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دانلود کتاب Equine Surgery
دانلود کتاب جراحی اسب
مشخصات کتاب
Equine Surgery
ویرایش: 5 نویسندگان: Jorg A. Auer Dr Med Vet MS, John A. Stick DVM سری: ISBN (شابک) : 0323484204, 9780323484206 ناشر: Saunders سال نشر: 2018 تعداد صفحات: 1955 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 108 مگابایت
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 47,000
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Equine Surgery به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب جراحی اسب نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب جراحی اسب
خود را برای موفقیت با تنها کتاب موجود در بازار که تمام جنبه های جراحی اسب را پوشش می دهد مجهز کنید! Equine Surgery, 5th Edition شما را برای مدیریت هر شرایط جراحی با درک پاتوفیزیولوژی آن و ارزیابی رویکردهای جراحی جایگزین آماده می کند. توضیحات در کتاب نحوه جلوگیری از عفونت های جراحی، انتخاب و استفاده از ابزار، و تکنیک های جراحی بنیادی کامل از جمله برش، کوتر، انقباض، آبیاری، ساکشن جراحی، بسته شدن زخم، پانسمان، بانداژ و گچ گیری را شرح می دهد. علاوه بر تصویربرداری تشخیصی و پوشش ارتوپدی، شامل اطلاعات عمیق در مورد بیهوشی، سیستم پوششی (شامل مدیریت زخم، جراحی ترمیمی و پیوند پوست)، سیستم گوارشی، تنفسی و دستگاه ادراری تناسلی است.
- پوشش کامل کلیه اطلاعات مورد نیاز برای مطالعه درامتحانات هیئت علمی کالج جراحان دامپزشکی آمریکا و اروپااین نسخه یک ابزار مطالعه عالی است.
- بخش بیهوشی و مدیریت درد شما را برای مدیریت این جنبه های حیاتی هر جراحی آماده می کند.
- پوشش ارتوپدی گسترده و به روز شامل اختلالات مفصلی و ترومای مفصلی است.
- بخش سیستم پوششیحاوی اطلاعات است. در مورد مدیریت زخم، جراحی ترمیمی و پیوند پوست.
- بخش سیستم گوارشمراقبت های بعد از عمل، عوارض و دستورالعمل های جراحی مجدد را پوشش می دهد.
- تکنیک های جدید در جراحی عروق شما را آگاه می کند. -به روز با بهترین شیوه ها.
- جدید! سایت Expert Consult با ارائه بیش از 40 ویدئو از جراحان در حال انجام تکنیک‌ها تا بتوانید به سرعت به اطلاعات دارو و تجهیزات دسترسی پیدا کنید.
- جدید! گسترش تکنیک‌های جراحی کم تهاجمیشامل روش‌های ابلیشن با لیزر، کاشت صفحات در برابر استخوان‌ها در روش‌های ارتوپدی، و روش‌های لاپاراسکوپی برای آسیب‌های بافت نرم است.
- جدید! مشارکت کنندگان مشهور جهان، با دو ویراستار جدید مرتبطشامل بیش از 70 جراح متخصص اسب با تجربه و خبره هستند که هر کدام اطلاعات فعلی و دقیق را ارائه می دهند.
- جدید! پیشرفت های فعلی در تصویربرداری شرایط اسکلتی عضلانی را در اسب ورزشی تشخیص می دهد.
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
Equip yourself for success with the only book on the market that covers all aspects of equine surgery! Equine Surgery, 5th Edition prepares you to manage each surgical condition by understanding its pathophysiology and evaluating alternative surgical approaches. Explanations in the book describe how to avoid surgical infections, select and use instruments, and perfect fundamental surgical techniques including incisions, cautery, retractions, irrigation, surgical suction, wound closure, dressings, bandages, and casts. In addition to diagnostic imaging and orthopedic coverage, it includes in-depth information on anesthesia, the integumentary system (including wound management, reconstructive surgery, and skin grafting), the alimentary system, respiratory, and urogenital systems.
- Complete coverage of all the information needed to study for theAmerican and European College of Veterinary Surgeons Board Examinations makes this edition an excellent study tool.
- Section on anesthesiology and pain management prepares you to manage these critical aspects of any surgery.
- Extensive, up-to-date orthopedic coverage includes joint disorders and joint trauma.
- Section on integumentary system contains information on wound management, reconstructive surgery, and skin grafting.
- Section on the alimentary system covers postoperative care, complications and reoperation guidelines.
- New techniques in vascular surgery keep you up-to-date with best practices.
- NEW! Expert Consult site offering 40+ videos of surgeons performing techniques so that you can quickly access drug and equipment information.
- NEW! Expansion of minimally invasive surgical techniques includes laser ablation procedures, implantation of plates against bones in orthopedic procedures, and laparoscopic procedures for soft tissue injuries.
- NEW! World-renowned contributors, featuring two new associate editors include over 70 of the most experienced and expert equine specialist surgeons, each providing current and accurate information.
- NEW! Current advances in imaging detect musculoskeletal conditions in the sports horse.
فهرست مطالب
Front-Matter_2019_Equine-Surgery Equine Surgery Copyright_2019_Equine-Surgery Copyright Page Dedication_2019_Equine-Surgery Dedication Contributors_2019_Equine-Surgery Contributors Preface_2019_Equine-Surgery Preface Organization Key Features of the Fifth Edition New Features Book Cover Acknowledgments_2019_Equine-Surgery Acknowledgments Video-Contents_2019_Equine-Surgery Video Contents Chapter-1---Shock--Pathophysiology--Diagnosis--Treatment--and_2019_Equine-Su I Surgical Biology 1 Shock Definition of Shock Classification of Shock Pathophysiology of Shock Clinical Signs of Shock Treatment Fluid Administration Types of Fluids Isotonic Crystalloids Hypertonic Crystalloids Colloids Whole Blood Current Recommendations Vasopressors Monitoring Capillary Refill Time Central Venous Pressure Urine Output Arterial Blood Pressure Lactate Oxygen Extraction Mixed Venous Partial Pressure of Oxygen Cardiac Output Regional Perfusion Hypotensive Resuscitation and Delayed Resuscitation Predicting Outcome On the Horizon Treatment Monitoring Physiologic Response to Trauma Mediators of the Stress Response: Ebb Phase Response to Trauma: Catabolic Period Response to Trauma: Anabolic Period References Chapter-2---Systemic-Inflammatory-Response_2019_Equine-Surgery 2 Systemic Inflammatory Response Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Pathophysiology of SIRS Cytokines Lipid-Derived Mediators Platelet-Activating Factor Acute Phase Proteins Reactive Oxygen Species Vasoactive Mediators Diagnosis of SIRS Treatment of SIRS and Prognosis Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS) Pathophysiology of MODS Diagnostic Criteria for MODS Respiratory Criteria Hemostasis Criteria Gastrointestinal Criteria Renal Criteria Hepatic Criteria Cardiovascular Criteria Musculoskeletal Criteria Neurologic Criteria Treatment of MODS and Prognosis Common Causes of SIRS and MODS in Horses Sepsis Diagnosis of Sepsis Treatment of Sepsis Endotoxemia Pathophysiology of Endotoxemia Clinical Findings and Diagnostic Approach Clinical Management References Chapter-3---Fluids--Electrolytes--and-Acid-Base-Therapy_2019_Equine-Surgery 3 Fluids, Electrolytes, and Acid-Base Therapy Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Distribution of Fluids Acid-Base and Electrolyte Balance Acid-Base Terminology Assessing the Acid-Base and Electrolyte Status Henderson-Hasselbalch (Traditional Approach) Primary Acid-Base Abnormalities Metabolic Alkalosis and Acidosis Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis Mixed Acid-Base Disorders Quantitative Strong Ion Approach Strong Ions Total Mass of Nonvolatile Weak Acids (Atot) Measurement and Interpretation of Blood Gases Interpretation—Traditional Approach Interpretation—Quantitative Strong Ion Approach (Table 3-5) Unmeasured Anions Anion Gap Strong Ion Gap Lactate Designing a Fluid Therapy Regimen Volumes of Fluid to Administer Maintenance Dehydration Ongoing Losses Fluid Overload Type of Fluid Isotonic Crystalloids Sodium Bicarbonate Solutions (NaHCO3) Dextrose-Containing Solutions Hypertonic Crystalloids (7.2% NaCl) Colloids Rate and Route of Administration Intravenous Fluids Oral Fluids Materials for Fluid Therapy Intravenous Catheters Sites for Intravenous Catheterization in Horses Catheter Maintenance Coil Sets and Administration Sets Pump Delivery Oral Feeding Tubes References Chapter-4---Hemostasis--Surgical-Bleeding--and-Transfusio_2019_Equine-Surger 4 Hemostasis, Surgical Bleeding, and Transfusion Physiology of Hemostasis Blood Vessels and the Role of the Vascular Endothelium Platelets and Primary Hemostasis Secondary Hemostasis and Models of Coagulation Coagulation Cascade Cell-Based Model Initiation Amplification Propagation Fibrinolysis Inhibitors of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis Inhibitors of Coagulation Inhibitors of Fibrinolysis Coagulation Testing Tests of Primary Hemostasis Prothrombin Time (Quick Test) Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time Activated Clotting Time Anticoagulant Testing Fibrin(ogen) Degradation Products Fibrinogen D-Dimer Viscoelastic Monitoring Hemostatic Dysfunction Inherited Conditions Acquired Conditions Inflammation and Coagulation Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Treatment of DIC Surgical Bleeding Indications for Whole Blood Transfusion Packed Red Blood Cells Plasma Blood Donation and Transfusion Donor Selection and Management Blood Typing and Crossmatching Blood Collection and Administration Collection Technique Alternatives to Allogeneic Blood Transfusion Systemic Adjunctive Treatments Topical Hemostatic Agents Mechanical Hemostatic Agents Purified Gelatin Sponge Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose Microfibrillar Collagen Hemostatic Agents Polysaccharide Hemostatic Agents Bone Wax Adhesives and Sealants Thrombin Products Fibrin-Based Sealants Tissue Adhesives References Chapter-5---Wound-Healing_2019_Equine-Surgery 5 Wound Healing Classification of Wounds Phases of Wound Healing Inflammatory Phase Tissue Formation Phase Angiogenesis and Vasculogenesis Fibroplasia and Granulation Tissue Formation Epithelialization Contraction Remodeling and Maturation Phase Wound-Healing Differences in the Horse Ponies Heal Faster Distal Limb Wounds Wound Expansion Effect of Motion Exposed Bone Infection Development of Exuberant Granulation Tissue Prolonged Inflammatory Phase Tissue Hypoxia Bandaging Management of Granulation Tissue General Factors That Influence Wound Healing Age Nutritional Status Type of Injury Tissue Perfusion Hemostasis and Hematoma Formation Débridement Wound Closure Technique Topical Therapy Stem Cells Pharmaceuticals Local Anesthetics Antiinflammatory Drugs Malignancy Summary References Chapter-6---Metabolism-and-Nutritional-Support-of-the-Surgi_2019_Equine-Surg 6 Metabolism and Nutritional Support of the Surgical Patient Indications for Nutritional Support Pure Protein/Calorie Malnutrition Metabolic Response to Injury Metabolic Requirements Adults Increased Energy Demand Foals and Weanlings Protein Requirements Vitamin Requirements Assessment of Nutritional Support Enteral Nutrition Parenteral Nutrition References Chapter-7---Surgical-Site-Infection-and-the-Use-of-Antimic_2019_Equine-Surge 7 Surgical Site Infection and the Use of Antimicrobials Introduction Surgical Site Infection Classification Risk Factors for Surgical Site Infection Infection and Sources of Microorganisms Endogenous Sources Exogenous Sources Microbe-Related Risk Factors Host-Related Risk Factors Systemic Risk Factors Age Concomitant Infection Gender Obesity Nutritional Status Immune Function Hypothermia Local Risk Factors Surgical Trauma Hypoxia Skin Conditions/Skin Penetration Foreign Material and Prosthetic Implants Surgical Risk Factors Surgical Procedure Patient and Surgeon Preparation Surgical Attire Surgical Technique and Duration of Surgery Suture Materials and Surgical Implants Topical Antimicrobial Therapy Bandages and Drains Nosocomial Infection Prevention and Management of Surgical Site Infection Diagnosis Clinical Signs Clinical Pathology Microbiology Imaging Techniques Pathogenic Bacteria Associated With Equine Surgical Site Infection Treatment of Surgical Site Infection Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Against Surgical Site Infection Antibiotic Classification Prophylactic Antibiotic Use Selection of Prophylactic Antimicrobials Timing and Duration of Antibiotic Administration Postantibiotic Effect Prophylactic Antibiotics Used in Horses β-Lactam antibiotics Aminoglycoside antibiotics Trimethoprim sulphonamides Special Routes of Administration and Dosages Antibiotic-Impregnated Polymethyl Methacrylate (AIPMMA) or Plaster of Paris (AIPOP) Other Regional Limb Perfusion Toxic Side Effects of Antibiotics Emergence of Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics Summary of Antibiotic Prophylaxis References Chapter-8---Regenerative-Medicine_2019_Equine-Surgery 8 Regenerative Medicine Introduction Platelet-Rich Plasma Biology of Platelet-Rich Plasma Generation of Platelet-Rich Plasma and the Platelet-Rich Plasma Classification System Composition of the Optimal Platelet-Rich Plasma Product Platelet-Rich Plasma in Horses for the Treatment of Tendon and Ligament Injuries Platelet-Rich Plasma in Horses for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis Autologous Conditioned Serum Autologous Protein Solution Stem Cells Stem Cell Biology Immunomodulation Versus Immunogenicity MSC Isolation From Horses MSCs in Horses for the Treatment of Tendon and Ligament Injuries MSCs in Horses for the Treatment of Cartilage Damage and Osteoarthritis Further Considerations and Future Directions References Chapter-9---Instrument-Preparation--Antisepsis--and-Disinf_2019_Equine-Surge II Surgical Methods 9 Instrument Preparation, Antisepsis, and Disinfection Processing of Textiles Processing of Instruments and Devices Definitions of and Approaches to Disinfection and