Epigenetic Principles of Evolution

science......Page 2
Epigenetic Principles of Evolution......Page 3
Copyright
......Page 4
Dedication
......Page 5
Introduction: The Explanatory Conundrum and the New Perspective in Modern Biology......Page 6
The Thermodynamic Enigma of Living Systems......Page 30
Genetic Versus Epigenetic Information......Page 31
Novel Properties of the Biological Information......Page 32
The Control System in Metazoans and the von Neumann’s Machine......Page 33
Neural Control of Water Content......Page 36
Neural Control of Glucose and Insulin Biosynthesis......Page 37
Neural Control of Thermoregulation......Page 39
Central Control of Animal Behavior......Page 43
Neural Determination of Monogamy in Prairie Voles......Page 44
Central Control of Metazoan Morphology......Page 45
Control of Expression of Nonhousekeeping Genes......Page 47
Chromatin Remodeling in Control of Gene Expression......Page 48
Extracellular Control of Signal Transduction Pathways and Transcription Factors......Page 49
Hormonal Control of Secreted Proteins and Growth Factors......Page 50
Neural Control of the Endocrine Function......Page 51
Development of the Mammary Gland......Page 54
Central Determination of Body Mass......Page 55
Central Determination of Normal Obesity......Page 56
The Integrated Control System......Page 58
The Hypothesis of the Epigenetic System of Heredity and its Predictions......Page 59
References......Page 60
Predetermined Versus Manipulative Expression of Genes......Page 66
Processing of External/Internal Stimuli in the CNS Generates Information for Adaptive Phenotypic Responses......Page 68
Molecular Mechanisms of Manipulative Expression of Genes in the CNS......Page 76
Epigenetic Manipulation of Genetic Information in the CNS......Page 78
Selective Elimination of Genetic Information in the CNS......Page 83
Neural Circuits Generate Epigenetic Information......Page 84
Neural Processing of Stimuli Generates Information for Postphylotypic Development......Page 88
Generation of Information for Adaptive Camouflage in Xenopus......Page 93
What Do Neural Circuits Do: Sum Up Stimuli or Figure Out Adaptive Responses?......Page 96
References......Page 100
Neuroendocrine Regulation of the Gonadal Function in Insects......Page 108
Neuroendocrine Regulation of Reproductive Function in Vertebrates......Page 111
Local Neural Control of the Reproductive Function in Vertebrates......Page 115
Neural Control of Oogenesis in Insects and Gastropod Molluscs......Page 116
Local Control by Ovarian Innervation......Page 120
Neural Control of Spermato-/Spermiogenesis......Page 121
Neural Control of Deposition of Parental Epigenetic Information in Gametes......Page 123
Neural Control of Deposition in the Egg Cell of Maternal Factors via Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis......Page 124
Neural Control of the Squeezing of Nurse Cell Content into the Oocyte......Page 125
Microtubules Are Involved in Transportation and Placement of Maternal Factors in the Oocyte......Page 127
Neurohormonal Regulation of Length of Microtubules......Page 129
The Nervous System Manipulates the Length and Orientation of Microtubules......Page 132
Neural Regulation by Modifying Maternal Hormone Level......Page 133
Neural Regulation by Differential Uptake from the Blood......Page 134
Regulation via Intercellular Communication Channels......Page 136
Role of the Ovarian Innervation in the Ovarian Function......Page 137
Paternal Cytoplasmic Factors in the Sperm Cell......Page 138
Neural Control of Gene Imprinting......Page 139
References......Page 141
Epigenetic Control of Formation of Primordial Germ Cells and Formation of Zygote......Page 154
Epigenetic Control of Migration of PGCs......Page 155
Epigenetic Control of Early Development in Insects......Page 156
Epigenetic Control of Early Development in Vertebrates......Page 157
Epigenetic Control of Early Development in Mammals......Page 159
Maternal Control of Endoderm Formation......Page 163
