Equine reproduction

Equine Reproduction......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 19
Preface to the second edition......Page 36
Preface to the first edition......Page 37
Acknowledgments......Page 38
Part I: The Foal......Page 39
Color plates appear between pages 812 and 813......Page 851
Section (a) Prepartum assessment of the foal......Page 41
1 Identification of the high-risk pregnancy......Page 43
2 Monitoring the high-risk pregnancy......Page 54
3 Management of the high-risk pregnancy......Page 63
4 Ultrasonographic monitoring of the fetus......Page 77
5 Sedation and anesthesia of the pregnant mare......Page 93
Section (b) Foal adaptation to parturition......Page 99
6 The normal post partum foal......Page 101
7 Endocrinological adaptation......Page 107
8 The placenta......Page 122
Section (c) Postpartum fetal assessment......Page 135
9 Examination of the placenta......Page 137
10 Peri-parturient management of the mare and neonate......Page 149
Section (d) Problems of the immediate postpartum period......Page 153
11 Foal rejection......Page 155
12 Prematurity, dysmaturity and assessment of maturity......Page 159
13 Resuscitation (foal and birth)......Page 166
14 Shock......Page 174
15 Perinatal asphyxia syndrome......Page 185
16 Sepsis......Page 192
Section (e) Specific diagnostic and management techniques......Page 203
17 Critical care – assessment......Page 205
18 Critical care – monitoring......Page 215
19 Critical care – treatment......Page 227
20 Complications of neonatal infection......Page 236
21 Fluid therapy......Page 243
22 Respiratory assistance......Page 253
23 Sedation, anesthesia and analgesia......Page 259
24 Stabilization and preparation for transport......Page 268
25 Transfusion techniques......Page 276
26 Diagnostic ultrasonography of the abdomen......Page 281
27 Antibiotic therapy......Page 291
28 Enteral and parenteral nutrition for the neonatal foal......Page 301
29 Growth of horses......Page 318
30 Important gastrointestinal parasites......Page 330
31 Vaccination of mares, foals and weanlings......Page 340
Section (f) Immune system......Page 367
32 Development of the foal immune system......Page 369
33 Colostrum: Assessment of quality and artificial supplementation......Page 380
34 Assessment and modification of passive transfer......Page 384
35 Neonatal isoerythrolysis......Page 391
36 Immunodeficiencies in foals......Page 399
37 Severe combined immunodeficiency......Page 407
38 Thrombocytopenia and selective IgM deficiency......Page 411
Section (g) Gastrointestinal system......Page 415
39 Meconium impaction......Page 417
40 Neonatal diarrhea......Page 423
41 Gastroduodenal ulceration: The neonatal perspective......Page 432
42 Surgical gastrointestinal conditions......Page 437
43 Other gastrointestinal disorders (chyloperitoneum, atresia, lethal white)......Page 443
44 Hepatic disease......Page 447
Section (h) Hemopoetic system......Page 455
45 Anemia......Page 457
46 Coagulation disorders......Page 464
Section (i) Musculoskeletal system......Page 469
47 Fetal ossification and normal joint development......Page 471
48 Flexural deformities......Page 479
49 Fractures commonly seen in foals......Page 484
50 Infectious arthritis and osteomyelitis......Page 495
51 Muscle disorders......Page 501
52 Tendon and ligament disorders......Page 507
Section (j) Nervous system......Page 513
53 Neurological evaluation......Page 515
54 Neurological disorders in the neonatal foal......Page 521
Section (k) Cardiovascular system......Page 535
55 Techniques in diagnosis and monitoring of cardiovascular disease......Page 537
56 Congenital abnormalities of the cardiovascular system......Page 545
57 Acquired abnormalities of the cardiovascular system......Page 549
Section (l) Endocrinology system......Page 559
58 Endocrine abnormalities......Page 561
Section (m) Ocular system......Page 571
59 Ophthalmic disorders of the foal......Page 573
Section (n) Integument system......Page 591
60 Diseases of the skin......Page 593
Section (o) Respiratory System......Page 611
61 Diagnostic approach to respiratory disorders......Page 613
62 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)......Page 620
63 Respiratory diseases specific to the neonate......Page 624
64 Aspiration pneumonia......Page 630
65 Other disorders of breathing......Page 635
66 Bacterial and viral respiratory disease of the neonate......Page 639
67 Congenital abnormalities of the respiratory system......Page 647
68 Genetic basis of respiratory disorders......Page 653
Section (p) Urogenital system......Page 661
69 Disorders of the bladder, ureters and urethra......Page 663
70 Disorders of the umbilicus and urachus......Page 670
71 Renal problems......Page 684
Section (q) System disorders......Page 699
72 Congenital problems of foals......Page 701