Sterilization The Cleaning and Sterilization Facility Cleaning Process Automated Processes Maintenance and Identification of Instruments Packaging Storage and Shelf Life Process Monitoring Cleaning Process Indicators Sterilization Indicator Systems Physical Sterilization Thermal Energy Filtration Radiation Chemical Sterilization Gas Sterilization Ethylene Oxide Hydrogen Peroxide Gas Plasma Liquid Chemical Sterilization Disinfectants Aldehydes Glutaraldehyde (GH) Ortho-phthalaldehyde Succindialdehyde Formaldehyde Peracetic Acid Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide (VHP) Electrolyzed Acid Water (EAW) Chlorine and Chlorine Compounds Miscellaneous Antiseptics Alcohols Chlorhexidine (CHX) Iodine Compounds Octenidine Phenols Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Polyhexamethylene Biguanide (PHMB) Choosing and Using Antiseptics Microbial Resistance to Disinfectants and Antiseptics References Chapter-10---Preparation-for-Surgery--Decision-Making-Operativ_2019_Equine-S 10 Preparation for Surgery Decision Making/Operative Risk Primary Disease General Health Assessment Prediction Systems Reducing the Operative Risk Training Checklist Duration of the Procedure Personal Relationships Informed Consent Professional Relationship Preoperative Evaluation of the Patient History Physical Examination Supplemental Testing Physiologic Preparation Preparation for the Surgical Procedure Measures and Compliance Surgical Facility General Drains Induction and Recovery Rooms Patient Preparation Room Scrub Room Standing Surgery Instrument and Equipment Storage and Cleaning Temperature and Airflow Lighting Human Traffic Biosecurity Maintenance of the Facility Operating Team Scrub Attire Masks and Caps Head Cover Face Masks Gowns Gown-Donning Procedure Gown Removal Gloves Punctures Glove-Contamination Risk Gloving Techniques Foot Covers Jewelry and Nails Mobile Devices Surgeon’s Skin Current Recommendations and Procedures Staffing the Surgery Area Surgical Patient General Patient Preparation Positioning Standing Surgery Surgical Site Preparation Hair Removal Skin Preparation General Considerations Time and Method Choice of Antiseptic Attention Points Draping the Surgical Field Rationale for Draping Types of Draping Disposable Versus Nondisposable Drapes Plastic Drapes and Incise Films Drape Application Standing Surgery Finalizing the Surgical Procedure Debriefing Surgical Report Writing References Chapter-11---Surgical-Instruments_2019_Equine-Surgery 11 Surgical Instruments Materials Instruments for General Surgery Scalpels Steel Scalpels Disposable Scalpels Scissors Needle Holders Forceps and Clamps Thumb Forceps Hemostatic Forceps Tissue Forceps Clamps Towel Clamps Retractors Finger-Held Retractors Hand-Held Retractors Self-Retaining Retractors Suction Tubes Orthopedic Instruments Rongeurs Curettes Periosteal Elevators Bone-Cutting Instruments Bone Clamps Cerclage Wire Instruments Pin Insertion and Pin-Cutting Instruments Trephines Specific Equine Surgical Instruments Energy-Based Surgical Tools Identification References Chapter-12---Surgical-Techniques_2019_Equine-Surgery 12 Surgical Techniques Introduction Technique Training and Outcome Surgical Etiquette and Communication Improving Aseptic Technique Basic Manipulations of Surgical Instruments Scalpels Steel Scalpel Electro Scalpel Scissors Needle Holders Forceps Thumb Forceps Hemostat Forceps Tissue Forceps Tissue Incision and Excision Slide Cutting Stab or Press-Cutting Incision Scissor Incision Electro-Incision Tissue Excision Blunt Dissection Surgical Hemostasis Mechanical Hemostasis Pressure Ligatures Staples Surgical Repair Esmarch System Thermal Hemostasis Chemical Hemostasis Physical Hemostasis Tissue Retraction and Handling Tissue Handling Retraction Surgical Irrigation and Suction Surgical Irrigation Suction Curettage References Chapter-13---Minimally-Invasive-Surgical-Techniques_2019_Equine-Surgery 13 Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques Introduction Procedures With Rigid Endoscopes Basic Equipment The Endoscopy Tower Light Source Video Camera Fluid Irrigation System Gas Insufflation System Basic Techniques The Principle of Triangulation Arthroscopy, Tenoscopy, and Bursoscopy Instrumentation Arthroscope and Arthroscopic Sleeve Hand Instruments Motorized Equipment Electrosurgery Basic Techniques for Arthroscopy, Tenoscopy, and Bursoscopy Arthroscopy Tenoscopy Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy Instrumentation for Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery Laparoscope Access Instruments Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Instruments Coagulation and Dissection Intracorporeal and Extracorporeal Knot Tying and Suturing Stapling Devices Tissue-Retrieval Devices Basic Technique for Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy Standing Versus Recumbent Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery Access Techniques in Laparoscopic and Thoracoscopic Surgery Procedures With Flexible Endoscopes Anatomical Structure of the Flexible Endoscope Basic Technique for Transvaginal NOTES in Mares Vertebral Canal Endoscopy Cardiovascular Minimally Invasive Procedures Embolization Surgical Technique Thrombectomy Surgical Technique Minimally Invasive Fracture Repair Imaging Control During Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Osteosynthesis Basic Principles of Screw and Plate Insertion Computer-Assisted Surgery Technical Equipment CT-Guided Osteosynthesis References Chapter-14---Cryosurgery_2019_Equine-Surgery 14 Cryosurgery Principles of Cryobiology Indications for Cryosurgery Cryogens and Cryosurgical Instrumentation Sprays Probes Cryosurgical Technique Normal Biological Reactions and Complications Future Directions References Chapter-15---Lasers-in-Veterinary-Surgery_2019_Equine-Surgery 15 Lasers in Veterinary Surgery Principles of Surgical Lasers Calculating and Controlling Laser Energy Laser–Tissue Interaction Delivery of Laser Energy Continuous and Pulsed Wave Mode Contact and Noncontact Mode Antimicrobial and Antiinflammatory Therapy in Laser Surgical Procedures Laser Safety Lasers Used in Veterinary Surgery Carbon Dioxide Laser Neodymium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Nd:YAG) Laser and Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenide (GAL) Diode Laser Holmium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Ho:YAG) Laser Pulsed Dye Laser Specific Laser Surgery Procedures Carbon Dioxide Laser Surgery Removal of Cutaneous Masses Removal of Ocular Masses Palmar Digital Neurectomy Ablation of the Cricoarytenoid Joint Endoscopic Surgery Palatoplasty Ventriculocordectomy Arytenoid Chondropathy Epiglottic Entrapment Subepiglottic Cysts Guttural Pouch Tympany Progressive Ethmoid Hematoma Endometrial Cysts Lithotripsy Distal Tarsal Joint Osteoarthritis Other Laser Procedures References Chapter-16---Suture-Materials-and-Patterns_2019_Equine-Surgery 16 Suture Materials and Patterns Suture Classification Suture Characteristics Suture Size Flexibility Elasticity Surface Characteristics and Coating Capillarity Memory Tensile Strength Knot-Holding Capacity Relative Knot Security Loop Security Selection of Suture Materials Selection of the Biomechanically Appropriate Suture Size and Material Surgical Needles Suture Configurations Knots and Ligatures Knot-Tying Techniques Knot Efficiency Suture Tension Loop Sutures Knot-Tying Techniques for Minimally Invasive Surgery Knotless Suture Materials Suture Patterns Sutures for Specific Tissues Skin Subcutis Fascia Infected or Contaminated Wounds Muscle Gastrointestinal Tract Urinary Tract Tendon Blood Vessels Nerves Implant Prostheses Antimicrobial-Coated Suture Material Suture Anchors and Suture Buttons Surgical Staplers Stapling Devices Thoracoabdominal Stapler Gastrointestinal Staplers Ligating Dividing Stapler Ligating Clips Skin Staples Topical Tissue Adhesives 2-Octylcyanoacrylate Fibrin Glues Tapes: Steri-Strips References Chapter-17---Drains--Bandages--and-External-Coaptation_2019_Equine-Surgery 17 Drains, Bandages, and External Coaptation Drains History Purposes Materials Types of Drains Principles of Drain Placement Passive Drains Gauze Drains Penrose Drains Sheet Drains Tube Drains Active Drains Closed Active Drains Open Active Drains Drain Management Drain Removal Drain Complications Drainage of Body Spaces Abdomen Thorax Synovial Cavities Bandages General Comments Foot Bandage Half-Limb Bandage Full-Limb Bandage Forelimb Hind Limb Carpal/Tarsal Bandages Robert Jones Bandage Splints and Special Bandages General Comments Boots Stent Bandage Abdominal Bandage External Coaptation (Casts) Materials Indications Technique Cast Application in the Standing Horse Cast Monitoring Cast Removal Cast Variations Cast Complications References Chapter-18---Balanced-Inhalation-Anesthesia_2019_Equine-Surgery III Recent Advances in Anesthesia 18 Balanced Inhalation Anesthesia Introduction Anesthetic Risk Modern Inhalation Anesthetic Drugs and Techniques Used for Balanced Anesthesia Modern Inhalation Anesthetics Lidocaine Alpha2-Adrenoreceptor Agonists Ketamine Opioids Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants Guaifenesin Benzodiazepines Regional Anesthesia Techniques References Chapter-19---Modern-Injectable-Anesthesia-for-Adult-Horse_2019_Equine-Surger 19 Modern Injectable Anesthesia for Adult Horses Short-Duration Injectable Anesthesia Ketamine and Ketamine Drug Combinations S(+)-Ketamine Tiletamine Propofol Alfaxalone Long-Duration Total Intravenous Anesthesia (TIVA) Ketamine–Guaifenesin–α2-Adrenoceptor Agonist (Triple-Drip) Ketamine–Midazolam–α2-Adrenoceptor Agonist Propofol Alfaxalone References Chapter-20---Anesthesia-and-Analgesia-for-Foals_2019_Equine-Surgery 20 Anesthesia and Analgesia for Foals Introduction Physiological and Pharmacological Considerations as They Relate to Anesthesia in the Neonatal and Maturing Foal Cardiovascular System Transition From Fetal to Neonatal Circulation Hemodynamic Function Respiratory System Nervous System Development Early Postnatal Behaviors Body Metabolism, Biotransformation, and Excretion Body Water Content and Body Tissue Composition Thermoregulation Hepatic Function and Development Renal Function and Development Hematology and Biochemistry Anesthetic Management of the Systemically Healthy Neonate and Maturing Foal Preanesthetic Examination and Preparation Sedation of the Mare Anesthetic Management of the Neonate (≤1 Month Old) Sedation Induction and Maintenance of Anesthesia Anesthetic Management of the Pediatric/Juvenile Foal (1 to 4 Months Old) Sedation Induction and Maintenance of Anesthesia Monitoring During Anesthesia Anesthetic Depth and Drug Concentration Cardiovascular System Respiratory System Blood Glucose Body Temperature Fluid Management in the Perianesthetic Period Oxygen Supplementation and Mechanical Ventilation Recovery Perioperative Pain Management Perianesthetic Complications Requiring Intervention Impaired Cardiovascular Function Impaired Respiratory Function Hypothermia Return to Fetal Circulation Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Anesthetic Considerations for the Critically Ill Neonate and Maturing Foal Foal With Uroperitoneum Foals Affected by Acute Intestinal Disease Foal With Thoracic Trauma References Chapter-21---Recovery-From-Anesthesia_2019_Equine-Surgery 21 Recovery From Anesthesia Management of Horses During Recovery Introduction General Considerations Maintenance of Breathing During Recovery Cardiovascular Considerations During Recovery Factors Influencing Recovery Inhalation Anesthetics Sedation, Analgesia Recovery Systems and Aids Recovery Stall Design and Construction Thick Mattresses Rope-Assisted Recovery Pool Recovery Sling Recovery Problems Encountered During Recovery Reluctance or Inability to Stand Myopathies Neuropathies Miscellaneous Problems References Chapter-22---Complications-of-Inhalation-Anesthesia-and-The_2019_Equine-Surg 22 Complications of Inhalation Anesthesia and Their Management Physiological Considerations Body Temperature Hypothermia Hyperthermia Cardiovascular System Heart Rate Blood Pressure Respiratory System Oxygenation Ventilation Electrolyte Imbalances Additional Considerations Behavioral Complications Upper Airway Management Myopathy and Neuropathy Gastrointestinal Considerations Alterations in Blood Glucose Urine Output Summary References Chapter-23---Chemical-Restraint-for-Standing-Procedures_2019_Equine-Surgery 23 Chemical Restraint for Standing Procedures General Principles of Drug Administration Drug Selection Drugs Available for Chemical Restraint α2-Adrenoreceptor Agonists Mechanism of Action Leading to Sedation and Analgesia Uses Administration, Doses, Routes Other Effects and Side Effects Special Considerations and Contraindications Foals Combinations With Other Drugs Uses as a Constant-Rate Infusion Antagonists Phenothiazines Mechanism of Action Uses Administration, Dosages, Routes Other Effects and Side Effects Special Considerations and Contraindications Foals Combinations With Other Drugs Antagonists Butyrophenones Benzodiazepines Mechanism of Action Uses Administration and Routes Other Effects and Side Effects Foals Antagonists Opioids Mechanism of Action Uses Other Effects and Side Effects Anesthetic Adjuvants Long-Term Tranquilization Conclusion References Chapter-24---Equine-Pain-Management_2019_Equine-Surgery 24 Equine Pain Management Physiologic Consequences of Pain Acute Pain Peripheral Sensitization