Epigenetic Control of Neural Induction and Formation of the CNS......Page 164
References......Page 167
5 Neural Control of Postphylotypic Development......Page 174
Apoptosis in Invertebrates......Page 175
Neural Control of Metamorphosis in Cnidarians......Page 176
Neural Control of Metamorphosis in Insects......Page 177
Neural Control of Metamorphosis in Amphibians......Page 180
The Embryonic CNS Controls the Postphylotypic Development in Vertebrates—Empirical Evidence......Page 181
Somitogenesis......Page 182
Development of the Dermomyotome and Sclerotome......Page 183
Control of Myogenesis in Insects......Page 184
Control of Myogenesis in Vertebrates......Page 189
Left–Right Asymmetry......Page 193
Neural Control of the Development of the Neuroendocrine System......Page 197
Inner Ear......Page 198
Maternal and Neural Control of Heart Development......Page 199
Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis......Page 202
Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 204
Pneumogenesis......Page 206
Nephrogenesis......Page 207
Neural Control of the Primary Sex Determination......Page 211
Neural Control of Sex Conversion......Page 213
Osteogenesis......Page 214
Regulation of Bone Homeostasis......Page 217
Immediate Neural Regulation of Bone Homeostasis......Page 219
Neural Control of the Development of the Mammary Gland......Page 220
Neural Control of the Development of Body Mass......Page 221
Neural Control of the Onset of Puberty......Page 225
Neural Control of Apoptosis......Page 228
Local Control of Regeneration by Nerve Fibers......Page 231
Neurohormonal Control of Regeneration by the Nervous System......Page 237
References......Page 238
The Epigenetic System of Inheritance......Page 256
Gametogenesis and Provision of Maternal Epigenetic Information to Oocytes......Page 259
The Parental CNS-Controlled Phase of Reproduction: Formation of Bauplan and the CNS......Page 265
The Embryonic CNS-Controlled Phase: The Postphylotypic Development......Page 268
The Binary Neural Control of Gene Expression......Page 270
Novel Features of the Epigenetic System of Inheritance......Page 274
References......Page 278
Evolution of Animal Kingdom Is Related to Changes in Environment......Page 282
Neuroendocrine System......Page 284
Stress and Stressors in Vertebrates......Page 287
Neuroendocrine Response to Stress......Page 288
Environmental Stress as a Cue for Adaptive Developmental Plasticity......Page 292
Environmental Stress Induces Evolutionary Changes Without Changes in Genes......Page 293
References......Page 295
Neural Basis of Animal Behavior......Page 299
Neural Basis of Learned Behavior......Page 306
Animal Behavior Is Not Determined by Genes......Page 310
Learned Behaviors Evolve into Innate Behaviors......Page 314
Behavioral Atavisms—Activation of Ancestral Behavioral Circuitries......Page 318
Developmental and Evolutionary Relationship Between Behavior and Morphology......Page 321
References......Page 326
9 Ontogeny: The Workshop of Evolutionary Change......Page 331
Ontogeny and the Phylotypic Stage—Why Do All Developmental Pathways Converge to the Common Bauplan?......Page 333
Ontogeny May Change Without Changes in Genes......Page 336
Generation of Epigenetic Information for Organogenesis After the Phylotypic Stage......Page 339
Stress-Induced Developmental Instability and Evolution......Page 343
Developmental Constraints and Adaptive Evolutionary Innovations......Page 345
References......Page 348
Developmental Plasticity: Beyond the Reaction Norm......Page 351
Developmental Plasticity and Possible Evolutionary Implications......Page 355
Camouflage (Adaptive Coloration, Cryptic Coloration, and Crypsis)......Page 356
Polyphenisms in Invertebrates......Page 362
Seasonal Polyphenism in Insects......Page 367
Neo-Darwinian Explanation of the Seasonal Polyphenisms in Insects......Page 370
Wing Polyphenism in Insects......Page 371
Experimental Polyphenisms in Insects......Page 372
