Epoxy Polymers: New Materials and Innovations

Epoxy Polymers: New Materials and Innovations......Page 1
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 17
List of Contributors......Page 19
1.1.1 Typical Epoxy Monomers and Polymer Growth Mechanisms......Page 23
1.1.3 Chain Homopolymerization......Page 25
1.1.4 Chain Copolymerization......Page 26
1.1.5 Dual Polymerization Systems......Page 27
1.2.2 Gelation......Page 28
1.2.4 Reaction-Induced Phase Separation......Page 30
1.2.5 Transformation Diagrams......Page 31
1.3 General Properties of Epoxy Networks......Page 33
References......Page 34
Part One: New Polymers/Materials......Page 35
2.1 Introduction......Page 37
2.2.1 Poly(hydroxy ethers) and Poly(hydroxy ether sulfides)......Page 39
2.2.2 Poly(hydroxy ether sulfonamides)......Page 44
2.2.3 Poly(hydroxy ester ethers)......Page 45
2.2.4 Poly(hydroxy amino ethers)......Page 48
2.3.1 Mechanical Behavior......Page 49
2.3.2 Adhesive Characteristics......Page 53
2.3.3 Optical Properties of Poly(hydroxy amino ether) 19b......Page 54
2.3.4 Gas Barrier Properties of Epoxy Thermoplastics......Page 55
Acknowledgments......Page 58
References......Page 59
3.2 Epoxy Functional Acrylic Polymers (Epoxy Acrylates)......Page 61
3.3.1 Semi-Batch Process......Page 62
3.3.3 Suspension Polymerization......Page 63
3.4.1 Glass Transition Temperature......Page 64
3.4.3 Choice of Co-monomers......Page 65
3.4.5 Structure of the Polymer: Block Copolymers......Page 67
3.4.6 Structure of the Polymer: Branched Epoxy Acrylates......Page 68
3.5 Cross-linking Reactions in Coating Systems......Page 70
3.5.1 Epoxy Acrylates in Etch-resistant One-Component Liquid Coatings......Page 71
3.5.2 Epoxy Acrylates in Powder Coatings......Page 73
References......Page 75
4.1 Introduction......Page 77
4.2.1 Vegetable Oils......Page 78
4.2.2 Natural Rubber......Page 84
4.2.3 Lignin......Page 87
4.2.4 Cellulosics and Wood......Page 91
4.2.5 Sugars......Page 92
4.3.1 2-Furyloxirane......Page 94
4.3.2 Other Monomers......Page 97
References......Page 98
Part Two: (Nano)Structured Epoxy Networks......Page 101
5.1 Introduction......Page 103
5.2 Formation Mechanisms of Nanostructures in Thermosets......Page 105
5.2.2 Reaction-Induced Microphase Separation......Page 106
5.3.1 Selection of Block Copolymers......Page 109
5.3.2 Nanophase Behavior of Epoxies Containing Block Copolymers......Page 111
5.3.3 Demixing Behavior of Epoxy-Miscible Blocks Induced by Curing Reaction......Page 122
5.4.1 Glass Transition Temperatures......Page 124
5.4.2 Fracture Toughness of Nanostructured Thermosets......Page 125
5.5 Conclusions......Page 126
References......Page 127
6.1 Introduction......Page 131
6.2 Linear Nanostructured Epoxies......Page 133
6.3.1 Modification of an Epoxy Network with a Linear Amphiphilic Epoxy Polymer......Page 137
6.3.3 Precursors Based on Monofunctional Epoxies......Page 138
6.4 Possible Applications of Nanostructured Epoxies......Page 141
References......Page 142
7.1 Epoxy-Based Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal......Page 143
7.2 Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Prepared by PIPS......Page 145
7.3 Block Copolymers Used as a Polymer Dispersing Agent for Liquid Crystal......Page 151
7.4 Epoxy Polymers Based on Azo-Benzene Organic Molecules......Page 155
7.5 Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 157
References......Page 158
8.1 Introduction......Page 159
8.2.1 Structure and Morphology of the Hybrids......Page 161
8.2.2 Thermomechanical Properties of the Hybrids......Page 162
8.2.3 Rubbery Hybrid Formation, Structure and Thermomechanical Properties......Page 163
8.2.4 Application of the Hybrids......Page 165
8.3.1 Types of POSS Hybrids......Page 166
8.3.3 Reactivity of the Epoxy-Functional POSS......Page 167
8.3.4 Hybrids with Pendant POSS......Page 168
8.3.5 Hybrids with POSS as Network Junctions......Page 169
8.3.7 Properties of POSS Hybrids......Page 171
8.3.8 Properties of Hybrids with Pendant POSS......Page 172
8.3.9 Properties of Hybrids with POSS in Junctions......Page 173
8.3.11 Application of POSS Hybrids......Page 176
8.4 Conclusions......Page 177
References......Page 178
9.1 Introduction......Page 181
9.2 Structure and Properties of Lamellar (Phyllo) Silicates......Page 182
9.3 Morphologies of Lamellar Silicates-Polymer Nanocomposites......Page 183
9.4.1 Different Chemistries for Modification of Lamellar Silicates......Page 185
9.5 Dispersion and Structuration of Lamellar Silicates in the Initial Formulation......Page 187
9.5.2.1 Swelling......Page 188
9.5.2.2 Physical Gelation......Page 189
9.6.1 Structuration During Reaction......Page 191
9.6.2 Catalytic Effect of OLS on Epoxy Reactions and Gel Time......Page 193
9.6.3 Structuration at the End of Reaction......Page 194
9.7 Mechanical Properties of Lamellar Silicates-Modified Epoxies......Page 195
9.7.2 Stiffness and Toughness of Glassy Epoxy Nanocomposites......Page 196
9.7.3 Stiffness and Toughness of Rubbery Epoxy Nanocomposites......Page 199
