Environmental Technologies to Treat Sulfur Pollution (Integrated Environmental Technology)

CONTENTS\nPREFACE\nLIST OF CONTRIBUTORS\nPART I. THE SULFUR CYCLE\n	1 The chemical sulfur cycle\n		1.1 Introduction\n		1.2 Elemental sulfur and hydrophobic sulfur sols\n		1.3 Sulfide and polysulfides\n		1.4 Sulfites, thiosulfates, dithionites and dithionates\n		1.5 Polythionates and hydrophilic sulfur sols\n		1.6 Sulfuric acid and sulfates\n		1.7 Disproportionation of elemental sulfur in hot water\n		1.8 Organic derivatives of type R-S  -R (organopolysulfanes)\n		1.9 References\n	2 The geochemical sulfur cycle\n		2.1 Introduction\n		2.2 Global sulfur reservoirs and fluxes\n		2.3 The sedimentary sulfur cycle\n		2.4 Sulfur isotopes\n		2.5 References\n	3 The biological sulfur cycle\n		3.1 Introduction\n		3.2 The inorganic sulfur compounds of the biological sulfur cycle\n		3.3 Dissimilatory oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds\n		3.4 Dissimilatory reduction of oxidised sulfur compounds\n		3.5 Sulfur assimilation\n		3.6 Acknowledgements\n		3.7 References\nPART II. TECHNOLOGIES TO DESULFURISE RESOURCES\n	4 Catalytic removal of sulfur from diesel oil by\r hydrotreating\n		4.1 Introduction\n		4.2 Conventional HDS of diesel fuel\n		4.3 Deep HDS of diesel fuel\n		4.4 References\n	5 Bioleaching of sulfide minerals\n		5.1 Introduction\n		5.2 Rate-determining steps in bacterial oxidation of sulfide minerals\n		5.3 Chemical oxidation of sulfide minerals\n		5.4 Bacterial oxidation of sulfide minerals\n		5.5 Chemical versus bacterial oxidation: practical considerations\n		5.6 References\nPART III. TREATMENT OF WATERS POLLUTED BY SULFUROUS COMPOUNDS\n	6 Sulfur transformations during sewage transport\n		6.1 Introduction\n		6.2 A general overview of sulfide formation and exchange in sewers\n		6.3 Factors affecting the formation of sulfide\n		6.4 Prediction of sulfide formation in pressure sewers\n		6.5 Prediction of sulfide formation in gravity sewers\n		6.6 An integrated aerobic/anaerobic approach for prediction of sulfide formation in sewers\n		6.7 Effects of sulfide formation in sewers\n		6.8 Methods for control of sulfide formation\n		6.9 References\n	7 Biological treatment of organic sulfate-rich wastewaters\n		7.1 Introduction\n		7.2 Anaerobic treatment of sulfate rich wastewaters\n		7.3 Biological sulfate removal\n		7.4 Novel developments and perspectives\n		7.5 References\n	8 Biological removal of sulfurous compounds from inorganic wastewaters\n		8.1 Introduction\n		8.2 Sulfur-rich wastewaters associated with mining activities\n		8.3 Prevention, containment and treatment of AMD\n		8.4 Biological remediation of inorganic wastewaters: constraints and opportunities\n		8.5 References\n	9 Anaerobic of sulfate rich wastewaters: process modeling and control\n		9.1 Introduction\n		9.2 Models\n		9.3 Sensors\n		9.4 Control\n		9.5 Fault detection and isolation\n		9.6 References\nPART IV. TREATMENT OF GASES POLLUTED BY SULFUROUS COMPOUNDS\n	10 Survey of H2S and SO2 removal processes\n		10.1 Introduction\n		10.2 Impurities in gases\n		10.3 Product gas requirements\n		10.4 Application of various gas-treating processes\n		10.5 Survey of H2S removal processes\n		10.6 Survey of SO2 removal processes\n		10.7 References\n	11 Novel biological processes for the removal of H2S and SO 2 from gas streams\n		11.1 Introduction\n		11.2 High pressure natural gas desulfurisation by the Shell-Thiopaq process\n		11.3 Biological SO2 removal from flue gas\n		11.4 References\n	12 Biological treatment of gases polluted by volatile sulfur compounds\n		12.1 Introduction\n		12.2 Biotechnological waste gas treatment methods\n		12.3 Practical aspects of reactor selection for VSC treatment\n		12.3 Biotechnological removal of H2S\n		12.5 Biotechnological removal of organic sulfur compounds\n		12.6 References\n	13 Methods of odour measurement and assessment\n		13.1 Introduction\n		13.2 Methods of odour measurement\n		13.3 Odour assessment and prediction techniques\n		13.4 References\nPART V. TREATMENT OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS POLLUTED BY SULFUROUS COMPOUNDS\n	14 Treatment of solid materials containing inorganic sulfur compounds\n		14.1 Inorganic sulfur transformations in water/solid phase systems\n		14.2 Sulfur-containing materials with environmental concern\n		14.3 Treatment strategies\n		14.4 Sulfur in solid materials: novel aspects of environmental technology\n		14.5 References\n	15 Agricultural aspects of sulfur\n		15.1 Introduction\n		15.2 Sulfur demands of and release by agricultural crops\n		15.3 Sulfur supply to avoid deficiency\n		15.4 Phytoremediation of sulfur-enriched soils\n		15.5 References\nPART VI. OTHER APPLICATIONS OF SULFUR CYCLE BIOCONVERSIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING\n	16 Biodegradation of sulfonated aromatic compounds\n		16.1 Introduction\n		16.2 Biodegradation\n		16.3 Biotechnological removal of aromatic sulfonates from wastewater\n		16.4 References\n	17 Metal effects on sulfur cycle bacteria and metal removal by sulfate reducing bacteria\n		17.1 Introduction\n		17.2 Metal inhibition and interaction\n		17.3 Heavy metal removal\n		17.4 Metalloid oxyanion reduction\n		17.5 References\n	18 Interactions of the sulfur and nitrogen cycles: microbiology and process technology\n		18.1 Introduction\n		18.2 Microbial aspects of oxidative processes\n		18.3 Technological aspects of sulfide oxidation\n		18.4 Microbial and technological aspects of reductive reactions\n		18.5 References\nPART IV. PROBLEMS RELATED TO SULFUR CYCLE BIOCONVERSIONS\n	19 Sulfur-storing bacteria and bulking of activated sludge\n		19.1 Introduction\n		19.2 Filamentous organisms in activated sludge\n		19.3 Selection/growth of filamentous bacteria in activated sludge\n		19.4 Control of filamentous bulking by favouring the floc-forming population\n		19.5 References\n	20 Sulfur problems in anaerobic digestion\n		20.1 Introduction\n		20.2 Inhibition phenomena during anaerobic digestion of wastestreams with high levels of oxidised sulfur compounds\n		20.3 Techniques for quantification of sulfide toxicity on microbial populations involved in anaerobic digestion\n		20.4 Sulphide toxicity in anaerobic digestion\n		20.5 Effect of sulfide on process operation\n		20.6 References\n	21 Corrosion and sulfur bacteria\n		21.1 Introduction\n		21.2 Reduction reactions\n		21.3 Oxidation reactions\n		21.4 Acknowledgements\n		21.5 References\n	22 Recent developments in research on biogenic sulfuric acid attack of concrete\n		22.1 Introduction\n		22.2 Mechanism of biogenic sulfuric acid attack\n		22.3 Sulfide formation in sewers\n		22.4 Sulfuric acid production in sewers\n		22.5 Acknowledgements\n		22.6 References\nIndex