Epidemiologic Methods: The Essentials

Front Cover
Epidemiologic Methods
Copyright
Contents
Preface
1 Classic Studies in Epidemiology
	1.1 Lind Scurvy Trial
	1.2 Semmelweis Puerperal Fever Study
	1.3 Farr Cholera Study
	1.4 Snow Cholera Study
	1.5 Lane-Claypon Breast Cancer Study
	1.6 Doll and Hill Lung Cancer Study
	1.7 National Health Survey
	1.8 MRC Streptomycin Trial
	1.9 Salk Polio Vaccine Trial
	1.10 Newburgh-Kingston Fluoride Trial
	1.11 Framingham Heart Study
	References
2 Preliminaries
	2.1 Natural History of Disease
	2.2 Association and Causation
	2.3 Types of Epidemiologic Studies
	2.4 Weighted Averages
	2.5 Sampling
		Probability Sampling
			Simple Random Sampling
			Stratified Random Sampling
			Cluster Sampling
		Random Sampling
		Nonprobability Sampling
		Sampling in Epidemiologic Studies
	2.6 Source Populations and Target Populations
	2.7 Study Error
		Random Error
		Systematic Error
	References
3 Prevalence Studies
	3.1 Prevalence
	3.2 Bias in Prevalence Studies
		Selection Bias
		Information Bias
			Misclassification of Case Status
			Example: National Comorbidity Survey Replication
			Example: Point Prevalence in Hypothetical Population
	References
4 Cohort Studies
	4.1 Closed Cohort Studies
		Binomial Model
		Measures of Effect
			Example: SARS Study
			Example: Down Syndrome Study
	4.2 Open Cohort Studies
		Exponential Model
		Measures of Effect
			Example: British Doctors' Study
	4.3 Choosing a Measure of Effect
	References
5 Populations
	5.1 Incidence Rates
	5.2 Direct Standardization
	5.3 Indirect Standardization
	5.4 Age-Period-Cohort Analysis
	5.5 Prevalence = Incidence x Duration
	5.6 Cross-Sectional Studies
	References
6 Effect Modification in Cohort Studies
	6.1 Effect Modification and Homogeneity
	6.2 Effect Modification and Different Exposures
	6.3 Effect Modification and Different Measures of Effect
	6.4 Mathematical Models and Interaction
	6.5 Qualitative Effect Modification
	References
7 Standardization in Cohort Studies
	7.1 Closed Cohort Studies
		Standardized Measures of Effect
		Mantel-Haenszel Measures of Effect
		Closed Cohort Studies #1–3
		SARS and Down Syndrome Studies
			Example: SARS Study
			Example: Down Syndrome Study
	7.2 Open Cohort Studies
		Standardized and Mantel-Haenszel Measures of Effect
			Example: British Doctors' Study
	References
8 Confounding in Cohort Studies - Part I
	8.1 Causal Diagram Confounding
	8.2 Counterfactual Confounding in Closed Cohort Studies
	8.3 Classical Confounding in Closed Cohort Studies
	8.4 Counterfactual and Classical Confounding in Closed Cohort Studies
	8.5 Collapsibility in Closed Cohort Studies
	8.6 Choosing a Definition of Confounding
	8.7 Classical Confounding in Stationary Populations
	References
9 Confounding in Cohort Studies - Part II
	9.1 Attributable Fractions in Closed Cohort Studies
	9.2 Unmeasured Confounders in Closed Cohort Studies
	9.3 Controlling Confounding in Cohort Studies
		Restriction
		Matching
			Example: Frequency-matched Closed Cohort Study Based on (Unmatched) Closed Cohort Study #4
	References
10 Bias in Cohort Studies
	10.1 Selection Bias
	10.2 Information Bias
		Nondifferential Misclassification of Case Status
			Example: Nondifferential Misclassification of Case Status in Closed Cohort Study #5
	References
11 Randomized Trials
	11.1 Randomized Clinical Trials
		Parallel Design
			Phase I–IV Clinical Trials
			Ethics
			Randomization
			Example: University Group Diabetes Program
			Blinding
			Example: Vitamin C Trial
			Adherence
			Intention to Treat and Per Protocol Analyses
			Example: Coronary Drug Project
		Factorial Design
			Example: Women's Health Initiative
		Crossover Design
			Example: Migraine Trial
	11.2 Randomized Field Trials
	11.3 Community Intervention Trials
	References
12 Case-Control Studies - Part I
	12.1 Case-Control Studies Embedded in Cohort Studies
