Equine Nutrition and Feeding

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 5
Introduction to the Third Edition......Page 7
Acknowledgements......Page 9
List of Abbreviations......Page 10
Eating rates of horses, cattle and sheep......Page 14
Dentition......Page 15
Saliva......Page 16
Transit of digesta through the GI tract......Page 18
Digestive function of the stomach......Page 19
Gastric malfunction......Page 22
Digestion in the small intestine......Page 23
Digestive secretions......Page 24
Carbohydrates......Page 25
Proteins......Page 27
Feed modification to improve digestion......Page 28
Nitrogen utilization......Page 29
THE LARGE INTESTINE......Page 30
Contractions of the small and large intestine......Page 31
Passage of digesta through the large intestine......Page 32
Microbial digestion (fermentation)......Page 33
Microbial numbers......Page 34
Flora......Page 35
Products of fermentation......Page 36
VFA, fluid and electrolyte absorption in the large intestine......Page 37
Protein degradation in the large intestine and amino acid absorption......Page 39
Urea production......Page 40
Commercial enzyme and microorganism products......Page 41
FURTHER READING......Page 42
Sequence of feeding and amount fed......Page 43
Timing of feeds and appetite......Page 44
Blood glucose......Page 45
Insulin response......Page 46
Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia......Page 47
ENERGY METABOLISM......Page 48
Appetite......Page 51
AMINO ACIDS......Page 52
Synthetic supplements......Page 53
Digestibility of protein......Page 55
NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN......Page 56
Treatment of ammonia toxicity......Page 57
Growth......Page 58
Laminitis and energy intake......Page 59
General requirements of analytical method......Page 60
FURTHER READING......Page 62
Control of plasma Ca ion concentration and Ca and P metabolism......Page 64
Ca and P in bone......Page 65
Hypocalcaemia......Page 67
Dietary levels of Ca and P in relation to requirement......Page 68
In summary......Page 72
Magnesium (Mg)......Page 73
Potassium (K)......Page 74
Hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis......Page 75
Sodium (Na)......Page 76
TRACE ELEMENTS......Page 77
Mixed supplements......Page 79
Measurement of Cu status and dietary requirements......Page 80
Zinc (Zn)......Page 83
Zn as enzyme cofactor......Page 84
Cu and Zn interactions......Page 85
Iron (Fe)......Page 86
Adverse effects of Fe supplements......Page 87
Iodine (I)......Page 88
Toxicity signs in mares and foals......Page 89
Goitrogens......Page 90
Selenium (Se)......Page 93
Deficiency......Page 94
Toxicity......Page 95
Chromium (Cr)......Page 97
Silicon (Si) and binders......Page 98
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 99
FURTHER READING......Page 100
VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS......Page 101
Vitamin A (retinol)......Page 102
(cholecalciferol)......Page 106
Vitamin E (a-tocopherol)......Page 109
Vitamin K (phylloquinone)......Page 113
Thiamin......Page 114
(cyanocobalamin)......Page 115
Folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid)......Page 116
Biotin......Page 117
Riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine and lipoic acid......Page 120
WATER REQUIREMENTS AND FLUID LOSSES......Page 121
Working horses......Page 122
Water quality......Page 123
Sweat......Page 124
Evaporative losses from the lungs......Page 125
Determining water deprivation and response to thirst......Page 126
FURTHER READING......Page 127
Loose hay......Page 129
Haylage......Page 132
Pellets and wafers......Page 137
Dried grass nuts......Page 139
Waste products......Page 140
Succulents......Page 141
COMPOUNDED NUTS......Page 142
CEREALS......Page 145
Oats (Avena sativa)......Page 146
Barley (Hordeum vulgare)......Page 147
Maize (corn) (Zea mays)......Page 148
Rice (Oryza sativa)......Page 149