Central Sensitization Chronic Pain Pain Assessment Analgesia Protocols Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Opioids α2-Adrenoceptor Agonists Local Anesthetics Lidocaine Infusions Drugs for the Treatment of Central Sensitization Intraarticular Analgesia Epidural Analgesia Drugs Used Complementary Therapy Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Therapeutic Ultrasound Summary References Chapter-25---Principles-of-Plastic-and-Reconstructive-Sur_2019_Equine-Surger IV Integumentary System 25 Principles of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Introduction Cutaneous Blood Supply Physical and Biomechanical Properties of Skin Lines of Skin Tension Skin Extensibility Creep and Stress Relaxation Principles of Wound Closure Incision Orientation Sutures and Patterns Basic Patterns Subcuticular and Intradermal Sutures Simple Interrupted Sutures Simple Continuous Sutures Corner Suture Tension-Relieving Patterns Mattress Sutures Far-Near-Near-Far Suture Walking Suture Support for Suture Lines Tension-Relieving and Skin-Mobilization Procedures Undermining Skin Tissue Debulking Tension-Release Incisions Mesh Expansion V-to-Y-Plasty and Y-to-V-Plasty Z-Plasty W-Plasty Skin-Stretching and Expansion Techniques Presuturing Intraoperative Tissue Expansion External Skin-Stretching Devices Tissue Expanders Cosmetic Closure of Skin Defects of Various Shapes Fusiform Defects Triangular, Square, and Rectangular Defects V-Shaped Defects Circular Defects Management of Skin Puckers (Dog-Ears) Skin Flaps Advancement Flaps Rotating Flaps Vascularized Free Tissue Transfers References Chapter-26---Skin-Grafting_2019_Equine-Surgery 26 Skin Grafting Indications for Grafting Graft Classification Physiology of Graft Acceptance Recipient Bed Characteristics Adherence Serum Imbibition (Plasmatic Imbibition or Plasmatic Circulation) Revascularization Organization (Organic Union) Graft Contraction Graft Failure Fluid Accumulation Infection Inflammation Motion Grafting Techniques Preparation of the Recipient Site Preparation of the Donor Site Full-Thickness Sheet Grafting Split-Thickness Sheet Grafting Hand Instruments Drum Dermatomes Power-Driven Dermatomes Technique of Harvesting a Split-Thickness Sheet Graft Meshing Split-Thickness Sheet Grafts Applying Split-Thickness Sheet Grafts Acceptance and Cosmesis Island Grafts Punch Grafts Pinch Grafts Tunnel Grafts Modified Meek Grafting Technique Aftercare of the Donor Site Aftercare of the Recipient Site Allografts and Xenografts Storage of Grafts References Chapter-27---Management-of-Superficial-Wounds--Deep-and-Chroni_2019_Equine-S 27 Management of Superficial Wounds, Deep and Chronic Wounds, Sinus Tracts, and Fistulas Anatomy First Aid Assessment Initial Management Restraint and Analgesia Initial Preparation Débridement Sharp Débridement Mechanical Débridement Chemical and Enzymatic Débridement Biological Débridement Autolytic Débridement Options for Wound Closure Stages of Wound Healing Wound Classification Bacteria in Wounds Bacteriologic Assessment Technical Considerations in Contaminated Wound Closure Wound-Closure Techniques Primary Closure Delayed Primary Closure Second-Intention Healing Dressings, Growth Factors, and Drugs Hypertonic Saline Dressing Honey Antimicrobial Dressings Hydrogels Calcium Alginate Dressings Topical Dressings Biological Dressings Stem Cells Growth Factors Semiocclusive Foam Dressings Silicone Dressings Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Corticosteroids Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Agents Tetanus Prophylaxis Specific Wound Considerations Deep Wounds Head and Neck Thorax Abdomen Extremities Axillary Lacerations Lacerations Involving Synovial Structures Heel Bulb Lacerations Chronic Wounds Management of Sinus Tracts and Fistulas Etiology Diagnosis Exploration Special Considerations Complications References Chapter-28---Skin-Conditions-Amenable-to-Surgery_2019_Equine-Surgery 28 Skin Conditions Amenable to Surgery Sarcoids Epidemiology Treatment Surgical Excision Laser Ablation Ultrasonic Coagulation Cryotherapy Hyperthermia Radiotherapy Immunotherapy Intralesional Cisplatin Topical Application of Chemotherapeutics Imiquimod Aciclovir Other Agents Electrochemotherapy Squamous Cell Carcinoma Epidemiology Treatment Surgical Excision Irradiation Intralesional Chemotherapy Topical Chemotherapy Other Treatments Photodynamic Therapy Summary Melanoma Epidemiology Treatment Mast Cell Tumors Epidemiology Treatment Lipomas Epidemiology Treatment Cutaneous Habronemiasis Epidemiology Treatment Pythiosis Epidemiology Treatment Nodular Necrobiosis Epidemiology Treatment Papillomatosis Epidemiology Juvenile Papillomatosis Aural Plaques Treatment Dentigerous Cysts Etiology Treatment References Chapter-29---Oral-Cavity-and-Salivary-Glands_2019_Equine-Surgery V Alimentary System 29 Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands Dentistry Dental Anatomy Examination of the Oral Cavity and Teeth Disorders of the Incisors Overjet and Overbite (“Parrot Mouth”) Clinical Signs Treatment Underbite (“Sow Mouth”) Retained Deciduous Incisors Supernumerary Incisors Fractures of the Incisors Abnormalities of Incisor Wear Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis Disorders of the Canine Teeth (Triadan 04s) Disorders of “Wolf Teeth” (Triadan 05s) Disorders of the Cheek Teeth Developmental Disorders of the Cheek Teeth Retained Deciduous Cheek Teeth Diastemata Clinical signs and diagnosis Treatment Rostral Positioning of the Maxillary Cheek Teeth Rows Displacements of the Cheek Teeth Supernumerary Cheek Teeth Acquired Disorders of the Cheek Teeth Acquired Overgrowths of Cheek Teeth Traumatic Disorders of the Cheek Teeth and Bars of the Mouth Idiopathic Fractures of the Cheek Teeth Restoration of Carious Infundibula Dental (Odontogenic) Tumors Cheek Teeth Periapical Infection Treatment of Disorders of the Cheek Teeth Extraction of Cheek Teeth Oral Extraction of Cheek Teeth Repulsion Removal of the Lateral Alveolar Plate (Lateral Buccotomy Technique) Minimally Invasive Transbuccal Technique Endodontic Therapy Retrograde Endodontic Therapy Orthograde endodontics Oral Cavity Soft Tissue Trauma Tongue Anatomy Trauma Lips Cheek and Gums Oral Cavity Foreign Bodies Persistent Lingual Frenulum Oral Cavity Soft Tissue Neoplasia Salivary Glands Anatomy Disorders Trauma Sialoliths Atresia of the Parotid Salivary Duct Salivary Mucocele and Ranula Heterotopic Salivary Tissue Idiopathic Parotiditis (“Grass Glands”) Neoplasia References Chapter-30---Esophagus_2019_Equine-Surgery 30 Esophagus Surgical Anatomy Clinical Manifestations and Evaluation of Esophageal Disease Clinical Signs Physical Examination Diagnostic Imaging Endoscopic Evaluation Manometric Evaluation Surgical Approaches Ventral Approach Ventrolateral Approach Approach to the Thoracic Esophagus Management of Esophageal Disorders Impaction Foreign Body Esophagotomy Ulceration and Esophagitis Rupture, Perforations, and Lacerations Esophagostomy Stricture Esophagomyotomy Partial Resection Resection and Anastomosis Patch Grafting Fistula Diverticulum Intramural Cyst Megaesophagus Reduplication Neoplasia Complications of Esophageal Surgery Dehiscence and Stricture Acid-Base and Electrolyte Alterations Laryngeal Hemiplegia Carotid Artery Rupture References Chapter-31---Stomach-and-Duodenum_2019_Equine-Surgery 31 Stomach and Duodenum Anatomy Physiology Gastric Barrier Function Pathophysiology Mechanisms of Gastric Ulceration Gastroduodenal Reparative Mechanisms Diagnostic Techniques Endoscopy Ultrasonography Radiography Measurement of Gastric Emptying Disorders of the Stomach and Duodenum Gastroduodenal Ulcers Gastric Impaction Chronic Gastric Impaction and Dilation Gastric Rupture Gastric Neoplasia Gastric Outflow Obstruction Duodenitis-Proximal Jejunitis Duodenal Obstruction References Chapter-32---Spleen-and-Liver_2019_Equine-Surgery 32 Spleen and Liver Spleen Anatomy Physiology Diagnostic Procedures Indications for Surgery Splenomegaly Neoplasia Splenic Infarction and Splenic Abscesses Splenic Rupture Preoperative Considerations Surgical Techniques Splenectomy Approaches 17th rib resection technique Surgical Procedure Laparoscopy-assisted open technique Laparoscopic hand-assisted splenectomy Splenorrhaphy and Partial Splenectomy Aftercare Complications Closure of the Nephrosplenic Space Liver Anatomy Physiology Diagnostic Procedures Indications for Surgery Biopsy Surgical Technique Aftercare Complications Bile Duct Obstruction Indications for Surgery Surgical Technique Aftercare Complications Closure of the Epiploic Foramen References Chapter-33---Colic--Diagnosis--Surgical-Decision--Preoperative-_2019_Equine- 33 Colic Diagnosis History and Signalment Physical Examination Palpation of the Abdomen per rectum Nasogastric Intubation Clinical Pathology Abdominocentesis Ultrasonography Radiography Ancillary Diagnostic Aids Endoscopy Laparoscopy Decision for Surgery Preoperative Management Surgical Approaches to the Abdomen References Chapter-34---Principles-of-Intestinal-Injury-and-Determinatio_2019_Equine-Su 34 Principles of Intestinal Injury and Determination of Intestinal Viability Introduction Types of Obstruction Simple Obstruction Strangulating Obstruction Nonstrangulating Infarction Mechanisms of Injury Luminal Distention Mucosal Ischemic Injury Reperfusion Injury Determination of Intestinal Viability Clinical Assessment of Bowel Viability Ancillary Methods of Determining Intestinal Viability Fluorescein Dye Surface Oximetry Doppler Ultrasonography Intraluminal Pressure Histopathology Dark-Field Microscopy References Chapter-35---Jejunum-and-Ileum_2019_Equine-Surgery 35 Jejunum and Ileum Anatomy Digestive Anatomy Physiology Intraluminal Digestion Absorption of Ions and Water Carbohydrate Absorption Protein Absorption Fat Absorption Absorption of Iron, Calcium, and Magnesium Intestinal Secretion Motility Control of Motility Motility of the Ileum Altered Motility Surgical Diseases of the Jejunum and Ileum Nonstrangulating Obstruction Ileal Impaction Muscular Hypertrophy of the Ileum Ascarid Impactions Duodenitis–Proximal Jejunitis Neoplasia Intestinal Inflammation and Fibrosis Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Diseases Grass Sickness Miscellaneous Nonstrangulating Lesions Strangulating Obstruction Pedunculated Lipoma Entrapment in the Epiploic Foramen Volvulus Inguinal Hernia Surgery: Congenital Hernias Surgery: Acquired Hernias Intussusception Surgery: Ileocecal and Ileoileal Intussusceptions Surgery: Jejunojejunal Intussusception Mesenteric Rents Entrapment of Small Intestine by the Gastrosplenic Ligament Vitelline Anomalies Strangulated Umbilical Hernia Diaphragmatic Hernias Surgery Miscellaneous Strangulating or Ischemic Diseases Surgical Techniques Resection Preparation for End-to-End Jejunojejunostomy Anastomosis Patterns Stapled Jejunojejunostomy Side-to-Side Stapled Jejunojejunostomy Functional End-to-End Stapled Jejunojejunostomy Skin Staples for Small Intestinal Anastomosis Jejunoileal Anastomosis Jejunocecal and Ileocecal Anastomoses End-to-Side Jejunocecal Anastomosis Side-to-Side Jejunocecal Anastomosis Outcome for Jejunocecostomy Small Intestinal Enterotomy Small Intestinal Biopsy Adjunctive Procedures for Small Intestinal Surgery Aftercare for Small Intestinal Surgery Prognosis References Chapter-36---Cecum_2019_Equine-Surgery 36 Cecum Cecal Anatomy Cecal Physiology Cecal Motility Medications Affecting Cecal Motility Medications That Decrease Cecal Motility Medications That Increase Cecal Motility Diseases of the Cecum Cecal Tympany Cecal Impaction Categorization of Cecal Impactions Clinical Signs and Diagnosis of Cecal Impaction Treatment of Cecal Impaction Medical Treatment for Cecal Impaction Analgesia Promotility agents Prognosis following medical management Surgical Treatment for Cecal Impaction Typhlotomy Cecocolic anastomosis Cecal bypass procedures Enlargement of the cecocolic orifice Postoperative Care After Surgical Intervention for Cecal Impaction Complications After Surgery for Cecal Impactions Cecocecal or Cecocolic Intussusception Prevalence and Etiology Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Manual Cecal Intussusception Reduction With or Without Partial Typhlectomy Right Ventral Colotomy to Aid Intussusception Reduction (Cecocolic Intussusception) Cecal Bypass Procedure Right Flank Approach for Treatment of Cecal Intussusception Postoperative Care Cecal Perforation or Rupture Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Cecal Volvulus or Torsion Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Cecal Infarction Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Cecal Tumors Treatment and Prognosis Miscellaneous Cecal Conditions References Chapter-37---Large-Colon_2019_Equine-Surgery 37 Large Colon Anatomy Physiology Nonstrangulating Simple Colonic Obstructions Large Colon Tympany Diagnosis Treatment Large Colon Impaction Diagnosis Treatment Sand Impaction Diagnosis Treatment Enterolithiasis Diagnosis Treatment Right Dorsal Displacement of the Large Colon Diagnosis Treatment Left Dorsal Displacement and Nephrosplenic Ligament Entrapment Diagnosis Treatment Other Nonstrangulating Colonic Disorders Inflammatory Lesions Strangulating and Ischemic Lesions Large Colon Volvulus Diagnosis Treatment Other Strangulating Colonic Lesions Colonic Infarction Surgical Procedures Decompression Indications Procedure Complications Colon Biopsy Indications