Epigenetic Risks of Cloning

Epigenetic Risks Of Cloning......Page 1
Copyright......Page 3
Preface......Page 4
References......Page 5
Editor......Page 6
Contributors......Page 7
Table Of Contents......Page 10
ABSTRACT......Page 12
1.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 13
1.3 CLONING THE MOUSE......Page 14
1.4 EMBRYONIC AND PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT......Page 15
1.5 PLACENTAL ABNORMALITIES......Page 16
1.7 ABNORMALITIES IN NEWBORN CLONES......Page 17
1.8 PREWEANING DEVELOPMENT OF CLONED MICE......Page 18
1.10 AGING AND LONGEVITY......Page 19
1.11 BODY WEIGHT AND OBESITY......Page 21
REFERENCES......Page 24
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 28
2.2.2 SOURCE OF OOCYTES......Page 29
2.2.4 NUCLEAR TRANSFER AND ACTIVATION......Page 30
2.2.5 MICROINJECTION METHOD......Page 31
2.3.1 CONSERVATION OF GENETIC RESOURCES......Page 32
2.3.2 TRANSGENIC CLONED PIGS......Page 33
2.3.3 CLONING PIGS FOR XENOTRANSPLANTATION......Page 34
REFERENCES......Page 36
3.1 BACKGROUND......Page 39
3.2.1 OOCYTES AS RECIPIENT CELLS......Page 40
REFERENCES......Page 41
CONTENTS......Page 43
4.2.2.1 Halved Precompaction Embryos......Page 44
4.2.2.3 Splitting into Fourths or More......Page 46
4.2.2.4 Application under Commercial Situation......Page 47
4.2.2.6 Health Consequences......Page 48
4.3.2 SUCCESS RATE......Page 49
4.3.2.1 Cell Cycle Stage......Page 51
4.3.2.2 Donor Cell Type......Page 52
4.3.2.3 Serial Nuclear Transfer and Freezing of Nuclear- Transferred Embryos......Page 54
4.3.3 HEALTH CONSEQUENCES......Page 55
4.4.2 SUCCESS RATE......Page 56
4.4.2.1 Cell Cycle Stage......Page 57
4.4.2.2 Donor Cell Type......Page 58
4.4.3.1 Pregnancy Loss......Page 60
4.4.3.2 Perinatal Death of Cloned Calves and Observed Abnormalities......Page 61
4.4.3.3 Postnatal Development and Reproductive Ability......Page 62
REFERENCES......Page 63
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 68
5.3 NUCLEAR DONOR CELLS......Page 69
5.5 EQUINE OOCYTE CALCIUM REGULATION......Page 70
5.6 NUCLEAR TRANSFER OF EQUINE EMBRYOS......Page 71
5.7 GESTATIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF CLONED MULES......Page 72
5.8 PARTURITION AND POSTPARTUM HEALTH OF CLONED MULES......Page 73
5.11 DEVELOPMENTALLY CRITICAL PERIOD......Page 74
5.12 DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE OF MULE CELLS......Page 75
5.13 REPRODUCTION OF INFERTILE OR STERILE ANIMALS......Page 76
5.14 PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF CLONING IN THE EQUINE......Page 77
REFERENCES......Page 78
CONTENTS......Page 79
6.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 80
6.2 RECONSTRUCTION OF RABBIT EMBRYOS THROUGH NUCLEAR TRANSFER......Page 81
6.3 OOCYTE ACTIVATION IN THE RABBIT......Page 83
6.3.2 ACTIVATION OF RECONSTRUCTED EMBRYOS......Page 84
6.4.1 EPIGENETIC REPROGRAMMING OF DONOR DNA AFTER NUCLEAR TRANSFER......Page 86
6.4.2.1 Cell Cycle Stage......Page 88
