......Page 140
1. Labour does not produce objects, but utilities, p. 45......Page 142
2. These utilities are of three kinds, p. 46......Page 143
3. Labour employed in producing materials, p. 48......Page 145
4. All other labour, however useful, is classed as unproductive, p. 50......Page 147
5. Productive and Unproductive Consumption, p. 52......Page 149
6. Labour for the supply of Productive Consumption, and labour for the supply of Unproductive Consumption, p. 53......Page 150
1. Capital is wealth appropriated to reproductive employement, p. 55......Page 152
2. More capital devoted to production than actually employed in it, p. 57......Page 154
3. Examination of some cases illustrative of the idea of Capital, p. 59......Page 156
1. Industry is limited by Capital, p. 63......Page 160
2. Industry is limited by Capital, but does not always come up to that limit, p. 65......Page 162
3. Increase of capital gives increased employment to labour, without assignable bounds, p. 66......Page 163
4. Capital is the result of saving, p. 68......Page 165
5. All capital is consumed, p. 70......Page 167
6. Capital is kept up, not by preservation, but by perpetual reproduction, p. 73......Page 170
7. Why countries recover rapidly from a state of devastation, p. 74......Page 171
8. Effects of defraying government expenditure by loans, p. 75......Page 172
9. Demand for commodities is not demand for labour, p. 78......Page 175
10. Fallacy respecting Taxation, p. 88......Page 185
1. Fixed and Circulating Capital, what, p. 91......Page 188
2. Increase of fixed capital, when at the expense of circulating, might be detrimental to the labourers, p. 93......Page 190
3. But this detriment to the labourers seldom if ever occurs, p. 97......Page 194
1. Land, labour, and capital, are of different productiveness at different times and places, p. 100......Page 197
2. Causes of superior productiveness. Natural advantages, p. 101......Page 198
3. Causes of superior productiveness. Greater energy of labour, p. 102......Page 199
4. Causes of superior productiveness. Superior skill and knowledge, p. 106......Page 203
5. Causes of superior productiveness. Superiority of intelligence and trustworthiness in the community generally, p. 107......Page 204
6. Causes of superior productiveness. Superior security, p. 112......Page 209
1. Combination of Labour a principal cause of superior productiveness, p. 116......Page 213
2. Effects of seperation of employements analyzed, p. 118......Page 215
3. Combination of labour between town and country, p. 120......Page 217
4. The higher degrees of the division of labour, p. 122......Page 219
5. Analysis of the advantages of the division of labour, p. 124......Page 221
6. Limitations of the division of labour, p. 129......Page 226
1. Advantages of the large system of production in manufactures, p. 131......Page 228
2. Advantages and disadvantages of the joint-stock principle, p. 135......Page 232
3. Conditions necessary for the large system of production, p. 140......Page 237
4. Large and small farming compared, p. 142......Page 239
1. The law of the increase of production depends on those of three elements, Labour, Capital, and Land, p. 153......Page 250
2. The Law of Population, p. 154......Page 251
3. By what checks the increase of population is practically limited, p. 156......Page 253
1. Means and motives to saving, on what dependent, p. 160......Page 257
2. Causes of diversity in the effective strength of the desire of accumulation, p. 161......Page 258
3. Examples of deficiency in the strength of the desire of accumulation, p. 164......Page 261
4. Exemplificaiton of excess in the strength of the desire of accumulation, p. 164......Page 267
2. The law of production from the soil is a law of diminishing return in proportion to the increased application of labour and capital, p. 173......Page 270
3. Antagonist principle to the law of diminishing return; the progress of improvements in production, p. 177......Page 274
1. Remedies when the limit to production is the weakness of the principle of accumulation, p. 186......Page 283
2. Necessity of restraining population not confined to a state of inequality of property, p. 187......Page 284
3. Necessity of restraining population not superseded by free trade in food, p. 190......Page 287
4. Necessity of restraining population not in general superseded by emigration, p. 194......Page 291
Book II. Distribution......Page 294
1. Introductory Remarks, p. 199......Page 296
2. Statement of the question concerning Property, p. 201......Page 298
3. Examinatino of Communism, p. 203......Page 300
4. Examination of St. Simonism and Fourierism, p. 210......Page 307
1. The institution of property implies freedom of acquisition by contract, p. 215......Page 312
2. The institution of property implies the power of bequest, but not the right of inheritance, p. 217......Page 314
3. The institutuion of property implies th power of bequest, but not the right of inheritance, p. 218......Page 315
4. Should the right of bequest be limited, and how?, p. 223......Page 320
5. Grounds of property in land are different from those of property in moveables, p. 226......Page 323
6. Grounds of property in land are only valid on certain conditions, which are not always realized, p. 228......Page 325
7. Rights of property in abuses, p. 232......Page 329
2. The produce is sometimes belongs undividedly to one, p. 235......Page 332
3. The produce is sometimes divided between two, p. 237......Page 334