		Cumulative Case-Control Studies
			Example: Food Poisoning Study
		Case-Cohort Studies
		Density Case-Control Studies
		Nested Case-Control Studies
			Example: Physicians' Health Study
	12.2 Population-Based Case-Control Studies
		Selection of Cases
		Selection of Controls
	12.3 Hospital-Based Case-Control Studies
		Selection of Cases
		Selection of Controls
	12.4 Case-Control Studies in a Stationary Population
		Population-Based Case-Control Studies
		Hospital-Based Case-Control Studies
			Example: Heart Attack Study
	12.5 Ratio of Controls to Cases
	References
13 Case-Control Studies - Part II
	13.1 Bias in Case-Control Studies
		Selection Bias
		Information Bias
			Nondifferential Misclassification of Exposure Status
			Example: Nondifferential Misclassification of Exposure Status in a Cumulative Case-Control Study
	13.2 Stratification in Case-Control Studies
	Effect Modification
		Standardized Odds Ratio
		Mantel-Haenszel Odds Ratio
	13.3 Confounding in Case-Control Studies
		Confounding in Case-Cohort Studies
			Counterfactual Confounding
			Classical Confounding
			Example: Case-Cohort Study Embedded in Closed Cohort Study #4
		Confounding in Population-Based Case-Control Studies
			Classical Confounding
	13.4 Controlling Confounding in Case-Control Studies
		Matching in Case-Control Studies
			Example: Matched Case-Cohort Study Embedded in Closed Cohort Study #4 (Matching Variable is a Risk Factor for the Disease)
			Example: Matched Case-Cohort Study Embedded in Closed Cohort Study #8 (Matching Variable is not a Risk Factor for the Disease)
		Statistical Efficiency of Matching in Case-Control Studies
		Ratio of Controls to Cases
			Example: Vaginal Cancer Study
	References
14 Ecologic Studies
	14.1 Ecologic Bias
	References
15 Screening in Populations
	15.1 Natural History of Disease
	15.2 Screening Programs
	15.3 Validity of Screening Tests
	15.4 Reliability of Screening Tests
	15.5 Randomized Screening Trials
	References
A Appendix for Chapter 2
	Bracket Convention
	A.1 Proof of Item 1 of Section 2.4
B Appendix for Chapter 3
	B.1 Proof of (3.5)
C Appendix for Chapter 4
	C.1 Proof of (4.4)–(4.6)
	C.2 Proof of (4.10)
D Appendix for Chapter 5
	D.1 Proof of (5.8)
	D.2 sIR is a Weighted Average
	D.3 Proof of (5.18)
E Appendix for Chapter 6
	E.1 Proof of (6.6)
	E.2 Proof of (6.7)
	E.3 Proof of (6.8)
	E.4 Proof of (6.11)
	E.5 Proof of (6.15)
F Appendix for Chapter 7
	F.1 sRR, sRD, RRMH, ORMH, RDMH are Weighted Averages
	F.2 sIR, sID, IRMH, IDMH are Weighted Averages
	F.3 Proof of (7.11)
G Appendix for Chapter 8
	G.1 Proof of (8.2)
	G.2 Proof of (8.3)
	G.3 Proof of Item 1 of Section 8.4
	G.4 Proof of Item 2 of Section 8.4
	G.5 Proof of Item 1 of Section 8.5
	G.6 Proof of Item 2 of Section 8.5
H Appendix for Chapter 9
	H.1 No Counterfactual Confounding Implies a0(1)=R0n1
	H.2 Proof of (9.7)
	H.3 Proof of (9.5)
	H.4 Proof of First Equality in (9.8)
	H.5 Proof of Second Equality in (9.8)
	H.6 Proof of First Equality in (9.6)
	H.7 Proof of Second Equality in (9.6)
	H.8 Proof of (9.9)
I Appendix for Chapter 10
	I.1 Proof of (10.1)
	I.2 Proof of (10.2)
	I.3 Proof of (10.3)
	I.4 Proof of (10.4)
	I.5 OR*=1 is Equivalent to OR=1
	I.6 Formula for OR*/OR in Fig. 10.1
J Appendix for Chapter 12
	J.1 Proof of (12.5)
K Appendix for Chapter 13
	K.1 Proof of (13.1)
	K.2 O͠R*=1 is Equivalent to OR=1
	K.3 Formula for O͠R*/OR in Fig. 13.2
	K.4 Proof of (13.3)
	K.5 Proof of (13.4)
	K.6 sO͠R is a Weighted Average
	K.7 Proof of (13.6)
	K.8 Proof of (13.7)
	K.9 O͠R<>sO͠R if and Only if R0<>R0(1) in Case-Cohort Studies
	K.10 Proof of (13.8)
	K.11 Proof of (13.9)
L Appendix for Chapter 14
	L.1 Proof of (14.5)
M Appendix for Chapter 15
	M.1 Proof of (15.3)
	M.2 Proof of (15.7)
	M.3 Raters are Perfectly Valid or Perfectly Invalid
Index
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