(1) Cooking: expansion (extrusion)......Page 150
(3) Acidification......Page 151
Wheat, oat and rye milling by-products......Page 152
Maize (corn) by-products......Page 153
Rice bran......Page 154
Distilling by-products......Page 155
Chaff and molassed chaff......Page 156
Hydroponics......Page 157
Molasses......Page 158
Unknown......Page 0
Molassed and unmolassed sugar-beet pulp (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera)......Page 159
Carrots (Daucus carota)......Page 160
Olive pulp (Olea europaea, O. sativa)......Page 161
FAT SUPPLEMENTS......Page 162
Vegetable proteins......Page 166
Soya-bean meal (Glycine max)......Page 167
Cottonseed meal (Gossypium spp.)......Page 168
Groundnut meal (peanut meal) (Arachis hypogaea)......Page 169
Lupin-seed meal (Lupinus albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus)......Page 170
Field beans (Vicia faba), winter beans (horse) and spring beans (tick and horse)......Page 171
Animal proteins......Page 172
Cow’s milk......Page 173
PREBIOTICS......Page 174
Fungi......Page 175
Bacteria......Page 176
DIETARY VITAMIN AND MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS......Page 178
Carnosine (b-alanyl-L-histidine)......Page 179
), methyl sulphonyl methane (MSM)......Page 180
Amino acids and health......Page 181
FEED STORAGE......Page 182
Toxicants produced by plants......Page 184
Condensed tannins......Page 185
Antiproteases (trypsin, or protease, inhibitors) and lectins......Page 186
Cyanogenic glycosides and hydrocyanic acid......Page 187
Nitrates......Page 188
Mycotoxicosis......Page 189
Dietary allergens (other than mould spores)......Page 191
Heavy metal and mineral contamination from pastures......Page 193
Ethylene glycol......Page 194
Monensin sodium......Page 195
PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES......Page 196
Growth hormone......Page 197
FURTHER READING......Page 198
RELATIONSHIP OF CAPACITY FOR FEED TO BODY WEIGHT......Page 199
How is the energy requirement of maintenance determined?......Page 203
Two general methods of estimating heat evolved in maintenance......Page 204
FEED ENERGY......Page 207
NRC (1989) assessment of maintenance needs of adult horses......Page 209
Heat production and efficiency of ME use......Page 210
Production needs......Page 213
Partition of feed energy......Page 214
Energy......Page 217
Protein and minerals......Page 218
Growth of the foal......Page 221
Energy needs......Page 222
The NE system......Page 223
Energy......Page 224
Maintenance......Page 227
Protein for maintenance related to DM intake and endogenous faecal N losses......Page 228
Total endogenous N......Page 229
Pregnancy......Page 230
Protein requirements......Page 231
Growth......Page 233
INRA protein requirements for maintenance of growing horses......Page 234
INRA protein requirements related to energy requirement......Page 235
Protein and the evaluation of N absorbed from the large intestine......Page 236
Calcium......Page 238
Electrolytes......Page 239
SIMPLE RATION FORMULATION......Page 241
Comparison of the DE and NE systems for ration formulation......Page 242
Computers and diet formulation......Page 244
Principles of least-cost feed formulation......Page 245
Graphic example of linear programming......Page 246
APPETITE......Page 248
RATE OF FEEDING......Page 250
FEEDING FREQUENCY AND PUNCTUALITY......Page 251
CEREAL COSTS AND THEIR ENERGY CONTENTS......Page 252
COMPLETE DIETS......Page 254
SHELF-LIFE OF FEEDS AND FEED CONTAMINANTS......Page 255
FURTHER READING......Page 256
THE OESTROUS CYCLE AND FERTILITY......Page 257
GESTATION......Page 260
Protein and energy requirements......Page 261
PARTURITION......Page 262
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY IN THE FOAL......Page 263
Haemolytic icterus......Page 264
LACTATION......Page 265
Effects of dietary energy, protein and urea on milk yield......Page 270