Procedure Complications Pelvic Flexure Enterotomy Indications Procedure Complications Other Large Colon Enterotomy Procedures Colon Resection Indications Procedure Complications Colopexy Indications Procedure Complications References Chapter-38---Transverse-and-Small-Colon_2019_Equine-Surgery 38 Transverse and Small Colon Anatomy Clinical Conditions of the Small and Transverse Colon Simple Obstructions Fecal Impaction Diagnosis Treatment Medical treatment Surgical treatment Prognosis Enterolithiasis Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Fecaliths, Phytobezoars, Trichobezoars, Phytotrichobezoars, and Phytoconglobates Foreign Body Obstructions Meconium Impaction Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Vascular Lesions Intramural Hematoma Mesocolic Rupture Nonstrangulating Infarction Strangulating Lesions Strangulating Lipomas Volvulus, Herniation, Intussusception Atresia Coli Neoplasia Miscellaneous Conditions Surgical Procedures Small Colon Enema Under Surgical Guidance Small Colon Enterotomy Small Colon Resection and Anastomosis Postoperative Care and Complications References Chapter-39---Rectum-and-Anus_2019_Equine-Surgery 39 Rectum and Anus Rectal Tears Causes Classification and Locations Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Initial Treatment Bypass Procedures Temporary Indwelling Rectal Liner Colostomy Loop Colostomy Double-Incision Loop Colostomy Loop Colostomy Construction End Colostomy Aftercare for Colostomy Colostomy Reversal Temporary versus Permanent Colostomy Complications of Colostomy Colostomy versus TIRL Repair by Suture or Staples Laparoscopic Repair Nonsurgical Treatment Prognosis for Rectal Tears Rectal Prolapse Classification Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Treatment Submucosal Resection Resection and Anastomosis Prognosis Perirectal Abscess Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Treatment Atresias of the Anus and Rectum Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Treatment Polyps and Neoplasia References Chapter-40---Abdominal-Hernias_2019_Equine-Surgery 40 Abdominal Hernias Definition Umbilical Hernias Ventral Midline Hernias Total Dehiscence Chronic Incisional Hernias Primary Closure Without the Use of Prosthetic Mesh Prosthetic Mesh Onlay With Primary Closure Prosthetic Mesh Inlay (Interposition) Prosthetic Mesh Sublay With Primary Closure or With Fascial Overlay Laparoscopic Repair With Intraperitoneal Mesh Underlay Lateral Abdominal Hernias Rupture of the Prepubic Tendon Diaphragmatic Hernia Caudal Abdominal (Inguinal) Hernias Anatomical Considerations Acquired Inguinal Herniation References Chapter-41---Postoperative-Care--Complications--and-Reoperat_2019_Equine-Sur 41 Postoperative Care, Complications, and Reoperation of the Colic Patient Postoperative Monitoring Introduction Assessment and Therapy Pain and Inflammation Cardiovascular Status and Fluid Therapy Perioperative Antimicrobial Therapy Nutritional Support Postoperative Complications Postoperative Colic Postoperative Ileus Supportive Therapy Prokinetics Parasympathomimetics Bethanechol Neostigmine Adrenergic antagonists Benzamides Metoclopramide Cisapride Mosapride Tegaserod Opiate Antagonists N-methylnaltrexone and alvimopan Motilin Agonists Erythromycin Sodium Channel Blockers Lidocaine Prognosis Adhesions Perioperative NSAIDs and Antibiotics Intravenous Lidocaine Heparin Intraperitoneal Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) Sodium Hyaluronate (HA) Fucoidan Solutions Intraperitoneal Crystalloid Solutions Peritoneal Lavage Septic Peritonitis Incisional Complications Incisional Infections Incisional Herniation Other Complications Jugular Vein Thrombophlebitis Laminitis Outcome and Reoperation References Chapter-42---Overview-of-Upper-Airway-Function_2019_Equine-Surgery VI Respiratory System 42 Overview of Upper Airway Function Overview Mechanics of Airflow Head Position Stabilizing the Upper Airway Support of the External Nares Nasal Turbinate Region Nasopharynx References Chapter-43---Diagnostic-Techniques-in-Equine-Upper-Respirato_2019_Equine-Sur 43 Diagnostic Techniques in Equine Upper Respiratory Tract Disease Physical Examination Endoscopic Evaluation Videoendoscopic Examination at Rest Elizabeth J. Davidson Videoendoscopic Examination During Treadmill Exercise Elizabeth J. Davidson Videoendoscopic Examination During Overground Exercise Samantha H. Franklin Factors to Consider When Choosing Equipment Ease of Use and Safety Quality of the Image Ability to Flush the Endoscope During Exercise Ability to View the Image in Real Time: Telemetry Distance Ability to View the Image in Slow Motion After the Exercise Test Setting Up the Equipment and Positioning the Endoscope Choice of Exercise Test Exercise Testing Elizabeth J. Davidson Sound Analysis Elizabeth J. Davidson Diagnostic Imaging Ultrasonographic Examination of the Upper Airway Heather J. Chalmers and Elizabeth J. Davidson Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy Arytenoid Chondropathy Miscellaneous Conditions Radiography Elizabeth J. Davidson Scintigraphy Elizabeth J. Davidson Computed Tomography Elizabeth J. Davidson References Chapter-44---Nasal-Passages-and-Paranasal-Sinuses_2019_Equine-Surgery 44 Nasal Passages and Paranasal Sinuses Functional Anatomy External Nares Nasal Cavity Paranasal Sinuses Dorsal and Ventral Conchal Sinuses Maxillary Sinus Frontal Sinus Sphenoid and Palatine Sinuses Diseases of the Nares Epidermal Inclusion Cysts (Atheromas) Redundant Alar Folds Diseases of the Nasal Cavity Facial Bone Fractures Nasal Septum Diseases Ethmoid Hematoma Diseases of the Paranasal Sinuses Diagnosis Sinocentesis Sinoscopy Sinusitis Primary Sinusitis Secondary Sinusitis Empyema of the Nasal Conchal Bulla Paranasal Sinus Cysts Neoplasia Surgical Approaches to the Paranasal Sinuses Trephination Bone Flap Approaches Gaining Surgical Access to the Ventral Conchal Sinuses References Chapter-45---Pharynx_2019_Equine-Surgery 45 Pharynx Anatomy and Physiology Intrinsic Musculature Extrinsic Musculature Anatomic Disorders of the Nasopharynx Nasopharyngeal Cicatrix Nasopharyngeal Masses Endoscopy-Assisted Resection Intralesional Injection Surgical Approaches to the Nasopharynx or Oropharynx Functional Disorders of the Nasopharynx Rostral Pharyngeal Collapse Thermal Palatoplasty Tension Palatoplasty Dorsal/Lateral Nasopharyngeal Collapse Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate Observational Studies on the Etiopathogenesis of DDSP Experimental Studies on the Etiopathogenesis of DDSP Summary of the State of the Art on the Etiopathogenesis of DDSP History and Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Nonsurgical Management of DDSP Surgical Options Staphylectomy Standard myectomy Minimally invasive myectomy Laryngeal tie-forward Nasopharyngeal Disorders of Foals Choanal Atresia Nasopharyngeal Dysfunction Cleft Palate Surgical Approaches Soft Palate Repair Hard Palate Repair Postoperative Care References Chapter-46---Larynx_2019_Equine-Surgery 46 Larynx Anatomy Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy (Laryngeal Hemiplegia) Etiology and Incidence Diagnosis Treatment General Considerations Prosthetic Laryngoplasty Traditional Laryngoplasty Standing Laryngoplasty Postoperative Management Complications Intraoperative complications Postoperative complications Prognosis Ventriculectomy (Sacculectomy, Hobday Procedure) Postoperative Management Ventriculocordectomy Laryngotomy Postoperative Management Complications Laryngeal Reinnervation Complications Prognosis Laryngeal Disorders Other Than Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy Vocal Fold Collapse Bilateral Laryngeal Paralysis Cricopharyngeal-Laryngeal Dysplasia (Fourth Branchial Arch Defects) Right-Sided Laryngeal Hemiplegia Collapse of the Apex of the Corniculate Process Medial Deviation of the Aryepiglottic Folds Diagnosis Treatment Arytenoid Chondropathy Definition and Etiopathogenesis History and Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Arytenoidectomy Partial Arytenoidectomy Complications Mucosal Disease and Granulomas of the Arytenoid Cartilages Treatment Prognosis Epiglottis Epiglottic Entrapment Diagnosis Treatment Special Considerations Acute Epiglottitis Subepiglottic Cysts Diagnosis Treatment Aftercare Dorsal Epiglottic Abscess Subepiglottic Granulomas Treatment Epiglottic Hypoplasia, Flaccidity, and Deformity Diagnosis Epiglottic Retroversion Diagnosis Etiology Treatment References Chapter-47---Guttural-Pouch_2019_Equine-Surgery 47 Guttural Pouch Anatomy Examination of the Guttural Pouch Guttural Pouch Tympany Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Nasopharyngeal Obstruction in Adult Horses Guttural Pouch Empyema Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Guttural Pouch Mycosis Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Nonsurgical Treatment Surgical Treatment Prognosis Rupture of the Ventral Straight Muscles Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy (Middle Ear Disease) Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Miscellaneous Diseases Surgical Drainage of the Guttural Pouch Hyovertebrotomy Viborg Triangle Approach Whitehouse Approach Modified Whitehouse Approach Standing Modified Whitehouse Approach Modified Garm Technique Complications of Guttural Pouch Surgery General Comments Procedures for Arterial Occlusion in the Guttural Pouch Ligation of the Common Carotid Artery and Branches Balloon Catheter Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery Complications Balloon Catheter Occlusion of the External Carotid Artery and Its Branches Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery With a Detachable Balloon Catheter System Transarterial Coil Embolization (TACE) Standing TACE Transarterial Embolization With a Nitinol Plug Aberrant Branches and Variations Management of ICA Variations Comparisons of Methods for Arterial Occlusion Results With Vascular Occlusion Methods Ceratohyoidectomy References Chapter-48---Trachea_2019_Equine-Surgery 48 Trachea Anatomy and Physiology Examination Conditions Requiring Tracheal Surgery Rostral Upper Airway Obstruction Tracheotomy and Temporary Tracheostomy Complications Permanent Tracheostomy Surgical Technique With General Anesthesia Surgical Technique in the Standing Horse Aftercare Complications Tracheal Perforation or Rupture Resection and Anastomosis Aftercare and Complications Tracheal Collapse Tracheal Stenosis Foreign Body Intraluminal Mass Lesions Cricotracheal Ligament Collapse References Chapter-49---Thoracic-Disorders_2019_Equine-Surgery 49 Thoracic Disorders Anatomy Thoracic Trauma Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Physical Examination and Triage Radiography and Ultrasonography Thoracocentesis Thoracoscopy Pneumothorax and Hemothorax Clinical Signs Management Thoracic Wounds Etiology Management Rib Fractures Rib Fractures in the Neonate Pleuropneumonia Risk Factors Clinical Signs Diagnosis Medical Management Supportive Care Surgical Management Thoracoscopy Thoracotomy Prognosis References Chapter-50---Anatomy-and-Physiology-of-the-Nervous-System_2019_Equine-Surger VII Nervous System 50 Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System Anatomy of the Nervous System Development and Organization of the Nervous System The Cranium The Vertebral Column Cerebrospinal Fluid Physiology of Neurotransmission Clinical Neuroanatomy Whole Brain Level of Consciousness Upper Motor Neuron System: Voluntary Movement Forebrain Behavior (Limbic System, Temporal Lobes) Seizures Perception of Pain (Parietal Cortex, Cranial Nerve V) Smell (Olfactory Bulbs, Cranial Nerve I) Vision (Occipital Cortex, Thalamus, Cranial Nerve II) Midbrain Pupillary Light Reflex, Pupil Size (Midbrain, Cranial Nerves II, III) Midbrain/Hindbrain Eye Position (Midbrain; Pons; Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI, Input From VIII [Vestibular]) Hindbrain Mastication (Pons, Cranial Nerve V) Facial Expression and Movement (Medulla, Cranial Nerve VII) Balance and Equilibrium, Hearing (Medulla, Cranial Nerve VIII [Auditory]) Taste (Cranial Nerves VII, IX, X) Movement of Pharynx and Larynx (Cranial Nerves IX, X, XI) Tongue Movement (Cranial Nerve XII) Cerebellum Spinal Cord Upper Motor Neuron: Muscle Tone and Voluntary Movement Lower Motor Neuron and Spinal Cord Reflexes Proprioception Urination Defecation Sensation References Chapter-51---Diagnostic-Procedures_2019_Equine-Surgery 51 Diagnostic Procedures Neurologic Examination Mentation Alertness Behavior Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Orientation and Coordination of the Head Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Muscles of Mastication Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Facial Tone Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Facial Sensation Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Menace Response Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Size of Pupils and Pupillary Light Reflex Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Position and Movement of the Eyeballs Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Swallowing Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Tongue Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs General Examination of the Neck, Trunk, and Limbs Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Slap Test Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Cervicofacial Reflex Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Cutaneus