Polyphenisms in Vertebrates......Page 374
Experimental Polyphenisms in Vertebrates......Page 377
Predator-Induced Defenses......Page 379
Developmental Polymorphisms Are Not Genetic Polymorphisms......Page 381
References......Page 383
11 Transgenerational Developmental Plasticity—An Epitome of Evolutionary Change......Page 390
TDP in Nature......Page 391
Phase Transition in Locusts......Page 395
TDP in Experiments......Page 400
The Mechanism of Induction of Sexually Reproducing Generation in D. magna......Page 404
Diapause in the Silkworm......Page 406
A Neurotransmitter Coding for a Life History Character......Page 407
The Mechanism of Transgenerational Phase Transition in Locusts......Page 408
The Origin of the Information for TDP......Page 414
References......Page 418
Principles of Organization of the Multicellular Structure......Page 425
Unicellular Antecedents of Metazoan Life......Page 427
Unicellular Premises of Coordination of Cell Activity in Metazoans......Page 428
Unicellular Precursors of the Metazoan Epigenetic Informational Structure......Page 431
Impulse Conduction and Sensory–Motor Properties in Protozoans......Page 432
Epigenetic Information in Unicellulars......Page 433
The Origin of Eumetazoan Life......Page 436
Precambrian Metazoans: An Obscure Control System......Page 438
The Diffuse Control System and the Neural Controller: The Eumetazoan’s Eureka......Page 443
Centralization of the Neural Control System......Page 452
Neuroendocrine Control System in Invertebrates......Page 455
Evolution of the Neuroendocrine Control in Vertebrates......Page 459
References......Page 461
The Epigenetic Hypothesis of Evolution and its Predictions......Page 466
The Nature of the Evolutionary Change......Page 467
Interactions Organism–Environment in Evolution: The Causal Relationship......Page 469
Behavioral Prelude of Evolutionary Modifications of Animal Morphology......Page 475
Epigenetic Determination of Modifications of Existing Phenotypes......Page 476
Evolution of Body Size in Manduca sexta......Page 478
The Growth Rate......Page 479
PTTH Delay Time......Page 480
Evolution of Wings in Insects......Page 482
Neural Control of Developmental Pathways and Gene Regulatory Networks of Insect Wings......Page 483
Neo-Darwinian Explanation......Page 487
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 488
Evolution of Caste Developmental Polymorphisms in Insects......Page 489
Neo-Darwinian Explanation of the Caste-Specific Wing Developmental Polymorphism in P. megacephala......Page 496
Epigenetic Explanation of Caste-Specific Wing Developmental Polymorphism in P. megacephala......Page 497
Evolution of the Seasonal Diphenism in the Butterfly Bicyclus anynana......Page 498
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 499
Evolution of Horns in Beetles......Page 500
Neo-Darwinian Explanation......Page 504
Evolution of Appendages and Tetrapod Limbs......Page 505
From Fish Fins to Tetrapod Limbs......Page 511
Role of the Nervous System in Limb Development......Page 514
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 519
Evolution of Wings in Bats......Page 520
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 522
Evolution of Air-Breathing and Surfactant System in Vertebrates......Page 523
Evolution of Dentition in Vertebrates......Page 527
Role of the Nervous System in Tooth Development......Page 530
Neo-Darwinian Explanation......Page 533
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 534
Sudden Evolution of Morphology in the Threespine Stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus......Page 535
Evolution of the Auditory System......Page 536
Evolution of Ears and Ultrasonic Echolocation in Insects......Page 537
Evolution of Ears in Vertebrates......Page 539
Evolution of Eyes......Page 541
Molecular Mechanism of Feather Development......Page 542
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 545
Neo-Darwinian Explanation......Page 546
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 549