Parturient paresis......Page 271
Blood biochemical values of the foal......Page 272
Control of growth abnormalities......Page 273
Early weaning......Page 279
FEEDING THE ORPHAN FOAL......Page 280
Evaluation of colostrum......Page 281
Taurine......Page 282
FEEDING FREQUENCY AND METHOD......Page 283
FOSTERING......Page 284
THE SICK NEONATAL FOAL......Page 285
Sugar tolerance......Page 286
THE STALLION......Page 287
FURTHER READING......Page 288
BIRTH WEIGHT AND EARLY GROWTH......Page 290
Early nutrition and weaning age......Page 292
LATER GROWTH AND CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES......Page 293
Meat production......Page 299
Dietary protein......Page 300
Limiting amino acids......Page 302
Complete feed mixtures for growing horses......Page 303
Preparation for sale......Page 304
DEVELOPMENTAL ORTHOPAEDIC DISEASE (DOD)......Page 305
Intake of dietary protein, soluble carbohydrate and energy and effects of exercise......Page 306
Restricted dietary protein......Page 308
Minerals, trace elements and DOD......Page 309
Glucosamine......Page 310
Summary of control of DOD......Page 311
FURTHER READING......Page 312
WORK AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE......Page 313
What is work?......Page 314
The working horse......Page 315
Energy expenditure and work type......Page 316
ATP resynthesis......Page 317
Glycogen, glucose, FFAs and VFAs......Page 318
Pyruvate–lactate: the oxygen debt......Page 320
Lactic acid threshold......Page 321
Muscle type and breed......Page 322
Training effects......Page 323
Hormonal effects......Page 324
Glycogen ‘loading’......Page 325
Recovery......Page 326
Insulin......Page 327
Adrenal hormones (catecholamines, glucocorticoids)......Page 328
THE VASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS......Page 329
Body temperature......Page 330
Blood as a buffering system......Page 332
Haematocrit, blood viscosity, blood volume and exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH or ‘bleeders’)......Page 334
Pulse, respiratory rate and fitness......Page 335
Sweat and dehydration......Page 338
Sweat losses during work......Page 339
Thirst, drinking and osmotic pressure of blood......Page 340
Measurement of fitness and exhaustion......Page 343
Summary of fatigue......Page 344
What is an acid?......Page 345
Acidosis and alkalosis......Page 346
Function of the lungs and kidneys......Page 348
Metabolic alkalosis......Page 349
Factors controlling plasma pH......Page 350
Dietary BE......Page 351
Dietary protein......Page 352
Effect of DCAB on digestibility and Ca and Mg retention......Page 353
Amino acids......Page 354
Sodium bicarbonate......Page 355
FAT SUPPLEMENTS AND EXERCISE......Page 357
Heat increment......Page 360
Muscle glycogen......Page 361
Respiratory quotient (RQ)......Page 362
Blood glucose......Page 364
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and 3-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs)......Page 365
Protein assimilation......Page 366
Feed sequence, protein utilization and plasma amino acids......Page 368
Processing of cereals and precaecal digestion......Page 369
Gut fill and speed......Page 370
Feeding before sprints......Page 372
Feed allowances and work intensity......Page 373
Feed intakes in practice......Page 374
Transportation......Page 375
FURTHER READING......Page 376
Fertility and grass species......Page 379
Poor drainage, low fertility and plant species......Page 380
Herb strips......Page 381
Grass breeding......Page 382
NUTRITIONAL PRODUCTIVITY OF PASTURE......Page 383
Vitamins......Page 384
Trace elements......Page 385
Leaching......Page 386
Chemical composition of herbage and equine health......Page 387
White clover: its use and control and its relation to grazing intensity......Page 389
Assessing fertility and fertilizer requirement......Page 391
SWARD HEIGHT......Page 394