73 Inherited problems of foals......Page 711
Section (r) Problems of older foals, weanlings and yearlings......Page 719
74 Gastroduodenal ulcer complex of the older foal......Page 721
75 Rhodococcus pneumonia: Epidemiology and prophylaxis......Page 726
76 Rhodococcus pneumonia: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy......Page 733
77 Strangles......Page 742
78 Other bacterial respiratory diseases of the older foal......Page 748
79 Viral respiratory diseases of the older foal......Page 758
80 Neurological conditions (EPM, EMND wobblers, trauma, etc)......Page 766
81 Diarrhea......Page 772
82 Colic......Page 787
83 Weight loss......Page 796
84 Angular limb deformities......Page 806
85 Developmental orthopedic disease......Page 810
86 Feeding the growing horse to avoid developmental orthopedic disease (DOD)......Page 820
87 Presale endoscopy......Page 832
88 Presale radiographs......Page 839
89 Presale radiographic interpretation and significance......Page 847
Section (s) Appendix......Page 889
90 Development of a NICU......Page 891
91 Diagnostic laboratory resources and critical care supplies......Page 900
92 Formulary......Page 908
93 Hematology and biochemical reference values......Page 921
94 SI Conversion Table......Page 927
Part II: The Stallion......Page 933
Section (a) Anatomy, physiology and endocrinology......Page 935
95 Functional anatomy of the adult male......Page 937
96 Physiology and endocrinology......Page 951
97 From a sperm’s eye view: Revisiting our perception of this intriguing cell......Page 979
98 Oxidative stress in sperm......Page 1061
99 Endocrine–paracrine–autocrine regulation of reproductive function in the stallion......Page 1066
100 Puberty......Page 1085
101 Spermatogenesis......Page 1096
102 Spermatozoal function......Page 1123
103 Sperm-oviduct interactions......Page 1155
104 Sperm–uterine interactions......Page 1162
105 Testicular descent......Page 1169
Section (b) Abnormalities of the stallion’s reproductive tract......Page 1177
106 Developmental abnormalities of the male reproductive tract......Page 1179
107 Abnormalities of the accessory sex glands......Page 1183
108 Abnormalities of the ejaculate......Page 1189
109 Abnormalities of the penis and prepuce......Page 1200
110 Abnormalities of the spermatic cord......Page 1215
111 Epididymal abnormalities......Page 1226
112 Abnormalities of the testicles......Page 1231
113 Neoplasia of the reproductive tract......Page 1236
Section (c) Management......Page 1243
114 Drugs that adversely affect spermatogenesis......Page 1245
115 Dual hemisphere breeding programs......Page 1254
116 Immunocastration......Page 1261
117 Management of stallions in artificial insemination......Page 1268
118 Management of stallions in natural-service programs......Page 1278
119 Nutrition and exercise for breeding stallions......Page 1298
120 Management of subfertile stallions under natural-mating conditions......Page 1310
121 Venereal disease......Page 1320
Section (d) Semen collection, evaluation and artificial insemination......Page 1329
122 Historical perspectives of artificial insemination......Page 1331
123 Semen collection techniques and insemination procedures......Page 1338
124 Evaluation of semen......Page 1348
125 Spermatozoal motility......Page 1362
126 Spermatozoal morphology......Page 1367
127 Principles of cooled semen......Page 1378
128 Breeding with cooled transported semen......Page 1386
129 Experiences with a large-scale cooled transported semen program......Page 1393
130 Containers for transport of equine semen......Page 1400
131 Semen extenders for cooled semen (Europe)......Page 1406
132 Semen extenders for cooled semen (North America)......Page 1411
133 Factors affecting sperm production and output......Page 1414
134 Reproductive parameters of draft horse, friesian and warmblood stallions......Page 1432
135 Reproductive parameters from light horse stallions......Page 1437
136 Reproductive parameters from miniature stallions......Page 1447
Section (e) Sexual behavior......Page 1453
137 Normal sexual behavior......Page 1455
138 Handling the breeding stallion......Page 1461
139 The novice breeding stallion......Page 1466
140 Training a stallion to the phantom......Page 1472
141 Abnormal sexual behavior......Page 1477
142 Pharmacological manipulation of ejaculation......Page 1483
143 Pharmacological manipulation of stallion behavior......Page 1485
144 Specific erection and ejaculatory dysfunctions......Page 1489
145 Stereotypic behavior of stallions......Page 1493
Section (f) Specific techniques used in reproductive examination of the stallion......Page 1497
146 Historical information......Page 1499
147 Diagnostics and therapeutics for stallions with declining fertility: An endocrine– paracrine–autocrine approach......Page 1505
148 Endoscopy of the internal reproductive tract......Page 1518