Trunci Reflex (Panniculus) Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Back Reflexes Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Tests for Limb Strength Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Gait Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Testing of Recumbent Horses Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Tail and Anus Examination Lesion Location Associated Clinical Signs Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection Atlantooccipital (AO) Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection Atlantoaxial or C1 and C2 Intervertebral (C1 to C2) Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection Lumbosacral Cerebrospinal (LS) Fluid Collection CSF Analysis Diagnostic Imaging Examination Survey Radiographs Head Cervical Vertebral Column Thoracolumbar Vertebral Column Sacrococcygeal Vertebral Column Myelography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ultrasonography Vertebral Canal Endoscopy Cervical Vertebral Canal Endoscopy Anesthesia Surgical Approach Epiduroscopy Myeloscopy Standing Lumbosacral Epiduroscopy Sedation and Monitoring Surgical Approach Epiduroscopy Summary Electrodiagnostic Techniques Electromyography Nerve Conduction Velocity Repetitive Nerve Stimulation Single Fiber EMG Muscle and Nerve Biopsy Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Electroencephalography Evoked Response Testing References Chapter-52---Pharmaceutical-Considerations-for-Treatment-of-t_2019_Equine-Su 52 Pharmaceutical Considerations for Treatment of the Central Nervous System Anatomy and Physiology Characteristics of Drugs That Affect Penetration Into the CNS Physiologic Factors That Can Affect the BBB Treatment of CNS Infections References Chapter-53---Vertebral-Column-and-Spinal-Cord_2019_Equine-Surgery 53 Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord General Comments Case Selection for Surgery Principles and Technique of Spinal Surgery in the Horse Preparation of the Patient Perioperative Medication Sedation and Anesthesia Patient Positioning and Setup of the Surgical Theater Recumbency and Preparation for the Ventral Approach Recumbency for the Dorsal Approach Surgical Approaches Ventral Approach to the Cervical Vertebrae Dorsal Approach to the Cervical Vertebrae Lateral Approach to the Cervical Vertebrae Lateral and Dorsal Approach to the Thoracolumbar Vertebrae Dorsal Approach to the Sacrum and the Coccygeal Vertebrae Closure of the Incisions Recovery From Anesthesia Postoperative Management Traumatic Disorders of the Vertebral Column Traumatic Injuries of the Cervical Spine Fractures of the Atlas and the Axis Atlantoaxial Subluxation and Luxation Cervical Vertebral Fractures (C3 to C7) Fractures Involving Only One Vertebra Fractures Involving Two Vertebrae Fractures of the Articular Process Surgical Management Arthroscopic Evaluation of the Cervical Articular Process Joints Locking Compression Plate (LCP) Traumatic Injuries to the Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures of the Dorsal Spinous Processes Vertebral Body Fractures Surgical Management Partial Resection of the Thoracic and Lumbar Dorsal Spinous Processes Traumatic Injuries to the Sacral Spine Traumatic Injuries to the Coccygeal Spine Developmental Disease Normal Vertebral Development Developmental Vertebral Anomalies Cervical Vertebral Stenotic Myelopathy Etiology Clinical Signs Diagnosis Management of Developmental Disorders of the Cervical Spine Nutritional Adjustments Medical Treatment Surgical Treatment Expectations of Surgery Ventral Interbody Fusion The Kerf-cut cylinder (KCC) Locking compression plate (LCP) Subtotal dorsal decompression laminectomy of the cervical vertebrae Complications Occipitoatlantoaxial Malformation (OAAM) Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Treatment Atlantoaxial Subluxation (AAS) Atlantoaxial Instability Hemivertebrae Thoracic Vertebral Malformation Block Vertebrae Butterfly Vertebrae Vertebral Defects References Chapter-54---Neurocranium-and-Brain_2019_Equine-Surgery 54 Neurocranium and Brain Traumatic Brain Injury Primary Brain Injury Secondary Brain Injury Patient Assessment Patient Monitoring and Management Surgical Intervention References Chapter-55---Peripheral-Nerve-Injuries_2019_Equine-Surgery 55 Peripheral Nerve Injuries The Peripheral Nervous System Cervical Plexus Brachial Plexus Lumbosacral Plexus The Peripheral Nerve Classification and Prognosis of Peripheral Nerve Injuries Mechanisms of Peripheral Nerve Injury Acute Peripheral Nerve Injury Entrapment Neuropathies Peripheral Nerve Tumors Postanesthetic Peripheral Neuropathies Recovery From Injury Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Facial Nerve Injury and Clinical Presentation Brachial Plexus Radial Nerve Injury and Clinical Presentation Musculocutaneous Nerve Injury and Clinical Presentation Median and Ulnar Nerves Injury and Clinical Presentation Infraorbital Nerve Injury and Clinical Presentation Suprascapular Nerve Injury and Clinical Presentation Femoral Nerve Injury and Clinical Presentation Obturator Nerve Injury and Clinical Presentation Sciatic Nerve Injury and Clinical Presentation Peroneal Nerve Injury and Clinical Presentation Tibial Nerve Conservative Treatment Manual Therapy Hydrotherapy Regenerative Medicine Peripheral Nerve Surgery External Neurolysis Internal Neurolysis End-to-End Suture Repair Nerve Grafting Nerve Conduits and Nerve Transfer References chapter-56---Surgery-of-the-Globe-and-Orbit_2019_Equine-Surgery VIII Eye and Adnexa 56 Surgery of the Globe and Orbit Anatomy and Physiology Relevant Ocular Examination Techniques and Findings Sedation Regional Anesthesia Diagnostic Imaging Radiography Ultrasonography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Anesthetic Considerations Treatment of the Globe and Orbit Required Surgical Equipment Surgical Techniques Evisceration and Intrascleral Prosthesis Surgical Procedure Aftercare Complications Enucleation Transpalpebral Enucleation With Intraorbital Prosthesis Subconjunctival Enucleation Aftercare Complications Scleral Shell Prosthesis Exenteration Orbitotomy Orbital Fractures References Chapter-57---Adnexal-Surgery_2019_Equine-Surgery 57 Adnexal Surgery Eyelids Anatomy and Physiology Protection of the Globe Optimization of Light Transmission and Refraction Through the Cornea Maintenance of Globe Position Within the Orbit Musculature and Motor Control Sensory Innervation Vasculature and Lymphatics Ophthalmic Examination Techniques and Findings Motor Blockade Sensory Blockade Diagnostic Procedures Neoplasia Squamous Cell Carcinoma Sarcoids Anesthetic Considerations Required Surgical Equipment Relevant Pharmacology Surgical Techniques Temporary and Permanent Tarsorrhaphy Entropion Everting Sutures Modified Hotz-Celsus Procedure Ectropion Distichia Ectopic Cilia Repair of Eyelid Lacerations Aftercare Reconstructive Blepharoplastic Techniques Sliding Skin Flap Conjunctival Advancement Flap Full-Thickness Eyelid Graft Rhomboid Graft Flap Sliding Z Flap Other Reconstructive Procedures Nictitating Membrane Anatomy and Physiology Ophthalmic Examination Techniques and Diagnostic Procedures Anesthetic Considerations Required Surgical Equipment Surgical Techniques Third Eyelid Flap Complications Excision of the Third Eyelid Aftercare Complications Lacerations Nasolacrimal System Anatomy and Physiology The Preocular Tear Film Nasolacrimal Drainage System Examination Techniques Diagnostic Procedures Dacryocystorhinography Endoscopy Anesthetic Considerations Required Surgical Equipment Surgical Techniques Imperforate Puncta Lacerations References Chapter-58---Surgery-of-the-Ocular-Surface_2019_Equine-Surgery 58 Surgery of the Ocular Surface Anatomy and Physiology Conjunctiva Structure and Function Lymphatics, Vasculature, and Innervation Response to Injury Sclera Limbus Cornea Structure and Function Vasculature and Innervation Response to Injury Wound Healing Ocular Surface Microflora Ophthalmic Examination Techniques and Diagnostic Procedures Examination of the Ocular Surface Diagnostic Procedures Ophthalmic Stains Culture and Sensitivity Cytology Relevant Pharmacology Application of Medication Subpalpebral Lavage Placement Topical Antibiotics Topical Antifungal Medications Antiinflammatory Drugs Anesthetic Considerations Topical Anesthesia Sedation General Anesthesia Surgical Equipment and Surgical Principles Instrumentation Suture Materials, Needles, and Suture Patterns Preparation for Surgery of the Ocular Surface Additional Exposure of the Globe Intraoperative Hemostasis Entering the Anterior Chamber Postoperative Care Routine Surgical Techniques Conjunctivectomy and Conjunctival Biopsy Repair of Conjunctival and Scleral Lacerations Superficial Keratectomy Adjunctive Therapies for Ocular Surface Tumors Repair of Corneal Lacerations Advanced Surgical Techniques General Principles for Conjunctival Grafting Conjunctival Grafting Techniques Rotational Pedicle Graft Advancement Pedicle Graft Hood Grafts Bipedicle and Bridge Grafts Amniotic Membrane Transplantation Sliding Lamellar Keratoplasty (Corneoconjunctival Transposition) General Principles for Corneal Transplantation Corneal Transplantation Techniques Penetrating Keratoplasty Posterior Lamellar Keratoplasty Deep Lamellar Endothelial Keratoplasty References Chapter-59---Intraocular-Surgery_2019_Equine-Surgery 59 Intraocular Surgery Equine Recurrent Uveitis Anatomy and Physiology Relevant Ocular Examination Techniques and Findings Diagnostic Procedures Anesthetic Considerations Required Surgical Equipment Relevant Pharmacology Surgical Techniques Intravitreal Injections Suprachoroidal Cyclosporine Implantation Pars Plana Vitrectomy Cataracts Anatomy and Physiology Relevant Ocular Examination Techniques and Findings Diagnostic Procedures Anesthetic Considerations Required Surgical Equipment Relevant Pharmacology Surgical Techniques Phacoemulsification Intraocular Lens Placement Intracapsular Lens Extraction Glaucoma Anatomy and Physiology Relevant Ocular Examination Techniques and Findings Diagnostic Procedures Required Surgical Equipment Relevant Pharmacology Surgical Techniques Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation Gonioimplants (Anterior Chamber Shunts) Pharmacologic Ablation of the Ciliary Body References Chapter-60---Testis_2019_Equine-Surgery IX Reproductive System 60 Testis Anatomy and Physiology Scrotum Epididymis and Testis Inguinal Canal Tunics Gubernaculum Descent of the Testis Spermatic Cord Pathophysiology Congenital Monorchidism Cryptorchidism Etiology Incidence Inguinal Herniation and Rupture Etiology Torsion of the Spermatic Cord Hydrocele (Vaginocele) and Hematocele Varicocele Retraction of a Testis Into the Inguinal Canal Testicular Neoplasia Seminoma Sertoli Cell Tumor Leydig Cell Tumor Teratoma Teratocarcinoma and Embryonal Carcinoma Intersex Diagnostic Procedures History and Physical Examination Examination per Rectum Testicular Biopsy Aspiration Biopsy Needle Biopsy Hormonal Assays Other Diagnostic Tests Surgical Procedures Castration Indications Preoperative Considerations Standing Castration Case Selection Preparation of the Horse Restraint Recumbent Castration Anesthesia Positioning Approach Scrotal Incision Inguinal Incision Emasculators Surgical Techniques Open Technique Closed Technique Through a Scrotal Approach Half-Closed Technique Considerations Concerning All Techniques Selection of Technique Primary Closure of the Incision Aftercare In Situ Castration Vasectomy Immunologic Castration Cryptorchid Castration Approaches Inguinal Approach Preventing Evisceration Parainguinal Approach Suprapubic Paramedian Approach Flank Approach Selection of Approach Laparoscopic Technique of Cryptorchidectomy Standing Technique Recumbent Technique Repair of Inguinal Hernias and Ruptures Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Special Considerations Unilateral Orchidectomy (“Hemicastration”) Hormonally Induced Testicular Descent Postoperative Complications of Castration Hemorrhage Evisceration Edema Signs of Colic Lameness Pyrexia Septic Funiculitis Clostridial Infection Septic Peritonitis Penile Damage Hydrocele (Vaginocele) Continued Masculine Behavior Incomplete Cryptorchid Castration Polyorchidism References Chapter-61---Penis-and-Prepuce_2019_Equine-Surgery 61 Penis and Prepuce Anatomy and Physiology Penis Erectile Bodies Mechanism of Erection Muscles Blood Vessels, Nerves, and Lymphatics Accessory Genital Glands Prepuce Diagnostic Procedures History Clinical Examination Urination Erection and Ejaculation Palpation Visual Inspection Endoscopy Ultrasonography Cavernosography Miscellaneous Diagnostic Procedures Penile and Preputial Disorders Penile and Preputial Injuries Etiology Pathophysiology Treatment Open Wounds Hematomas Aftercare Paraphimosis Etiology Pathophysiology Treatment Phimosis Etiology Treatment Priapism Etiologic Factors Pathophysiology Clinical Signs Treatment Medical Irrigation of the Corpus Cavernosum Penis Surgical Creation of a shunt Partial Phallectomy Hypospadias Intersex Clinical Features Treatment Neoplasia Incidence and Etiology Diagnosis Treatment Surgical Excision Cryotherapy Chemotherapy Hyperthermia Prognosis Habronemiasis Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Nonsurgical Treatment Surgical Treatment Hemospermia Etiology Diagnosis Treatment Nonsurgical Treatment Surgical Treatment Hematuria Etiology Pathophysiology Diagnosis