Herbage yield and horse productivity......Page 395
Stock-carrying capacity......Page 397
Extending the grazing season and rejuvenation of pasture......Page 399
GRAZING BEHAVIOUR......Page 400
SUPPLEMENTS ON PASTURE......Page 401
Feed blocks......Page 402
Electric fencing......Page 403
WATER SUPPLIES......Page 404
SILAGE AND HAYLAGE AND THEIR SAFETY......Page 405
Maize silage (see also Chapter 8)......Page 407
Chemical control of weeds......Page 408
Poisonous plants......Page 409
Reseeding......Page 414
TROPICAL GRASSLAND AND FORAGES......Page 418
Oxalate poisoning......Page 420
Fescue toxicosis......Page 423
Vomitoxin......Page 425
Equine dysautonomia (EGS, grass sickness)......Page 426
Plant toxins......Page 427
Photosensitization......Page 428
Toxic legumes and other species......Page 429
Grass toxins......Page 430
Cyanogenic species......Page 431
Hepatotoxins......Page 432
HOMEOPATHY......Page 433
FURTHER READING......Page 434
Ticks......Page 436
Flies......Page 437
WORM INFESTATIONS......Page 438
Parascaris equorum (large roundworm)......Page 439
Strongylus spp. (large redworm)......Page 440
Trichostrongylus axei (stomach hairworm)......Page 441
Control of GI worm parasites......Page 442
Strongyles (redworm)......Page 443
Ascarids (large roundworms)......Page 445
Endotoxaemia and laminitis......Page 446
Endotoxaemia......Page 447
Laminitis and other diseases of the hoof......Page 451
Characteristics of colic......Page 456
Clostridia......Page 457
Gastric ulcers......Page 458
Oesophageal impaction (choke)......Page 459
Intestinal impaction......Page 460
Ileal impaction (ileus) and colonic impaction......Page 461
Sand colic......Page 462
Oral and dietary treatment......Page 463
Gas or flatulent colic and its treatment......Page 464
Predisposing factors in colic......Page 465
Prevention......Page 466
Overfeeding......Page 467
Hyperlipaemia......Page 468
Idiopathic colitis, malabsorption and chronic diarrhoea......Page 469
Acute diarrhoea......Page 470
Dehydration and potassium status......Page 471
Grass sickness (equine dysautonomia)......Page 473
Ammonia toxicity......Page 474
Parenteral nutrition......Page 475
Intestinal stones......Page 476
LIVER DISEASE......Page 477
CHRONIC WEIGHT LOSS......Page 479
THE MATURE SICK OR GERIATRIC HORSE......Page 480
Post-exhaustion syndrome......Page 481
Equine exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome (ERS)......Page 482
Infectious myopathies......Page 484
Hypo- and hypercalcaemia and stress tetany......Page 485
LAMENESS......Page 486
Navicular disease......Page 487
Ventilation......Page 488
Foals......Page 494
Heaves [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)] and other respiratory diseases......Page 495
FURTHER READING......Page 498
12. Laboratory Methods for Assessing Nutritional Status and Some Dietary Options......Page 500
Nomenclature......Page 501
Diet and enzyme activity......Page 502
Serum enzymes and liver function......Page 503
Plasma proteins......Page 505
Intracellular minerals......Page 506
Fat- and water-soluble vitamins......Page 507
Blood ammonia......Page 508
Crystalline urine deposits......Page 509
Urinary fractional electrolyte excretion (FE) test (creatinine clearance)......Page 510
DIETS FOR KIDNEY DISEASE......Page 513
BONE METABOLISM......Page 514
Hair analysis......Page 515
Potassium status......Page 516
STUDY QUESTIONS......Page 517
FURTHER READING......Page 518
Appendix A Example Calculation of Dietary Composition Required for a 400 kg Mare in the Fourth Month of Lactation......Page 519
Appendix B Common Dietary Errors in Studs and Racing Stables......Page 523
Appendix C Chemical Composition of Feedstuffs Used for Horses......Page 528
ESTIMATE OF BE OF BLOOD PLASMA FROM ITS BICARBONATE CONCENTRATION......Page 538
Glossary......Page 540
References and Bibliography......Page 581
Conclusion......Page 648
Index......Page 649