1. Competition is not the sole regulator of the division of the produce, p. 239......Page 336
2. Influence of custom no rents, and on the tenure of land, p. 240......Page 337
3. Influence of custom on prices, p. 242......Page 339
1. Slavery considered in relation to the slaves, p. 245......Page 342
2. Slavery in relation to production, p. 246......Page 343
3. Emancipation considered in relation to the interest of the slave-owners, p. 249......Page 346
1. Difference between English and Continental opinions respecting peasant properties, p. 252......Page 349
2. Evidence respecting peasant properties in Switzerland, p. 254......Page 351
3. Evidence respecting peasant properties in Norway, p. 259......Page 356
4. Evidence respecting peasant properties in Germany, p. 262......Page 359
5. Evidence respecting peasant properties in Belgium, p. 267......Page 364
6. Evidence respecting peasant properties in the Channel Islands, p. 271......Page 368
7. Evidence respecting peasant properties in France, p. 273......Page 370
1. Influence of peasant properties in stimulating industry, p. 278......Page 375
2. Influence of peasant properties in promoting forethought and self-control, p. 281......Page 377
3. Influence of peasant properties in promoting forethought and self-control, p. 281......Page 378
4. Their effect on population, p. 283......Page 380
5. Their effect on the subdivision of land, p. 292......Page 389
1. Nature of the metayer system, and its varieties, p. 297......Page 394
2. Its advantages and inconveniences, p. 299......Page 396
3. Evidence concerning its effects in different countries, p. 301......Page 398
4. Is its aboliton desirable?, p. 310......Page 407
1. Nature and operation of cottier tenure, p. 313......Page 410
2. In an overpeopled country its necessary consequence is nominal rents, p. 316......Page 413
3. Nominal rents are inconsistent with industry, frugality, or restraint on population, p. 318......Page 415
4. Ryot tenancy of India, p. 319......Page 416
1. Irish cottiers should be converted into peasant proprietors, p. 324......Page 421
2. Present state of this question, p. 331......Page 428
1. Wages depend on the demand and supply of labour- in other words, on population and capital, p. 337......Page 434
2. Examination of some popular opinions respecting wages, p. 338......Page 435
3. Certain rare circumstances excepted, high wages imply restraints on population, p. 343......Page 440
4. Restraints on population are in some cases legal, p. 346......Page 443
5. Restraints on population are in other cases the effect of particular customs, p. 348......Page 445
6. Due restriction of population the only safeguard of a labouring class, p. 351......Page 448
1. A legal or customary minimum of wages, with a guarantee of employment, p. 355......Page 452
2. Such a minimum and guarantee would require as a condition legal measures for repression of population, p. 357......Page 454
3. Allowances in aid of wages, p. 360......Page 457
4. the Allotment System, p. 362......Page 459
1. Pernicious direction of public opinion on the subject of population, p. 367......Page 464
2. Grounds for expecting improvement, p. 370......Page 467
3. Twofold means of elevating the habits of the labouring people: by education, p. 374......Page 471
4. Twofold means of elevating the habits of the labouring people: by large measures of immediate relief, through foreign and home colonization, p. 376......Page 473
1. Differences of wages arising from different degrees of attractiveness in different employments, p. 380......Page 477
2. Differences of wages arising from natural monopolies, p. 385......Page 482
3. Effect on wages of the competition of persons with independent means of support, p. 388......Page 485
4. Effect on wages of the competition of persons with independent means of support, p. 391......Page 488
5. Wages of women, why lower than those of men, p. 394......Page 491
6. Differences of wages arising from restrictive laws, and from combinations, p. 396......Page 493
7. Cases in which wages are fixed by custom, p. 398......Page 495
1. Profits resolvable into three parts; interest, insurance, and wages of superintendence, p. 400......Page 497
2. The minimum of profits; and the variations to which it is liable, p. 402......Page 499
3. Differences of profits arising from the nature of the particular employment, p. 403......Page 500
4. General tendency of profits to an equality, p. 405......Page 502
5. Profits do not depend on prices, nor on purchase and sale, p. 410......Page 507
6. The advances of the capitalist consist ultimately in wages of labour, p. 411......Page 508
7. The rate of profit depends on the Cost of Labour, p. 413......Page 510
1. Rent is the effect of a natural monopoly, p. 416......Page 513
2. No land can pay rent except land of such quality or situation as exists in less quantity than the demand, p. 417......Page 514
3. The rent of land consists of the excess of its return above the return to the worst land in cultivation, p. 419......Page 516
4. The rent of land consists of the excess of its return above the return to the worst land in cultivation or to the capital employed in the least advantageous circumstances, p. 420......Page 517
5. Is payment for capital sunk in the soil, rent , or profit?, p. 423......Page 520
6. Rent does not enter into the cost of production of agricultural produce, p. 428......Page 525
Appendix to Book II, p. 431......Page 528
End of Volume II, p. 451......Page 548