Treatment General Surgical Procedures Segmental Posthetomy Indications Surgical Technique Aftercare Bolz Technique of Phallopexy Indication Surgical Technique Aftercare Amputation of the Urethral Process Indications Patient Preparation Surgical Technique Aftercare Partial Phallectomy Indications Patient Preparation Surgical Techniques Vinsot Technique of Partial Phallectomy Williams Technique of Partial Phallectomy Scott Technique of Partial Phallectomy Partial Phallectomy by en Bloc Resection With Penile Retroversion Partial Phallectomy by en Bloc Resection Without Penile Retroversion Aftercare Complications Perineal Urethrotomy Indications Surgical Technique References Chapter-62---Vulva--Vestibule--Vagina--and-Cervix_2019_Equine-Surgery 62 Vulva, Vestibule, Vagina, and Cervix Anatomy Pathophysiology Diagnostic Procedures Chemical Restraint Epidural Anesthesia Preparation of the Surgical Site and the Mare Instrumentation Disorders Requiring Surgery Pneumovagina Episioplasty Caslick Procedure Perineal Body Reconstruction Perineal Body Transection Urovagina (Vesicovaginal Reflux of Urine, Urine Pooling) Caudal Relocation of the Transverse Fold Caudal Urethral Extension Brown Technique Shires Technique McKinnon Technique Combined Brown and McKinnon Technique Foaling Injuries Perineal Lacerations Two-Stage Repair Single-Stage Repair Rectovestibular Fistula Cervical Injuries Lacerations Adhesions Incompetence Clitoral Disorders Congenital Anomalies Vaginal Varicosities References Chapter-63---Uterus-and-Ovaries_2019_Equine-Surgery 63 Uterus and Ovaries Anatomy Diagnostic Procedures Preparation for Surgery Preoperative Concerns Analgesia and Anesthesia Surgery Ovaries Neoplastic Conditions Nonneoplastic Conditions Ovariectomy Colpotomy Laparotomy Laparoscopy Uterus Uterine Cysts Pendulous Uterus Uterine Neoplasia and Chronic Pyometra Uterine Torsion Uterine Prolapse Uterine Tear Periparturient (Broad Ligament) Hemorrhage Cesarean Section Elective Cesarean Section Emergency Cesarean Section Surgical Technique Terminal Cesarean Section Aftercare Dystocia References Chapter-64---Diagnostic-Techniques-and-Principles-of-Urinar_2019_Equine-Surg X Urinary System 64 Diagnostic Techniques and Principles of Urinary Tract Surgery Patient Evaluation History Physical Examination Rectal Examination Clinical Pathology Hematology and Serum Chemistry Analysis Acid-Base Balance Urinalysis Sample Collection Gross Appearance Assessment of Urine Tonicity Reagent Strip Analysis Sediment Examination Urine Electrolyte Concentrations and Clearances Urinary Diagnostic Indices Peritoneal Fluid Analysis Imaging Techniques Radiography Ultrasonography Endoscopy Nuclear Scintigraphy Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Surgery Instruments Suture Material Laparoscopy Pharmacologic Considerations Anesthesia J. Brett Woodie Antimicrobial Agents Harold C. Schott II Specific Antimicrobial Agents Penicillins Aminoglycosides Potentiated Sulfonamides Cephalosporins Tetracyclines Fluoroquinolones Other Antimicrobial Agents Antiinflammatory Drugs Harold C. Schott II References Chapter-65---Kidneys-and-Ureters_2019_Equine-Surgery 65 Kidneys and Ureters Anatomy Kidney Ureters Histology Innervation Disorders Requiring Surgery Congenital Anomalies Ectopic Ureter Ureteral Defects or Tears (Ureterorrhexis) Vascular Anomalies Acquired Renal and Ureteral Disorders Renal and Ureteral Calculi Pyelonephritis Ureterorrhexis Renal Neoplasia Surgical Procedures Renal Biopsy Harold C. Schott II Nephrectomy J. Brett Woodie Laparoscopic Nephrectomy by Hand-Assisted Techniques Nephrotomy Ureterotomy Neoureterostomy Aftercare Complications References Chapter-66---Bladder_2019_Equine-Surgery 66 Bladder Anatomy and Physiology Disorders Requiring Surgery Uroperitoneum Foals Adult Horses Presurgical Considerations Correction of Hyperkalemia Draining of the Abdomen Patent Urachus Urolithiasis Sabulous Urolithiasis Bladder Displacement Neoplasia Surgical Procedures Cystorrhaphy Cystoplasty Cystotomy Parainguinal Approach Laparoscopic Techniques Lithotripsy Aftercare Complications References Chapter-67---Urethra_2019_Equine-Surgery 67 Urethra Anatomy and Physiology Male Female Disorders Requiring Surgery Rectourethral and Rectovaginal Fistulas Urolithiasis Soft Tissue Lesions Neoplasia Hematoma Urethral Stricture Urethrorrhexis Hematuria and Hemospermia Surgical Procedures Perineal Urethrotomy and Urethrostomy Distal Urethrotomy Urethroplasty Aftercare Complications References Chapter-68---Radiography_2019_Equine-Surgery XI Diagnostic Imaging 68 Radiography Indications X-Ray Production and Equipment Image Formation Devices Screen-Film Radiography Digital Radiography Computed Radiography Flat-Panel Detectors Digital Image Storage and Display Screen-Film Versus Digital Radiography in Equine Practice Fluoroscopy Performing the Examination Study-Specific Positioning Contrast Studies Radiation Safety Interpretation Principles Image Quality Artifacts Artifacts Occurring With Both Screen-Film and Digital Systems Overexposure Underexposure Motion Artifact Grid Artifacts Artifacts Specific to Screen-Film Systems Scratches Dirt Artifacts Processing Errors Artifacts Specific to Digital Systems Processing Artifacts Dirty Light Guide Artifact References Chapter-69---Ultrasonography_2019_Equine-Surgery 69 Ultrasonography Physics of Ultrasound Ultrasound Applications Cervical Region Shoulder Region Carpus Metacarpal and Metatarsal Regions Digits Pelvis and Coxofemoral Region Femorotibial Region Tarsus Abdomen Thorax Conclusion References Chapter-70---Nuclear-Scintigraphy_2019_Equine-Surgery 70 Nuclear Scintigraphy Principles The Gamma Camera Examination Procedure Vascular Phase Soft Tissue Phase Bone Phase Indications for Nuclear Scintigraphy Interpretation Principles Artifacts and Image Quality Poor Image Resolution Gamma Ray Count Density Time-Based Acquisition Impurities in the Radiopharmaceutical Gamma Camera Radiation Safety and Personnel Exposure Time, Distance, and Shielding Excretion Dosimeters Patient Isolation References Chapter-71---Computed-Tomography_2019_Equine-Surgery 71 Computed Tomography Introduction Indications Basic Physical Principles and Equipment Hardware Axial and Helical Scanning Single- and Multiple-Detector Array Scanning Choice of Slice Thickness Image Formation Artifacts Beam Hardening Motion Artifacts Partial Volume Metallic Artifacts Use of Contrast Media CT Angiography CT Fistulography Dacryocystography Interpretation Principles Image Viewing Reconstruction in Multiple Dimensions Three-Dimensional Volume Rendering Curvilinear Reconstruction References Chapter-72---Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging_2019_Equine-Surgery 72 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Physics Overview and Pulse Sequences Sequence Selection Equipment and Logistics MRI Contrast Media Safety Interpretation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies The Foot Distal Sesamoid Bone and Podotrochlear Bursa Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Distal Sesamoidean Impar Ligament Collateral Sesamoidean Ligament Collateral Ligaments of the Distal Interphalangeal Joint Distal Digital Annular Ligament Other Structures of the Limb Distal Sesamoidean Ligaments Suspensory Ligament Accessory Ligament of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Cartilage Evaluation Bone Evaluation The Head and Neck MRI Artifacts Magnetic Susceptibility Artifact Magic Angle Effect Zipper Artifact Motion Artifact Volume Averaging Artifact References Chapter-73---Diagnostic-and-Regional-Surgical-Anesthesia-of-t_2019_Equine-Su XII Musculoskeletal System 73 Diagnostic and Regional Surgical Anesthesia of the Limbs and Axial Skeleton General Considerations Mechanism of Action Choice of Local Anesthetic Solution Dosage of Local Anesthetic Solution Sequence of Application of Diagnostic Anesthesia Techniques Preparation of the Injection Site Choice of Needle Restraint of the Horse Onset and Efficacy of Local Anesthesia Testing the Perineural Nerve Block Interpretation of Gait in Response to Diagnostic Anesthesia Prevention of Complications Contraindications for Diagnostic Anesthesia Care of the Horse After Performing Diagnostic Anesthesia Abolishing Cutaneous Sensation for the Purpose of Limb Surgery on a Standing Horse Diagnostic Anesthesia of the Forelimb Perineural Regional Anesthesia Palmar Digital Nerve Block (PDNB) Abaxial Sesamoid Nerve Block Low 4-Point Nerve Block High 4-Point Nerve Block Lateral Palmar Nerve Block Median and Ulnar Nerve Blocks Regional Surgical Anesthesia of the Forelimb Intrasynovial Anesthesia of the Forelimb Distal Interphalangeal (DIP) Joint Podotrochlear (Navicular) Bursa Proximal Interphalangeal (PIP) Joint Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath (DFTS) Metacarpo-/Metatarsophalangeal (Fetlock) Joint The Antebrachiocarpal and Middle Carpal Joints Carpal Sheath of the Superficial and Deep Digital Flexor Tendons The Cubital (Elbow) Joint Scapulohumeral (Shoulder) Joint Bicipital Bursa Diagnostic Anesthesia of the Pelvic Limb Perineural Regional Anesthesia High 4-Point Nerve Block Deep Branch of the Lateral Plantar Nerve (DBLPN) Block Tibial and Peroneal Nerve Blocks Tibial Nerve Peroneal Nerve Intrasynovial Anesthesia of the Pelvic Limb Tarsal Joints Tarsocrural Joint Tarsometatarsal Joint Distal Intertarsal (Centrodistal) Joint Cunean Bursa Tarsal Sheath (Sheath of the Lateral Digital Flexor Tendon) Calcaneal Bursae Stifle Joints Femoropatellar Joint Medial compartment of the femorotibial joint Lateral compartment of the femorotibial joint Centesis of all three compartments of the stifle through a single site Trochanteric Bursa Coxofemoral (Hip) Joint Sacroiliac (SI) Joint Blind Craniomedial Approach to the SI Joint Ultrasonographically Aided Injection of the SI Joint Diagnostic Anesthesia of the Axial Skeleton Thoracolumbar Interspinous Spaces Cervical Intervertebral Facet (Articular Process) Joints Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Facet (Articular Process) Joints References Chapter-74---Emergency-Treatment-and-Transportation-of-Equin_2019_Equine-Sur 74 Emergency Treatment and Transportation of Equine Fracture Patients Examination of the Patient Treatment or Euthanasia Optimal Emergency Treatment Sedation Anesthesia Wound Management Fracture Stabilization Goals Reduction of pain and anxiety and facilitation of partial weight bearing Prevention of further compromise of the patient Immobilization of the adjacent joints Types of Stabilization Robert Jones bandage Splints Bandage cast Cast Principles of Stabilization Prevention of soft tissue damage Regional immobilization Region I: fractures of the proximal, middle, and distal phalanges, proximal sesamoid bones, and the distal sesamoid bone Region II: fractures of MCIII, MTIII, carpal, and tarsal bones Region IIIA: fractures of the radius and tibia Region IIIB: fractures of the ulna Region IV: fractures of the humerus, femur, scapula, and pelvis Fractures of the spinal column Fractures of the head Analgesia and Antiinflammatory Medications Antimicrobial Therapy Intravenous Fluid Therapy Transportation of the Horse Equipment Loading Injured Horses Transport in a Supporting Harness Transport of Recumbent Horses Unloading Fracture Patients References Chapter-75---Bone-Biology-and-Fracture-Healing_2019_Equine-Surgery 75 Bone Biology and Fracture Healing Anatomy Biomechanical Definitions Biological Reaction and Healing of Bone Indirect Bone Healing Direct Bone Healing Evaluation of Healing Complications Distraction Osteogenesis Stimulation of Bone Healing References Chapter-76---Metallic-Instruments-and-Implants_2019_Equine-Surgery 76 Metallic Instruments and Implants Metallic Instrument Materials Stainless Steel Aluminum Aluminum Alloys Other Materials Metallic Implant Materials Stainless Steel Titanium Titanium Alloys Cobalt-Base Alloys Metallic Implant Failure Fatigue Failure Analysis References Chapter-77---Principles-of-Fracture-Treatment_2019_Equine-Surgery 77 Principles of Fracture Treatment Nonsurgical Management Stall Rest External Coaptation Splints Casts Complications Surgical Management External Fixation Transfixation Pin Casting External Skeletal Fixator External Skeletal Fixation Device Complications Internal Fixation Principles Anatomic Fracture Reduction Stable Internal Fixation of the Fracture Preservation of Blood Supply Early, Active Mobilization Approach to and Manipulation of Bone Instruments Plate-Bending Press Implants Screws Screw types Screw sizes Screw functions Screw removal Plates Dynamic compression plate Limited-contact dynamic compression plate Dynamic condylar screw plate Locking compression plate Technique of plate application with cortex screws Principles of plate fixation Plate functions Double plating Special LCPs One-third tubular plate T-plates Compact 2.4 UniLOCK system Minimally Invasive Plate Osteosynthesis Addendum Cerclage Wire Cables Pins Steinmann pins Rush pins Nails Aftercare Implant Removal References Chapter-78---Bone-Grafts-and-Bone-Replacements_2019_Equine-Surgery 78 Bone Grafts and Bone Replacements Bone Grafts Definitions Source Function Incorporation Augmentation Surgical Techniques General Guidelines Location Proximal Tibia Sternum Tuber Coxae Complications Natural and Synthetic Bone Graft Substitutes Demineralized Bone Matrix Bone Fillers and Cements Polymers Ceramics Bioglass Metals Biodegradation Multipotent Stromal Cells