Equations of State and PVT Analysis - Applications for Improved Reservoir Modeling

Cover......Page 2
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 18
List of Figures......Page 20
List of Tables......Page 32
I.1 Adaptive Filtering......Page 36
I.2 Historical Aspects......Page 37
I.3 Concept of Spatial Signal Processing......Page 38
1.1 Introduction......Page 40
1.2.1 Maxwell\'s Equations......Page 41
1.2.3 Key to Antennas......Page 42
1.3 Hertzian Dipole......Page 44
1.4.2 Power Density......Page 46
1.4.3 Radiated Power......Page 47
1.4.5 Antenna Impedance......Page 48
1.4.8 Effective Length and Area......Page 49
1.4.10 Radiation Pattern......Page 50
1.4.12 Directive Gain, Directivity, Power Gain......Page 51
1.5 Basic Antenna Elements......Page 53
1.5.1 Finite-Length Dipole......Page 54
1.5.3 Printed Antennas......Page 56
1.5.4 Wideband Elements......Page 57
1.5.5 Dual Polarised Elements......Page 59
1.6 Antenna Arrays......Page 60
1.6.1 Linear Array......Page 61
1.6.3 Planar A rray......Page 62
1.6.4 Conformal Arrays......Page 63
1.7 Spatial Filtering......Page 64
1.9 Mutual Coupling & Correlation......Page 66
1.10 Chapter Summary......Page 67
1.11 Problems......Page 68
2.1 Introduction......Page 70
2.2 Adaptive Antenna Terminology......Page 71
2.3.1 Phase Weights......Page 74
2.3.2 Main Beam Steering......Page 75
2.3.3 Null Steering......Page 77
2.4 Grating Lobes......Page 80
2.5.1 Window Functions......Page 83
2.7 Problems......Page 92
3.1 Introduction......Page 94
3.2 Basic concepts......Page 95
3.3 A Simple Delay-line Wideband Array......Page 98
3.3.1 Angles of Grating Lobes......Page 100
3.3.2 Beam Width......Page 102
3.4 Rectangular Arrays as Wideband Beamformers......Page 104
3.4.1 Rectangular Array Antenna in Azimuth......Page 105
3.4.2 Beamforming using IDFT......Page 108
3.4.3 Beamforming using Matrix Inversion......Page 112
3.4.4 Numerical Examples......Page 114
3.4.5 Summary of Wideband Frequency Selective Rectangular Arrays......Page 121
3.5.1 Continuous Linear Wideband Array......Page 123
3.5.2 Beamformer Implementation......Page 124
3.5.3 Sensor Locations......Page 127
3.5.4 Design of Primary Filters......Page 129
3.5.6 Numerical Examples......Page 131
3.6 Chapter Summary......Page 132
3.7 Problems......Page 133
4.1 Introduction......Page 136
4.2 Spatial Covariance Matrix......Page 137
4.4 Scanning Arrays......Page 139
4.5 Switched Beam Beamformers......Page 140
4.6 Fully Adaptive Beamformers......Page 143
4.6.1 Temporal Reference Beamforming......Page 145
4.6.2 Spatial Reference Beamforming......Page 146
4.7 Adaptive Algorithms......Page 147
4.7.1 Wiener Solution......Page 148
4.7.2 Method of Steepest-Descent......Page 150
4.7.3 Least-Mean-Squares Algorithm (LMS)......Page 151
4.7.4 Direct Matrix Inversion (DMI) Algorithm......Page 152
4.7.5 Recursive Least-Squares (RLS) Algorithm......Page 154
4.8 Source Location Techniques......Page 155
4.9 Fourier Method......Page 156
4.11 The MUSIC Algorithm......Page 157
4.12 ESPRIT......Page 160
4.12.1 Unitary ESPRIT......Page 161
4.13 Maximum Likelihood Techniques......Page 163
4.14 Spatial Smoothing......Page 164
4.15 Determination of Number of Signal Sources......Page 166
4.16 Blind Beamforming......Page 168
4.16.1 Decoupled Iterative Least Squares Finite Alphabet Space-Time (DILFAST) Algorithm......Page 169
4.16.2 Spectral Self-Coherence Restoral (SCORE) Algorithm......Page 170
4.16.3 Constant Modulus Algorithm (CMA)......Page 171
4.17 Chapter Summary......Page 172
4.18 Problems......Page 173
5.1 Introduction......Page 174
5.2.1 Phase Error......Page 175
5.2.5 Ill-Conditioned Signal Processing Matrices......Page 176
5.3 Implementation Issues......Page 177
5.3.1 System Linearity......Page 184
5.3.2 Calibration......Page 185
5.3.3 Mutual Coupling......Page 193
5.3.4 Circular Arrays......Page 195
5.4 Radiowave Propagation......Page 199
5.4.1 Narrowband Single Antenna Channel Model......Page 200
5.4.2 Multiple Antenna Channel Model......Page 201
5.4.3 Wideband Multiple Antenna Channel Model......Page 202
5.4.4 Uplink-Downlink Channel Modelling for FDD Systems......Page 207
5.5 Transmit Beamforming......Page 209
5.5.1 Blind Techniques......Page 211
5.5.2 Feedback Based Techniques......Page 216
5.5.3 Switched Beam Techniques......Page 217
5.5.4 Downlink Signal Distribution Schemes......Page 218
5.7 Problems......Page 220
6.2 Antenna Arrays for Radar Applications......Page 222
6.3 Antenna Arrays for Sonar Applications......Page 223
6.4.1 Medical Ultrasonic Arrays......Page 225
6.4.2 Space-Time Beamforming for Microwave Imaging......Page 231
6.5 Antenna Arrays for Wireless Communications......Page 232
6.5.1 Uplink Beamforming for Second-Generation Mobile Wireless Networks......Page 235
6.5.2 Downlink Beamforming for Third-Generation Mobile Wireless Networks......Page 246
6.5.3 User Location and Tracking......Page 258
6.5.4 Beamforming for Satellite Communications......Page 270
6.6 Chapter Summary......Page 274
6.7 Problems......Page 275
References......Page 278
D......Page 290
P......Page 291
W......Page 292