149 Examination of external genitalia......Page 1528
150 Cytogenetic evaluation......Page 1532
151 Ultrasonography of the genital tract......Page 1539
Section (g) Specific techniques used in semen evaluation of the stallion......Page 1559
152 Acrosomal function......Page 1561
153 Evaluation of the plasma membrane......Page 1568
154 Sperm chromatin structure assay......Page 1576
155 Spermatozoal viability......Page 1580
Section (h) Surgical procedures of the male reproductive tract......Page 1585
156 Clinical uses of testicular biopsy......Page 1587
157 Testicular biopsy......Page 1593
158 Cryptorchid castration......Page 1601
159 Inguinal hernia......Page 1610
160 Laparoscopic surgery......Page 1616
161 Laser assisted castration......Page 1623
162 Normal field castration......Page 1627
163 Surgery of the penis and prepuce......Page 1632
Part III: The Mare......Page 1643
Color plates appear between pages 2336 and 2337......Page 2407
Section (a) Anatomy......Page 1645
164 External reproductive anatomy......Page 1647
165 Internal reproductive anatomy......Page 1652
Section (b) Physiology and endocrinology......Page 1669
166 How hormones work......Page 1671
167 GnRH......Page 1678
168 FSH and LH......Page 1689
169 Estrogens......Page 1701
170 Progesterone......Page 1707
171 Prostaglandins......Page 1712
172 Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)......Page 1718
173 Adrenal steroids......Page 1735
174 Melatonin......Page 1739
175 Oxytocin, inhibin, activin, relaxin and prolactin......Page 1749
Section (c) The estrous cycle......Page 1757
176 Puberty......Page 1759
177 Anestrus......Page 1766
178 Vernal transition into the breeding season......Page 1774
179 Estrus......Page 1786
180 Diestrus......Page 1798
181 Autumnal transition out of the breeding season......Page 1802
182 The abnormal estrous cycle......Page 1824
Section (d) The transitional mare......Page 1839
183 Photoperiod......Page 1841
184 Progesterone......Page 1848
185 GnRH......Page 1852
186 Dopamine antagonists......Page 1858
Section (e) Pharmacological manipulation of reproduction......Page 1865
187 Prostaglandins......Page 1867
188 Human chorionic gonadotropin......Page 1874
189 Progestagens and progesterone......Page 1881
190 Gonadotropin-releasing hormones......Page 1890
191 Estrogen therapy......Page 1895
192 Oxytocin......Page 1900
193 Superovulation......Page 1906
194 Estrus suppression......Page 1915
195 Inhibin immunotherapy......Page 1924
196 Induction of ovulation......Page 1928
197 Synchronization of ovulation......Page 1940
198 New techniques in hormonal delivery......Page 1949
199 Contraception......Page 1958
Section (f) Techniques in reproductive examination......Page 1965
200 History......Page 1967
201 Vaginal examination......Page 1970
202 Direct rectal palpation......Page 1974
203 Ultrasonography......Page 1984
204 Uterine cytology......Page 1992
205 Endometrial biopsy......Page 1999
206 Endoscopic examination......Page 2010
207 Cytogenetic evaluation of mares and foals......Page 2021
208 Uterine and clitoral cultures......Page 2033
209 Use of chromogenic agar to diagnose reproductive pathogens......Page 2049
210 Evaluation of uterine tubal patency......Page 2058
211 Laparoscopy......Page 2061
Section (g) Diagnostic ultrasonography......Page 2071
212 Normal anatomy......Page 2073
213 Folliculogenesis......Page 2079
214 Ovulation: Part 1. Follicle development and endocrinology during the periovulatory period......Page 2090
215 Ovulation: Part 2. Ultrasonographic morphology of the preovulatory follicle......Page 2102
216 Luteal development......Page 2125
217 Pregnancy......Page 2135
218 Equine fetal sex determination between 55 and 150 days......Page 2150
219 Fetal gender determination from mid to advanced gestation......Page 2164
220 Management of twins......Page 2169
221 Early embryonic loss......Page 2188
222 Ovarian abnormalities......Page 2193
223 Uterine abnormalities......Page 2207
224 Mammary gland......Page 2232
Section (h) Pregnancy, parturition and the puerperal period......Page 2235
225 Embryo morphology, growth and development......Page 2237
226 Fetal membrane differentiation, implantation and early placentation......Page 2257
227 Maternal recognition of pregnancy......Page 2270
228 Sex determination and differentiation......Page 2281
229 Endocrinology of pregnancy......Page 2292
230 Development and morphology of the placenta......Page 2304
231 Pregnancy examination......Page 2315
232 Induction of parturition......Page 2332
233 Parturition......Page 2338
234 Lactation......Page 2347
235 Uterine involution......Page 2361
236 Breeding mares on foal heat......Page 2364
237 Inter and extraspecies equine pregnancies......Page 2372
238 Induction of abortion......Page 2390
Section (i) Problems of pregnancy......Page 2395