Evolution of Sexual Reproduction and Alternation of Asexual and Sexual Modes of Reproduction......Page 552
Neo-Darwinian Explanation......Page 555
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 556
Evolution of Paedomorphosis in a Salamander Species......Page 557
Evolution of Viviparity......Page 559
Neo-Darwinian Explanation......Page 564
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 566
Evolution of Flight in Insects......Page 567
Evolution of Avoidance Behavior in the Green Tree- and Red-Bellied Snakes......Page 570
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 571
Evolution of the Circadian System in Blind Moles......Page 572
Light-Dependent Magnetic Orientation......Page 573
Trigeminal System of Geomagnetic Orientation......Page 575
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 577
References......Page 578
Vestigialization of Metazoan Structures......Page 596
Vestigialization of Limbs in Squamates......Page 597
Loss of Animal Structures in Nature......Page 598
Loss of Wings in Phasmids......Page 599
Loss of Teeth in Birds......Page 600
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 601
Loss of Limbs in Amphibians and Reptiles......Page 602
Loss of Limbs in Snakes......Page 603
Loss of Forelimbs in Pythons......Page 604
Loss/Reduction of Limbs in Aquatic Mammals......Page 605
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 611
Loss of Lungs in Salamanders......Page 612
Loss of Characters in Cave-Dwelling Animals......Page 613
Loss of Eyes in Astyanax fasciatus (mexicanus): Epigenetics of an Evolutionary Event......Page 615
Neo-Darwinian Explanation......Page 618
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 619
Loss of Pigmentation in the Cavefish A. mexicanus......Page 624
Loss of Sexual Dichromatism in Birds......Page 626
Loss of Adult Stage of Development—Paedomorphosis in Insects......Page 627
Loss of Terrestrial Mature Stage in Amphibians—Paedomorphosis......Page 628
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 631
Loss of the Acoustic Startle Response in Moths Endemic to Bat-Free Habitats......Page 632
References......Page 634
Evolutionary Reversions: The Course of Evolution Is Not Unidirectional......Page 640
Atavisms: Ancestral Developmental Pathways May Be Conserved and Reactivated......Page 644
Reversion of Shell Coiling in Gastropods......Page 646
Reversion of Cartilaginous Skeleton in Fish......Page 647
Reversion of the Hydrodynamic Body Shape in Marine Mammals......Page 648
Reversion of Wings in Stick Insects......Page 649
Reappearance of Musculus IFE in the Bowerbird Loria loriae and the New Zealand Thrush, Turnagra capensis......Page 650
Experimental Reversion of Teeth in Birds......Page 651
Reversion of Ancestral Genetic Systems in Insects......Page 653
Reversion of Direct and Biphasic Development in Plethodontid Salamanders......Page 654
Reversion of Ancestral Reproductive Modes in Vertebrates......Page 655
Reversion of Viviparity in Reptiles......Page 657
Reversion of Arboreal Carabides to the Ground-Dwelling Habitat......Page 658
Neo-Darwinian Explanation......Page 659
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 660
Experimental Reversion of “Hip Glands” in Voles......Page 661
Reversion of Sexuality in Parthenogenetic Lizards......Page 662
Modified Ancestral Structures Reappear Stepwise......Page 663
References......Page 664
Neural Crest–Determined Evolution in Vertebrates......Page 668
Origin of the Neural Crest......Page 669
Development of the Neural Crest......Page 671
Migration of Neural Crest Cells to Target Sites......Page 673
The Source of Epigenetic Information of Neural Crest Cells......Page 674
Neural Crest and Vertebrate Morphogenesis......Page 675
The Vertebrate Head......Page 679
Evolution of the Vertebrate Jaw......Page 681
Paleontological Evidence of the Evolution of the Middle Ear Ossicles......Page 683
Ontogeny of the Middle Ear Ossicles......Page 684