9.8 Ternary Blends Based on Epoxy/Layered Silicates......Page 200
9.9 Barrier Properties of Nanoclay-Modified Epoxies......Page 201
9.10 Conclusions......Page 202
References......Page 203
10.1 Introduction......Page 207
10.2.1 Processing Techniques......Page 209
10.2.2 Non-Covalent Functionalization......Page 210
10.2.3 Covalent Functionalization......Page 212
10.2.4 Effect of CNT on the Curing of Epoxy......Page 216
10.2.5 Alignment of CNTs in Nanocomposites......Page 217
10.2.5.2 Electric Field......Page 218
10.2.5.4 Epoxy Infusion into Pre-aligned CNTs......Page 220
10.3.1 Mechanical Properties......Page 223
10.3.2 Electrical Properties......Page 225
10.3.3 Thermal Properties......Page 226
10.4 Summary and Outlook......Page 227
References......Page 228
Part Three: Innovative Formulations and Processing......Page 235
11.1 Introduction......Page 237
11.2.1 Surfaces (Adherents)......Page 238
11.2.2 Temperature......Page 239
11.2.3 Mechanical Requirements......Page 241
11.2.4 Environmental Aging......Page 242
11.2.5 Toxicology......Page 243
11.3.1.2 Curing Agents......Page 244
11.3.2 Ambient-Cure Formulation (Steel/Concrete Adhesive)......Page 245
11.3.3 Medium to High-Temperature Cure Formulation (Steel/Steel Adhesive)......Page 246
11.3.3.1 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Different Formulations......Page 249
11.3.3.2 Aging in Water at 60°C......Page 253
11.4 Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 254
References......Page 255
12.1 Introduction......Page 257
12.2 Organic–Organic Nanocomposite Epoxy Coatings......Page 258
12.2.1 Block Copolymers as Organic Nanobuilding Blocks......Page 259
12.2.2 Hyperbranched Polymers......Page 261
12.3 Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposite Epoxy Coatings......Page 265
12.3.1 Dispersion of Inorganic Nanobuilding Blocks......Page 266
12.3.2 In situ Generation of Inorganic Domains......Page 268
12.4 Conclusions......Page 270
References......Page 271
13.1.1 Historical Aspects......Page 275
13.1.2 Curing Reaction......Page 276
13.1.3.1 Irradiation Energy......Page 277
13.1.3.4 Initiator Content......Page 278
13.1.4 Curing Facilities and Safety Issues......Page 279
13.2.1 Initiators......Page 281
13.2.2 Epoxy Monomers......Page 283
13.2.3 Toughness Modification......Page 284
13.2.4 Interfacial Properties Between Fibers and Matrix......Page 285
13.3 Manufacturing Process......Page 286
13.4.1 Cost Analysis......Page 287
13.4.3 Potential Applications......Page 288
References......Page 289
14.2.1 Process......Page 293
14.2.2 SCRIMP Process......Page 294
14.2.3 Vacuum Assisted Process......Page 295
14.2.4 Controlled Atmospheric Pressure Resin Infusion......Page 296
14.3 Resin Transfer Molding......Page 297
14.4.1 Process and Applications......Page 298
14.4.2 Out of Autoclave Prepregs......Page 299
14.5.2 Quickstep: Another Way to Cure......Page 300
14.6.2 BMC......Page 303
14.6.3 Features of SMC/BMC Technologies......Page 304
14.7.1 Process and Applications......Page 305
14.7.3 Automated Fiber Placement......Page 306
14.8.1 Process and Applications......Page 307
14.9.2 Conti Duo Technology......Page 308
References......Page 309
15.1.1 Engineering Thermosetting Epoxies......Page 311
15.1.2 BCPs as Additives for Controlling Properties......Page 312
15.2.1 Materials......Page 313
15.2.2 Sample Preparation......Page 314
15.3 Rheological Behavior of Blends of Block Copolymer and Thermoset Precursors......Page 315
15.4 Choice of the Hardener......Page 318
15.5.2 Properties......Page 320
References......Page 323
16.1 Background......Page 325
16.2 Continuum-Level Model for Foaming Materials......Page 327
16.3.1 Variable Density and Gas Production Models......Page 328
16.3.3 Viscosity and Slip Models......Page 329
16.4 Numerical Method......Page 333
16.5.1 Experiment and Model Set-Up......Page 335
16.5.2 Results......Page 336
16.6 Discussion and Suggested Improvements to the Model......Page 338
16.7.1 Chemical Blowing......Page 339
16.7.2 Maleic Anhydride Polymerization and CO2 Generation......Page 340
16.7.3 Epoxy Systems Foamed Via Maleic Anhydride Polymerization......Page 341
16.7.4 BOC Based Foaming and Enhanced Foam Stability......Page 342
16.8 Summary......Page 343
Acknowledgments......Page 344
References......Page 345
17.1 Introduction......Page 347
17.2.1 Microcapsule-Based Self-Healing......Page 348
17.2.2 Alternative Healing Chemistries......Page 359
17.2.3 Hollow-Fiber-Based Healing......Page 360
17.2.4 Microvascular Healing Systems......Page 361
17.3.1 Remendable Polymers......Page 362
17.4 Potential Applications of Self-Healing Materials in a Bio-Engineering Setting......Page 363
References......Page 365
Part Four: Conclusions and Perspectives......Page 367
18.1 Definitions of Epoxy Polymers......Page 369
18.2 New Monomers and Formulations......Page 370
18.3 Nanostructured Epoxies......Page 371
18.4 Engineering Properties......Page 373
18.5 Functional Properties......Page 375
18.7 Life-Cycle Assessment......Page 376
References......Page 377
Index......Page 379