239 Embryonic loss......Page 2397
240 Abortions and stillbirths: A pathologists overview......Page 2441
241 Origin and outcome of twin pregnancies......Page 2452
242 Placentitis......Page 2461
243 Hydrops......Page 2470
244 Fetal maceration and mummification......Page 2475
245 Equine herpesvirus......Page 2478
246 Equine viral arteritis......Page 2493
247 Contagious equine metritis......Page 2501
248 Mare reproductive loss syndrome......Page 2512
249 Fescue toxicosis......Page 2520
250 Prepubic and abdominal wall rupture......Page 2530
251 Uterine prolapse......Page 2533
252 Uterine torsion......Page 2537
253 Abnormalities of pregnancy......Page 2543
254 Maintenance of pregnancy......Page 2557
255 Dystocia management......Page 2581
256 Fetotomy......Page 2599
257 Cesarian section......Page 2607
258 Referral dystocias......Page 2613
259 Periparturient hemorrhage......Page 2619
260 Retained fetal membranes......Page 2622
261 Postpartum metritis......Page 2632
Section (j) Female urogenital surgery......Page 2637
262 Pneumovagina......Page 2639
263 Surgery of the caudal reproductive tract......Page 2647
264 Cervical surgery......Page 2661
265 Ovariectomy......Page 2666
266 Hysterectomy......Page 2676
267 Rectal tears......Page 2680
Section (k) Disease of the uterus......Page 2687
268 Immunological considerations......Page 2689
269 Abnormalities of contractility......Page 2699
270 Abnormalities of development......Page 2709
271 Endometritis......Page 2710
272 Breeding the problem mare......Page 2722
273 Fungal endometritis......Page 2745
274 Pyometra......Page 2754
275 Treatment of fluid accumulation......Page 2757
276 Uterine cysts......Page 2767
277 Uterine abnormalities......Page 2771
278 Laboratory methods for isolation and evaluation of bacteria, fungi and yeast......Page 2776
Section (l) Diseases of the ovary and oviduct......Page 2785
279 Disorders of ovulation......Page 2787
280 Disorders of the oviduct......Page 2794
281 Non-neoplastic abnormalities......Page 2799
282 Ovarian neoplasia......Page 2809
Section (m) Problems of the cervix......Page 2819
283 Abnormalities of cervical and vaginal development......Page 2821
284 Cervix adhesions......Page 2823
285 Failure to dilate......Page 2826
Section (n) The mammary gland......Page 2833
286 Pre-foaling mammary secretions......Page 2835
287 Mastitis......Page 2840
288 Mammary neoplasia......Page 2844
Section (o) Specific diagnostic and management techniques......Page 2847
289 Preventative medicine for broodmare farms......Page 2849
Section (p) Nutrition......Page 2855
290 Dietary support for geriatric broodmares and stallions......Page 2857
291 Nutrition for the broodmare......Page 2862
Section (q) Behavior......Page 2871
292 Stereotypic behavior......Page 2873
Section (r) General interest......Page 2879
293 Reproductive efficiency......Page 2881
294 Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (Equine Cushing’s syndrome)......Page 2892
295 Epidemiology applied to horse reproduction......Page 2898
296 Management of the geriatric mare......Page 2905
297 Parentage testing......Page 2922
298 Relevance of genomics to equine reproduction......Page 2929
Section (s) Other equids......Page 2935
299 Donkey reproduction......Page 2937
300 Miniature pony reproduction......Page 2941
301 Asian wild horse reproduction: Equus ferus przewalskii......Page 2948
302 Zebra reproduction......Page 2953
Part IV: Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)......Page 2969
Section (a) Embryos......Page 2971
303 Embryo transfer......Page 2973
304 Cooled transported embryo technology......Page 2982
305 Freezing of embryos......Page 2989
306 Import and export of embryos......Page 3023
307 Nuclear Transfer......Page 3026
Section (b) Oocytes......Page 3031
308 Immature oocyte collection and maturation......Page 3033
309 Mature oocyte collection......Page 3038
310 Oocyte transfer......Page 3043
311 Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)......Page 3047
312 Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)......Page 3050
313 Oocyte cryopreservation......Page 3055
Section (c) Semen......Page 3059
314 Principles of cryopreservation......Page 3061
315 Semen extenders for frozen semen......Page 3066
316 Freezing semen......Page 3074
317 Freezing epididymal spermatozoa......Page 3085
318 Breeding with frozen semen......Page 3089
319 Techniques for evaluating frozen semen......Page 3096
320 Storage management and distribution of frozen semen......Page 3107
321 Diseases potentially transmitted with frozen or cooled semen......Page 3117
322 Import and export of frozen semen......Page 3131
323 Low dose insemination......Page 3138
324 Sex-sorted spermatozoa......Page 3144
Section (d) Future technologies......Page 3151
325 Future reproductive technology......Page 3153
Index\n......Page 3159