Neo-Darwinian Explanation......Page 685
Epigenetic Explanation......Page 686
An Evolutionary Event in Darwin’s Finches......Page 687
The Role of the Neural Crest in Beak Development......Page 688
Neo-Darwinian Explanation of Beak Evolution in Darwin’s Finches......Page 693
Epigenetic Explanation of Evolution of Beak in Darwin’s Finches......Page 694
Evolution of the Adult Pigment Patterns in Danio Fish......Page 696
Evolution of the Cardiac Tract Outflow......Page 697
Neural Crest–Determined Development of Feathers in Bird’s Head......Page 698
References......Page 701
Predictability in Metazoan Evolution: Evolutionary Sameness......Page 704
Evolutionary Convergences in the Animal Kingdom......Page 705
Convergence of Electrical Organs and Electroreception in Fish......Page 706
Evolutionary Convergences of the Nervous System......Page 708
Convergence of the Ballistic Tongue......Page 710
Convergence of Plumage Patterns in Orioles......Page 713
Convergence of the Tribosphenic Molar Teeth......Page 714
Convergence of Overall Body Form in Aquatic Mammals and the Reptilian Ichthyosaurus......Page 715
Paleontological Evidence for Convergence......Page 718
Epigenetic Explanation of Evolutionary Convergences......Page 720
References......Page 721
The Concept of Species......Page 723
The Neo-Darwinian Theory and the Problem of Speciation......Page 725
Allopatric Speciation......Page 728
The Basic Allopatric Model......Page 730
The Reinforcement Model......Page 732
Peripatric Speciation......Page 734
The Founder Effect Model......Page 735
Ecological Speciation......Page 736
References......Page 737
Recognition of the Reality of Sympatric Speciation......Page 740
Sympatric Speciation: No Changes in Genes Are Involved......Page 741
Natural Selection and Sexual Selection in Sympatric Speciation......Page 744
Neurocognitive Populational Breakup......Page 746
Reproductive Isolation via Mate Choice......Page 747
Evolution of Mating Preferences......Page 748
The “Good Gene” Hypothesis......Page 749
Sensory Exploitation Hypothesis......Page 751
Evolution of Receiver Biases......Page 752
Evolution of Sender’s Signaling......Page 757
Mate Recognition System......Page 760
Neural Reception of Visual Signaling......Page 766
Neural Reception and Processing of Bioluminescent Signals......Page 767
Neural Reception and Processing of Olfactory Signals......Page 770
Olfactorily Determined Reproductive Isolation in Sympatry......Page 772
Neural Reception and Processing of Acoustic Signals......Page 774
The Song Circuit in the Brain of Birds......Page 776
Acoustically Determined Reproductive Isolation in Sympatry......Page 777
Electrogenesis in Fish......Page 781
The Structure of the System of Electroreception in Fish......Page 782
Electrosensory Communication in Social and Reproductive Behavior......Page 784
Evolution of Electrosignals, Electrocognitive Isolation of Populations, and Sympatric Speciation in Fish......Page 789
Epigenetic Explanation of Sympatric Reproductive Isolation and Speciation of Brienomyrus spp.......Page 791
Brain, Behavior, and Evolution......Page 792
Behavioral Drive or Brain Size–Environmental Change Hypothesis......Page 793
Neo-Darwinian Explanation of the Correlation Between the Brain Size and Evolutionary Rates......Page 794
Epigenetic Explanation of the Correlation Between the Brain Size and Evolutionary Rates......Page 795
Neurocognitive Sympatric Speciation......Page 796
Neurocognitive Basis of Sympatric Speciation......Page 797
Sexual Neurocognitive Sympatric Speciation......Page 798
Nonsexual Neurocognitive (Host Plant Shifting) Sympatric Speciation......Page 799
Neo-Darwinian Explanation of Sympatric Speciation by Host Plant Shifting......Page 802
Epigenetic Explanation of Sympatric Speciation by Host Plant Shifting......Page 803
Neurocognitive Sympatric Speciation in Fish......Page 805
Neurocognitive Sympatric Speciation in Salamanders......Page 807
Despeciation or Fusion of Species......Page 808
References......Page 809