Bioreactors References Chapter-79---Synovial-Joint-Biology-and-Pathobiology_2019_Equine-Surgery 79 Synovial Joint Biology and Pathobiology Anatomy of Synovial Joints Synovial Membrane and Synovial Fluid Periarticular Ligaments and Joint Capsule Subchondral Bone Articular Cartilage Microscopic Appearance Cartilage Collagens Type II Collagen Minor Collagens Proteoglycans Aggrecan Aggrecan (Proteoglycan) Aggregates Small Proteoglycans Noncollagenous Proteins Chondrocytes Physiology of Synovial Joints Intraarticular Volume and Pressure Joint Mechanics Kinematics Kinetics Lubrication Pathophysiology of Osteoarthropathy Metabolism of Arthritic Cartilage Mechanisms of Articular Cartilage Matrix Depletion Synovial Membrane and Ligamentous Joint Capsule Chondrocytes Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) Cytokines Natural Inhibitors of MMPs and Cytokines Clinical Manifestations of Osteoarthritis Sources of Pain Clinical Parameters Cartilage Repair References Chapter-80---Medical-Treatment-of-Joint-Disease_2019_Equine-Surgery 80 Medical Treatment of Joint Disease Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs Corticosteroids Hyaluronan Polysulfated Polysaccharides Hyaluronan, Sodium Chondroitin Sulfate, and N-Acetyl-d-Glucosamine Combination Products Oral Joint Supplements Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Bisphosphonates Biological Therapies Challenges of Medical Management in Equine Joint Disease References Chapter-81---Surgical-Treatment-of-Joint-Disease_2019_Equine-Surgery 81 Surgical Treatment of Joint Disease Surgical Treatment Diagnostic and Surgical Arthroscopy Removal of Osteochondral Fragments Reconstruction of Intraarticular Fractures Synovectomy Joint Resurfacing Stimulated Endogenous Cartilage Repair Articular Cartilage Grafting Arthrodesis Joint Replacement Aftercare References Chapter-82---Arthrodesis-Techniques_2019_Equine-Surgery 82 Arthrodesis Techniques Introduction General Guidelines Distal Interphalangeal Joint Indications Surgical Techniques Dorsal Hoof Wall Approach Palmar/Plantar Approach Dorsal Approach Using Plate and Screws Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Indications Facilitated Chemically Induced Ankylosis Internal Fixation Lag Technique Combination of a Plate and Lag Technique Collateral Ligament Transection State of the Art Surgical Techniques Approach Arthrodesis Technique Closure and Aftercare Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis for Fracture Repair Minimally Invasive Application of LCPs Arthrodesis for Septic PIP Joints Prognosis Metacarpophalangeal or Metatarsophalangeal Joint Indications Surgical Techniques Surgical Approach Plate Application Application of the Tension Band Lag Technique Through the Proximal Sesamoid Bones Cerclage Wire Completion of Plate Application Minimally Invasive Technique Prognosis Carpus Indications Surgical Techniques Facilitated Ankylosis for Osteoarthritis of the Carpometacarpal Joint Partial Carpal Arthrodesis Surgical Technique Pancarpal Arthrodesis Surgical Technique Minimally Invasive Approach Postoperative Management Scapulohumeral Joint Indications Surgical Technique Tarsus Indications Facilitated Ankylosis Techniques Chemically Induced Ankylosis Laser-Facilitated Ankylosis Transarticular Drilling Technique Fixation Techniques T-Plate Application for Arthrodesis Stainless Steel Cylinders for Arthrodesis Plate Fixation for Arthrodesis After Luxation Talocalcaneal Arthrodesis Complications References Chapter-83---Management-of-Bursitis_2019_Equine-Surgery 83 Management of Bursitis Structure and Function of Bursae Diagnosis of Bursitis Management of Clinically Significant Bursitis Management Principles Acquired Bursae Carpal Hygroma Olecranon Bursitis or Elbow Hygroma Capped Hock False Thoroughpin Acquired Bursae in the Region of the Fetlock Congenital Bursae That Protect Ligaments Nonseptic Atlantal (Nuchal) and Supraspinous Bursitis Septic Atlantal (Nuchal) and Supraspinous Bursitis Congenital Bursae That Protect Tendons Bicipital Bursitis (Intertubercular Bursitis) Infraspinatus Bursitis Congenital Bursa in the Region of the Fetlock Navicular Bursitis Trochanteric Bursitis (Whirlbone Lameness) Bursa of the Long Digital Extensor Tendon Calcaneal Bursitis Cunean Bursitis References Chapter-84---Diagnosis-and-Management-of-Tendon-and-Ligamen_2019_Equine-Surg 84 Diagnosis and Management of Tendon and Ligament Disorders Tendon Biology Structure of Tendons and Ligaments: From Molecule to Organ Blood Supply Functional Characteristics of Tendons and Ligaments Etiopathogenesis of Tendon Injury Response of Tendons to Aging and Exercise Mechanisms for Tendon Degeneration Mechanisms of Clinical Injury Strain-Induced Injury Tendon Tears Percutaneous Tendon Injury Pathophysiology of Tendon Repair Diagnosis Clinical Evaluation Ultrasonography Advanced Imaging Modalities Molecular Markers Clinical Characteristics of Specific Strain-Induced Injuries Clinical Characteristics of Specific Tendon Lacerations Treatment of Tendon and Ligament Injuries Nonsurgical Therapies Physical Therapies Cold Therapy Compression and Coaptation Shoeing Controlled exercise Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Therapeutic Ultrasound, Laser, and Magnetic Fields Counter-Irritation Pharmacologic Management Systemic Medication Intralesional Medication New Advances: Tissue Engineering Approaches Surgical Therapies of Tendinopathy and Tendon Lacerations Tendon Splitting Desmotomy of the Accessory Ligament of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Desmotomy or Desmectomy of the Accessory Ligament of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Palmar/Plantar Annular Ligament Desmotomy Tenoscopy and Bursoscopy Tenoscopy Digital flexor tendon sheath Carpal sheath Tarsal sheath Bursoscopy Podotrochlear bursa Bicipital bursa Calcaneal bursa Surgical Treatment of Proximal Suspensory Desmopathy in the Forelimb Surgical Treatment of Proximal Suspensory Desmopathy in the Hind Limb Surgical Treatment of Lesions of the Suspensory Ligament Branches Tendon Lacerations Emergency Treatment of Tendon Lacerations Surgical Repair Flexor tendons Extensor tendons References Chapter-85---Biology-and-Management-of-Muscle-Disorders-and_2019_Equine-Surg 85 Biology and Management of Muscle Disorders and Diseases Structure and Function of Muscles Anatomy Physiology of Contraction Muscle Fiber Types Muscle Repair Specific Muscle Disorders Fibrotic Myopathy Pathophysiology Diagnosis Treatment Complete Resection of the Fibrotic Tissue Transection of the Fibrotic Tissue Semitendinosus Tenotomy Prognosis Stringhalt (Equine Reflex Hypertonia) Pathophysiology Classical Stringhalt Australian Stringhalt Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Peroneus Tertius Disorders Pathophysiology Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Rupture of the Gastrocnemius Muscle Diagnosis Treatment Rupture of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Tendon Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Cribbing/Wind-Sucking Etiology Therapy Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Modified Forssell procedure Prognosis Calcinosis Circumscripta Pathophysiology Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis References Chapter-86---Synovial-and-Osseous-Infection_2019_Equine-Surgery 86 Synovial and Osseous Infection Introduction Septic Arthritis/Osteomyelitis in Foals and Adults Foals Types of Infections S-Type E-Type P-Type Clinical Signs Adults Diagnosis Microbiology Diagnostic Imaging Treatment Initial Therapy Synovial Lavage Débridement and Drainage Antimicrobials Regional Limb Perfusion Intraosseous and Intraarticular Administration Antibiotic Impregnated Biomaterials Analgesia Other Intrasynovial Treatments Osseous Infections Sequestrum Postoperative Infection Etiology Prevention Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis References Chapter-87---Angular-Limb-Deformities_2019_Equine-Surgery 87 Angular Limb Deformities Definition Diagnosis Perinatal Deformities Cuboidal Bone Ossification Treatment Stall Rest Splints and Casts Laxity of the Periarticular Structures Treatment Aberrant Intrauterine Ossification Acquired Deformities Treatment Nonsurgical Techniques Stall Rest and Controlled Exercise Foot Manipulation Surgical Techniques Growth Acceleration Distal radius Distal MCIII/MTIII and proximal P1 Bench knees Distal tibia Growth Retardation Screws and wires Single transphyseal screw Bone plates Combination of growth acceleration and retardation Miniature horses Implant removal Outcome Complications Corrective Osteotomy/Ostectomy Step ostectomy in the sagittal plane Step osteotomy in the frontal plane Wedge ostectomy References Chapter-88---Flexural-Limb-Deformities_2019_Equine-Surgery 88 Flexural Limb Deformities Introduction Congenital Flexural Deformities Pathogenesis Diagnosis Digital Hyperextension Deformities Flexural Deformities Distal Interphalangeal Region Metacarpophalangeal/ Metatarsophalangeal Region Carpal Region Proximal Interphalangeal Region Tarsal Region Ruptured Common Digital Extensor Tendon Radiography for the Diagnosis Treatment Digital Hyperextension Deformities Farriery Bandaging Surgical Management Flexural Deformities Nonsurgical Management Exercise Intravenous oxytetracycline Analgesics Farriery Toe extensions Splints and Casts Surgical Management Ruptured Common Digital Extensor Tendon Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Acquired Flexural Deformities Pathogenesis Diagnosis Distal Interphalangeal Region Metacarpophalangeal/Metatarsophalangeal Region Proximal Interphalangeal Region Radiography for the Diagnosis Treatment Common Treatment Principles Nutrition Physiotherapy and Exercise Analgesics Distal Interphalangeal Region Nonsurgical Management Farriery Cast Application Surgical Management Desmotomy of the accessory (check) ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon Tenotomy of the deep digital flexor tendon Metacarpophalangeal/Metatarsophalangeal Region Nonsurgical Management Physiotherapy Farriery Splints Surgical Management Desmotomy of the accessory (check) ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon Desmotomy of the accessory (check) ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon Transection of the suspensory branches Desmotomy of the ALDDFT in the hindlimb Carpal Region Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Proximal Interphalangeal Region Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Complications Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management References Chapter-89---Osteochondritis-Dissecans_2019_Equine-Surgery 89 Osteochondritis Dissecans Introduction: History and Terminology Endochondral Ossification Clinical Presentation The Most Frequently Affected Joints and Predilection Sites Natural History of OC and Prevalence Natural History Prevalence of OC Pathogenesis of Osteochondrosis Vascular Events in Early OC: The Early Pathogenetic Mechanism Molecular Events in OC: The Possible Underlying Pathways The Role of the Chondrocyte in OC Matrix Components Signaling Pathways Genetics Heritability Molecular Genetics Environmental Factors Loading Nutrition Energy Intake Imbalances of Minerals and Trace Elements Treatment Conservative Treatment Surgical Treatment Prognosis Impact of OC Effects on Performance Economic Impact Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research References Chapter-90---Subchondral-Cystic-Lesions_2019_Equine-Surgery 90 Subchondral Cystic Lesions Introduction Pathogenesis Epidemiology Macroscopic and Histologic Findings Clinical Symptoms Diagnosis Radiography Computed Tomography Scintigraphy, Ultrasonography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Treatment Nonsurgical Treatment Corticosteroid Injection Surgical Treatment Arthroscopic Approach Transcortical Approach Grafting Procedures Cancellous Bone Graft Mosaic Arthroplasty Tricalcium Phosphate Granules Parathyroid Hormone Application Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Screw Insertion Miscellaneous Techniques Aftercare and Prognosis References Chapter-91---Foot_2019_Equine-Surgery 91 Foot Disorders of the Hoof Capsule Thrush Etiology and Diagnosis Treatment and Aftercare Prognosis White Line Disease Etiology and Diagnosis Treatment and Aftercare Hollow or Loose Hoof Wall Etiology and Diagnosis Treatment and Aftercare Hoof Wall Cracks Etiology Distal Hoof Wall Cracks Proximal Hoof Wall Cracks Hoof Cracks Involving the Entire Length of the Hoof Wall Diagnosis Treatment and Aftercare Prognosis Keratoma Etiology Diagnosis Treatment and Aftercare Prognosis Septic and Aseptic Disorders of the Soft Tissues Acute Hoof Abscesses Etiology Diagnosis Treatment and Aftercare Chronic Hoof Abscesses and Septic Pedal Osteitis Etiology Diagnosis Treatment and Aftercare Aseptic Pododermatitis Etiology Diagnosis Treatment and Aftercare Traumatic Injuries Puncture Wounds Etiology Diagnosis Emergency Management Surgical débridement and treatment of puncture wounds Prognosis Scalping Injuries Etiology Diagnosis Treatment and Aftercare Other Hoof Lacerations Degenerative and Neoplastic Diseases of the Foot Canker Etiology Diagnosis Management Surgery Medical treatment Disorders of the Collateral Cartilages Mineralization Etiology Diagnosis Treatment Infection and Necrosis Diagnosis Treatment Fractures within the Hoof Region Fracture of the Distal Phalanx Etiology and Classification Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Treatment