Environmental studies: (for B.A., B. Sc. and B.Com students)

Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
 1.1 Basic Concepts......Page 18
  1.1.1 Environmental Studies......Page 19
 1.2 Land Use Patterns-Agriculture, Housing and Urbanisation......Page 20
  1.3.1 Natural Changes in Environment......Page 21
  1.3.2 Natural Disasters......Page 22
  1.3.3 Man-Made (Anthropogenic) Changes in Environment and Disasters ......Page 24
  1.3.6 Nuclear Explosions......Page 25
  1.3.9 Chernobyl Disaster (1986)......Page 26
  1.3.10 Gulf War Hazards......Page 27
 1.4 Development vis-a-vis Environment......Page 28
 1.5 Environmental Hazards-Human Concern About Environment......Page 29
 Key Terms and Concepts (Glossary)......Page 30
 Questions......Page 32
  2.1.1 The Sun in the Solar System......Page 33
  2.1.2 Origin of the Earth-Continents and Ocean Basins......Page 34
  2.1.3 Origin of the Atmosphere......Page 35
  2.2.1 Lithosphere......Page 36
  2.2.3 Atmosphere......Page 38
 2.3 The Climate of the Earth......Page 39
  2.3.1 Rain, Storms and Lightning......Page 40
 2.4 Origin and Evolution of Life......Page 42
  2.5.2 The Hydrological Cycle......Page 43
  2.5.3 The Oxygen Cycle......Page 45
  2.5.4 The Nitrogen Cycle......Page 46
  2.5.5 The Carbon Cycle......Page 47
  2.5.6 The Phosphate Cycle......Page 48
  2.5.7 The Sulphur Cycle......Page 50
 Key Terms and Concepts (Glossary)......Page 51
 Questions......Page 53
 3.1 Ecology and Ecosystem......Page 54
  3.1.1 Biomes......Page 56
  3.1.2 Ecosystems......Page 57
 3.2 Forest Ecology......Page 59
  3.2.1 Forest Conservation......Page 60
  3.2.2 Biodiversity......Page 62
  3.2.3 Sustainable Ecosystem......Page 63
 Key Terms and Concepts (Glossary)......Page 64
 Questions......Page 65
 4.1 Human Population and Distribution......Page 66
  4.1.1 Distribution......Page 67
  4.1.3 Age Structure......Page 68
  4.1.5 Fertility Rate......Page 69
  4.1.7 Carrying Capacity......Page 70
 4.2 Population Stabilisation/ Sustainable Development (Indian Context)......Page 71
  4.2.1 Kerala Model......Page 72
 4.3 Women and Environment......Page 73
 4.4 Human Development......Page 74
 Key Terms and Concepts (Glossary)......Page 76
 Questions......Page 77
 5.2 Land Resource and Land Uses......Page 79
  5.2.1 Land Use Planning......Page 80
  5.2.2 Watershed Management......Page 81
  5.2.3 Grazing Land......Page 82
  5.2.5 Mines......Page 83
 5.3 Water Resources and Water Uses......Page 84
 5.4 Water Pollution ......Page 86
  5.4.1 Water Pollutants......Page 87
  5.4.3 Case Study of Ganga Pollution......Page 90
 5.5 Waste Water Treatment......Page 92
  5.5.3 Industrial Waste Water Treatment......Page 93
 5.6 Water Quality......Page 94
 5.7 Water Pollution Control and Water Management-Water Recycling......Page 95
  5.7.1 Ganga Action Plan......Page 96
  5.7.2 Desalination......Page 97
 Key Terms and Concepts (Glossary)......Page 98
 Questions......Page 101
 6.1 Composition......Page 103
  6.1.1 Structure......Page 104
 6.2 Greenhouse Effect (Global Warming)......Page 106
  6.2.1 Other Greenhouse Gases......Page 108
 6.3 Ozone Hole......Page 109
 6.4 El Nino......Page 111
  6.5.1 Primary Pollutants......Page 112
  6.5.2 Carbon Monoxide, CO......Page 113
  6.5.4 Control of CO Pollution......Page 114
  6.5.5 Nitrogen Oxides, NOX......Page 115
  6.5.6 Hydrocarbons and Photochemical Smog......Page 116
  6.5.7 Sulphur Dioxide, SO2......Page 117
  6.5.9 Acid Rain......Page 119
  6.5.11 Particulate......Page 121
  6.5.13 Air Pollution and Biosphere......Page 123
  6.5.14 Meteorology and Air Pollution......Page 125