6.4.2.2 Donor Cell Type and Further Development of Nuclear- Transferred Embryos......Page 89
6.5 IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF CLONED RABBIT EMBRYOS......Page 90
6.6 IN VIVO DEVELOPMENT OF RABBIT EMBRYOS RECONSTRUCTED FROM SOMATIC CELLS......Page 91
6.7 RABBIT CHIMERIC OFFSPRING PRODUCED FROM SCNT EMBRYOS: AN ALTERNATIVE WAY TO REPROGRAM RABBIT FIBROBLASTS UP TO TERM?......Page 95
6.7.1 CHIMERA PRODUCTION (SEE SCHEMA 6.2)......Page 96
6.8 CONCLUSION......Page 98
REFERENCES......Page 99
7.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 105
7.3 CULTURE MEDIUM DOES NOT CAUSE BWS TO OCCUR AFTER ART......Page 106
7.4.2 ORGANOMEGALY......Page 109
7.4.4 ABNORMALITIES OF THE PLACENTA......Page 110
7.4.6 DISPARATE FEATURES......Page 111
7.5 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF ART ON GENOMIC IMPRINTING: EVIDENCE IN NONHUMAN MAMMALS......Page 112
7.6 SUMMARY......Page 113
REFERENCES......Page 114
CONTENTS......Page 118
8.2 SOURCE OF CYTOPLASTS FOR PRODUCTION OF CLONED EMBRYOS......Page 119
8.2.1 LENGTH OF IN VITRO MATURATION
OF
D
OMESTIC CAT OOCYTES FOR NT......Page 120
8.2.2 OOCYTE CYTOPLASMIC MATURATION......Page 122
8.2.4 OOCYTES MATURED IN VIVO VS. THOSE MATURED IN VITRO AS RECIPIENT CYTOPLASTS......Page 123
8.3 EFFECT OF DONOR NUCLEUS ON NUCLEAR TRANSFER......Page 124
8.3.1 CELL SYNCHRONIZATION OF DOMESTIC AND NONDOMESTIC CAT CELLS......Page 125
8.3.2 EFFECT OF CELL DISSOCIATION ON THE CELL CYCLE AND CELL INTEGRITY......Page 127
8.3.3 DISTINGUISHING G0 AND G1 CELL POPULATIONS......Page 128
8.3.4 EFFECT OF DONOR NUCLEUS TYPE AND CELL CYCLE
SYNCHRONIZATION METHOD ON EMBRYO RECONSTRUCTION AND IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT......Page 134
8.3.5 CHROMOSOMAL STABILITY OF CAT SOMATIC CELLS AND DERIVED CLONED EMBRYOS......Page 136
8.4.1 ACTIVATION EXPOSURE TO CALCIUM IONOPHORES......Page 138
8.4.2 ACTIVATION BY APPLYING ELECTRICAL STIMULI......Page 139
8.4.3 ACTIVATION BY COMBINATION OF SEQUENTIAL ACTIVATION TREATMENTS......Page 140
8.4.5 EFFECT OF ACTIVATION ON OOCYTE CYTOPLASMIC FACTORS......Page 142
8.5 EMBRYO TRANSFER AND DEVELOPMENT OF CLONED EMBRYOS......Page 143
8.6 GENE EXPRESSION AND IMPRINTING IN CLONED EMBRYOS......Page 146
8.6.1 IGF2 GENE EXPRESSION FROM DOMESTIC CAT EMBRYOS......Page 148
8.7 INTERGENERIC NUCLEAR TRANSFER......Page 149
REFERENCES......Page 151
9.1 HISTORICAL NOTES: EMBRYONIC CLONING......Page 159
9.2 SOMATIC CELL NUCLEAR TRANSFER......Page 160
9.3 EFFORTS IN OVINE SOMATIC CELL CLONING......Page 161
9.4 EPIGENETIC EFFECT OF CLONING PROCEDURES......Page 163
REFERENCES......Page 167
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 170
10.3.1 SPONTANEOUS ACTIVATION, UNIQUE TO THIS SPECIES......Page 171
10.4.1 CLONED RAT PRODUCTION USING EMBRYONIC CELLS......Page 173
10.4.2 SINGLE NT ATTEMPTS WITH SOMATIC CELLS......Page 174
10.4.3 SERIAL NT ATTEMPTS WITH SOMATIC CELLS......Page 175
10.5 FUTURE PERSPECTIVE OF RAT CLONING......Page 177
REFERENCES......Page 179