Abaxial Fractures Without Joint Involvement (Type I) Axial, Periaxial, and Abaxial Fractures With Joint Involvement (Types II and III) Nonsurgical management Surgical management Extensor Process Fragments (Type IV) Etiology Clinical signs and diagnosis Treatment Multifragment Fractures (Type V) Solar Margin Fractures (Type VI) Fractures of the Distal Sesamoid Bone Etiology Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Treatment Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Articular Surgery Arthroscopy Preparation Surgical Technique Dorsal Approach Palmar Approach Lateral/Medial Approach Palmar or Plantar Digital Neurectomy General Considerations Palmar Digital Neurectomy in the Pastern Region Using One Skin Incision Palmar Digital Neurectomy in the Pastern Region Using Two Small Incisions— Pull-Through Technique Repeated Palmar Digital Neurectomy High Lateral and Medial Palmar Neurectomy Surgical Management of Navicular Syndrome Treatment Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Desmotomy of the Suspensory Ligaments Palmar Digital Neurectomy Perivascular Sympathectomy and Fasciolysis Surgical Management of Laminitis Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Tenotomy of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon MidMetacarpal Approach Pastern Approach Postoperative Management Prognosis References Chapter-92---Phalanges-and-the-Metacarpophalangeal-and-Metat_2019_Equine-Sur 92 Phalanges and the Metacarpophalangeal and Metatarsophalangeal Joints Middle Phalanx Anatomy Etiology of Fractures Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Fracture Configurations Osteochondral Fractures Palmar or Plantar Eminence Fractures Uniaxial fractures of the palmar or plantar eminences Biaxial fractures of the palmar or plantar eminences Axial Fractures Comminuted Middle Phalanx Fractures Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Osteoarthritis Osteochondritis Dissecans and Subchondral Cystic Lesions Luxation and Subluxation Arthroscopy of the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Proximal Phalanx Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Fracture Configurations Proximal Osteochondral Fractures Proximodorsal Osteochondral Fractures Proximopalmar and Proximoplantar Osteochondral Fractures Dorsal Frontal Fractures of the Proximal Phalanx Diaphyseal Fractures Surgical Techniques Short Incomplete Sagittal Fractures Long Incomplete and Nondisplaced Complete Sagittal Fractures Frontal Plane Fractures Postoperative Care Displaced Complete Sagittal Fractures Severely Fragmented (Comminuted) Fractures The Metacarpo-/Metatarsophalangeal Joint Palmar/Plantar Metacarpal/Metatarsal Fragmentation Proximal Sesamoid Bone Fractures Apical Fractures Midbody Fractures Basal Fractures Abaxial Fractures Sagittal Fractures Biaxial Fractures Prognosis Axial Osteitis of the Proximal Sesamoid Bones Chronic Proliferative (Villonodular) Synovitis Osteoarthritis Osteochondritis Dissecans and Subchondral Cystic Lesions Luxation Angular Limb Deformity of the Metacarpophalangeal Region Flexural Deformity of the Metacarpophalangeal Region Congenital Deformities Acquired Deformities Tenosynovitis/Annular Ligament Desmitis/Constriction Treatment Mass Removal Annular Ligament Transection Tendon Débridement Postoperative Management Prognosis References Chapter-93---Third-Metacarpal-and-Metatarsal-Bones_2019_Equine-Surgery 93 Third Metacarpal and Metatarsal Bones Anatomy Fractures of the Third Metacarpal and Metatarsal Bone Lateral Condylar Fractures Clinical Signs Diagnosis First Aid Surgical Management Nondisplaced Fractures Displaced Fractures Medial Condylar Fractures Treatment Open Approach Minimally Invasive Approach Aftercare Prognosis Transverse Fractures of the Distal Diaphysis of the Third Metacarpal Bone Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Prognosis Diaphyseal Fractures Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Aftercare Distal Physeal Fractures Proximal Articular Fractures Dorsal Cortical Fractures Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management References Chapter-94---Vestigial-Metacarpal-and-Metatarsal-Bones_2019_Equine-Surgery 94 Vestigial Metacarpal and Metatarsal Bones Anatomy Small MC/MT Bone Fractures Clinical Examination Diagnosis Diagnostic Analgesia Radiography Ultrasonography Computed Tomography Proximal Fractures Treatment Conservative Treatment of Fractures Standing wound débridement Internal fixation Segmental ostectomy Removal of the entire fourth metatarsal bone Prognosis Complications Midbody Fractures Treatment Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Prognosis Complications Distal Fractures Treatment Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Prognosis Complications Exostoses Pathophysiology Clinical Examination Diagnosis Diagnostic Analgesia Radiography Scintigraphy Ultrasonography Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Treatment Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Prognosis Polydactyly Neoplasia References Chapter-95---Carpus_2019_Equine-Surgery 95 Carpus Anatomy Pathophysiology Diagnosis and Treatment of Carpal Disorders in the Horse Osteochondral Fragments Occurrence Etiopathogenesis Diagnosis Case Selection Treatment Aftercare Prognosis Stress Remodeling and Subchondral Lucency of the Third Carpal Bone Etiopathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Medial Palmar Intercarpal Ligament Injury Etiopathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Carpal Slab Fractures Etiopathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Surgical Technique Fragment removal Screw fixation Aftercare Multifragment Fractures Etiopathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Accessory Carpal Bone Fractures Etiopathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Prognosis Carpal Hygroma Etiopathogenesis Distal Radial Exostosis Clinical Signs Treatment Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Prognosis Angular Limb Deformities Luxation (Subluxation) Etiopathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Coronation (Couronnement) Etiopathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Synovial Osteochondromatosis References Chapter-96---Radius-and-Ulna_2019_Equine-Surgery 96 Radius and Ulna Fractures of the Ulna Anatomy Pathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment First Aid Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Prognosis Complications Fractures of the Radius Anatomy Pathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment First Aid Nonsurgical Management Surgical Management Adult Horses Foals Diaphyseal fractures Proximal physeal fractures Distal physeal fractures Prognosis Complications Osteochondroma Pathogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis Subchondral Cystic Lesions Enostosis-Like Lesions Arthroscopy of the Cubital Joint References Chapter-97---Humerus_2019_Equine-Surgery 97 Humerus Anatomy Disorders of the Humerus Greater Tubercle Fracture Etiology and Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Nonsurgical Treatment Surgical Treatment Deltoid Tuberosity Fracture Etiology and Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Humeral Stress Fracture Etiology and Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Humeral Fractures Physeal Fracture Diaphyseal Fracture Etiology and Diagnosis Preoperative Considerations Nonsurgical Treatment Surgical Treatment Aftercare Complications Prognosis References Chapter-98---Shoulder_2019_Equine-Surgery 98 Shoulder Diagnosis of Shoulder Lameness Intrasynovial Anesthesia or Synovial Centesis Disorders of the Shoulder Region Osteochondrosis Treatment Prognosis Fractures Supraglenoid Tubercle Treatment Fragment removal Fracture fixation Prognosis Miscellaneous Other Fractures Scapulohumeral Joint Luxation Treatment Prognosis Pathologies of the Biceps Brachii and Infraspinatus Tendons and Their Associated Bursae Treatment Endoscopy Biceps Tendon Transection Prognosis Suprascapular and Axillary Nerve Injury Treatment Nonsurgical Management Surgical Scapular Nerve Decompression Prognosis References Chapter-99---Tarsus_2019_Equine-Surgery 99 Tarsus Anatomy Acquired Disorders of the Tarsal Region Osteoarthritis Etiology Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Osteoarthritis of the Distal Intertarsal Joints (Bone Spavin) Corrective Shoeing Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Medical Management Surgical Management Aftercare Prognosis Osteoarthritis of the Talocalcaneal Joint Fractures Distal Tibia Talus Trochlear Ridges of the Talus Sagittal Fractures of the Talus Calcaneus Chip Fractures of the Sustentaculum Tali Fractures of the Small Tarsal Bones Luxations Soft Tissue and Tendinous Disorders of the Tarsus Tears and Avulsions of the Collateral Ligaments Tears and Displacement (Luxation/ Subluxation) of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Displacement of the Lateral Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Tenosynovitis of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Tarsal Sheath Avulsion of the Gastrocnemius Developmental Disorders of the Tarsal Region Osteochondrosis Etiology Diagnosis Treatment Distal intermediate ridge of the tibia Medial malleolus Lateral trochlear ridge Proximal intertarsal joint Aftercare Prognosis Angular Limb Deformities References Chapter-100---Tibia_2019_Equine-Surgery 100 Tibia Anatomic Considerations Clinical Disorders of the Tibial Region Enostosis-Like Lesions Tibial Stress Fractures Etiology, Clinical Signs, and Diagnosis Treatment Fissure Fractures of the Tibia Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Treatment Proximal Physeal Fractures Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Preoperative Considerations Treatment Aftercare Complications Prognosis Diaphyseal Fractures Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Preoperative Considerations Treatment Aftercare Complications Prognosis Distal Physeal Fractures Tibial Crest Fractures References Chapter-101---Stifle_2019_Equine-Surgery 101 Stifle Functional Anatomy Diagnostic Techniques Inspection Manipulation Intraarticular Anesthesia Diagnostic Imaging Radiography Ultrasonography Nuclear Imaging Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Arthroscopy Femoropatellar Joint The Cranial Pouch of the Medial Femorotibial Compartment The Caudal Pouch of the Medial Femorotibial Compartment The Cranial Pouch of the Lateral Femorotibial Compartment The Caudal Pouch of the Lateral Femorotibial Compartment Diagnostic Needle Arthroscopy Disorders of the Stifle Osteoarthritis Soft Tissue Disorders Collateral Ligament Injury Patellar Ligament Injury Cruciate Ligament Injury Meniscal Injury Fractures Patella Femoral Trochlear Ridges Avulsion of the Origin of the Peroneus Tertius and Long Digital Extensor Tendon Osteochondrosis Osteochondritis Dissecans Subchondral Cystic Lesions Patellar Disorders Lateral Luxation of the Patella Upward Fixation of the Patella References Chapter-102---Femur-and-Pelvis_2019_Equine-Surgery 102 Femur and Pelvis Fractures of the Femur Proximal (Head and Neck) Fractures Third Trochanter Fractures Middiaphyseal Fractures Distal Femoral Fractures Prognosis Fractures of the Pelvis Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Treatment Fractures of the Tuber Coxae Clinical Signs and Diagnosis Treatment Fractures of the Ilial Wing Fractures of the Ilial Shaft Fractures of the Pubis and Ischium Acetabular Fractures Coxofemoral Luxations Treatment Arthroscopy of the Coxofemoral Joint Indications Technique References Chapter-103---Temporomandibular-Joint-Disorders_2019_Equine-Surgery 103 Temporomandibular Joint Disorders Anatomy Disorders of the TMJ Clinical Signs Diagnosis Treatment Arthroscopy Approach Condylectomy Partial Mandibular Condylectomy and Temporal Bone Resection Complete Mandibular Condylectomy Complications and Prognosis References Chapter-104---Craniomaxillofacial-Disorders_2019_Equine-Surgery 104 Craniomaxillofacial Disorders Anatomical Considerations Fractures of the Incisors, Mandible, and Premaxilla Diagnosis Treatment Preoperative Management Surgical Considerations Surgical Techniques Intraoral Wires Wiring of the Incisors Tension-Band Wiring to the Cheek Teeth Acrylic Reinforcement of Intraoral Wiring U-Bar Brace Intramedullary Pins Screws External Fixators Pinless External Fixator Plates Coronoid Process and Temporomandibular Joint Aftercare Complications Prognosis Fractures of the Skull and Sinuses Diagnosis Treatment Aftercare Complications Prognosis Periorbital Fractures Diagnosis Treatment Aftercare Complications Prognosis Craniofacial Defects (Sinus Fistula) Resection of the Rostral Mandible, Premaxilla, and Maxilla Surgical Procedure Complications and Prognosis Wry Nose (Campylorrhinus Lateralis) Surgical Procedure Aftercare Complications Correction of Prognathia Superior (Parrot Mouth) and Prognathia Inferior (Sow Mouth) Treatment Aftercare Suture Periostitis Diagnosis Treatment References Chapter-105---Postoperative-Physiotherapy-for-the-Orthopedi_2019_Equine-Surg 105 Postoperative Physiotherapy for the Orthopedic Patient Introduction Therapy Methods Thermal Therapy Cold Therapy Heat Therapy Manipulative Therapy Exercise Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy References Index_2019_Equine-Surgery Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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