 6.6 Air Quality Standards......Page 126
 6.7 Noise Pollution and Health......Page 127
  6.7.2 Noise Measurement Units......Page 128
  6.7.3 L10 (18 hours) Index......Page 129
  6.7.5 Noise Classification......Page 130
  6.7.6 Noise Pollution Hazards......Page 132
  6.7.7 Permissible Noise Levels......Page 133
 6.8 Odour Pollution......Page 134
  6.8.1. Odourous Pollutants......Page 135
 Key Terms and Concepts (Glossary)......Page 137
 Questions......Page 140
 7.1 Conventional Energy Resources......Page 142
  7.1.2 Thermal Power......Page 143
  7.1.4 Petroleum or Mineral Oil......Page 144
  7.1.5 Hydroelectricity......Page 145
  7.1.6 Nuclear Power......Page 147
  7.1.7 Wood......Page 148
  7.2.1 Solar Energy......Page 150
  7.2.2 Biogas......Page 153
  7.2.3 Wind Energy......Page 154
  7.2.4 Ocean and Tidal Energy......Page 155
  7.2.6 Energy Plantation......Page 156
 Key Terms and Concepts (Glossary)......Page 157
 Questions......Page 159
  8.1.1 Hazardous Products......Page 160
  8.1.3 Deadly Dust......Page 163
  8.1.5 Asbestosis......Page 164
 8.2 Epidemiology......Page 165
  8.2.1 Hygiene......Page 166
  8.2.2 Health and Disease......Page 167
  8.3.1 Malaria......Page 168
  8.3.2 Prevention of Malaria......Page 169
  8.3.4 Vector Control......Page 170
  8.4.2 Factors for Spread of Cholera......Page 172
  8.4.3 Control of Cholera......Page 173
  8.4.4 Amoebiasis......Page 174
 8.5 Pest Control and Management (IPM) in Agriculture......Page 175
  8.5.1 Pesticides......Page 176
  8.5.2 Toxicity of Pesticides......Page 177
  8.5.3 Integrated Pest Management (IPM)......Page 178
  8.5.4 Biological Control......Page 179
  8.5.6 Biotechnological Approach......Page 180
  8.6.2 Antidotes for Arsenic......Page 181
  8.6.5 Toxicity of Lead......Page 182
  8.6.6 Toxicity of Mercury......Page 183
  8.6.8 Toxicity of Some Organic Chemicals (Carcinogens)......Page 184
  Key Terms and Concepts (Glossary)......Page 186
  Questions......Page 187
 9.2 Waste Classification and Disposal......Page 189
  9.2.2 Detoxification of Toxic Wastes......Page 191
 9.3 Non-Hazardous Waste Management......Page 192
  9.3.1 Sanitary Landfill......Page 193
  9.3.2 Composting and Municipal Waste Composting Projects......Page 194
  9.3.3 Incineration......Page 195
 9.5 Solid Waste Management by Biotechnology......Page 196
 Key Terms and Concepts (Glossary)......Page 197
 Questions......Page 198
 10.1 Environmental Instruments and Institutions......Page 199
 10.2 Environmental Policies......Page 200
  10.2.2 Biosphere Reserves......Page 201
  10.3.1 Forests......Page 202
  10.3.2 Wildlife......Page 203
  10.3.4 Air......Page 204
  10.4.1 Chipko Movement......Page 205
  10.4.3 Narmada Dam......Page 206
 10.5 Environmental Ethics and Awareness......Page 207
  10.5.1 Environmental Awareness......Page 208
  10.5.2 Non-Government Organisations (NGOs)......Page 210
 Key Terms and Concepts (Glossary)......Page 211
 Questions......Page 212
Chapter 11 Feedback Exercise (Objective Test)......Page 213
 Calcutta University (2003) Science Streams......Page 233
 Calcutta University (2003) Arts and Commerce Streams......Page 238
 Calcutta University (2004)Arts and Commerce Streams......Page 243
 Calcutta University (2004)Science Streams......Page 247
 1. The Time Scale of Evolution ......Page 251
 2. The International SI Units......Page 252
 3. Drinking Water Quality Standards......Page 253
 4. Toxic Chemicals in the Environment......Page 255
 5. The Haves and Have-nots......Page 257
 6. One Earth, One Family (Global Village)......Page 258
 7. India’s Rank in the World......Page 259
References......Page 260
Index......Page 262