Environmental Social Sciences: Methods and Research Design

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 9
Foreword......Page 12

Preface......Page 15
Environmental social science......Page 17
Overview of the volume......Page 20
Conclusion......Page 24
References......Page 25
The demographic factor in environmental anthropology......Page 27
Problems of delimitation and scale......Page 29
The production of primary data......Page 31
Basic forms of analysis......Page 32
Population status......Page 33
Demographic dynamics......Page 37
The social and environmental context of demographic behaviors......Page 39
The spatial distribution of the population......Page 41
The regulation of demographic growth......Page 44
Demography as an environmental indicator......Page 46
References......Page 48
Introduction......Page 51
Direct behavior observation......Page 53
Recording rules......Page 56
Instantaneous recording......Page 57
Methodological issues and problems......Page 59
Observational problems......Page 60
Coding Problems......Page 62
Beyond simple behavior: time, location, interaction, and resource flows......Page 64
Estimating production......Page 65
References......Page 69
Property rights......Page 73
Institutional analysis......Page 75
Politics: cooperation, contestation, and power......Page 77
Methodological issues......Page 79
Defining the study......Page 80
Measurement......Page 82
Interactions across fields and scales......Page 84
Confounding effects......Page 88
Conclusion......Page 90
References......Page 92
Introduction......Page 96
Human geography models of vulnerability to environmental hazards......Page 98
Societal political economic response to major environmental change......Page 102
Exclusionary strategy......Page 103
Coding criteria......Page 104
Data Format......Page 105
Natural resource dependence and the role of local versus extra-local resources......Page 107
Household livelihood strategies......Page 109
Event qualities......Page 111
Technological utopianism......Page 115
Regional analysis and local-global dynamics......Page 117
Dynamics of the commons......Page 119
References......Page 123
Introduction......Page 126
Flora and fauna identification and classification......Page 128
Cultural consensus analysis......Page 130
Ethnosemantics......Page 131
Free listing......Page 132
Pile Sorting......Page 133
Triads......Page 134
Situated knowledge: interviews, surveys, and questionnaires......Page 135
Photo elicitation and interpretation......Page 137
Participatory mapping and plant trails......Page 138
Ethnobiology in practice: three case studies......Page 139
Medicinal plant classifications and Tibetan doctors......Page 140
Makah, ethnobiology, and present-day subsistence practices......Page 141
Conclusion......Page 142
References......Page 143
Introduction......Page 148
Mapping along the mitchell......Page 153
Conclusion......Page 167
References......Page 170
Introduction......Page 173
Literary analysis as applied to environmental studies......Page 175
A capsule introduction to literary methods......Page 177
Discovering the lost tribe: background and research questions......Page 179
Research design......Page 181
The jungle versus the rain forest: vocabulary and related literary imagery......Page 182
The noble savage: subplots, character analysis, and point of view......Page 185
El dorado: physical setting and broader social and environmental context......Page 190
Differences in interpretations of the lost tribe stories within and beyond brazil......Page 195
The lost tribe: a summing up......Page 197
Society, environment, and literary analysis: broader implications and conclusion......Page 199
References......Page 201
Introduction......Page 204
Case study: water scarcity, climate models, and decision-making in a desert city......Page 206
Cleaning and preparing texts......Page 207
Building matrices for word counts and key words in context......Page 208
Exploring word-based datasets......Page 210
Identifying themes......Page 212
Developing a codebook......Page 213
Semantic networks......Page 215
Grounded theory......Page 219
Content analysis......Page 221
Conclusion......Page 224
References......Page 226
Introduction......Page 228
Social network analysis......Page 229
Example I: ego networks and natural disasters......Page 230
Network background......Page 231
The variables......Page 232
Example discussion and summary......Page 235
Example II: social networks and intracultural variation......Page 236
Setting and data collection......Page 238
Consensus by group......Page 239
The theoretical models......Page 240
Example discussion and summary......Page 242
Example III: two mode behavioral networks and ecosystem links......Page 243
Constructing behavioral networks......Page 244
Application example......Page 248
Overall chapter summary and discussion......Page 250
References......Page 251
Introduction......Page 254
Theoretical underpinnings......Page 255
Methodological approaches......Page 259
Background on Madagascar......Page 260
Background on khat......Page 262
Methods2......Page 263
Methods......Page 265
Results......Page 266
Khat and vegetables: methods for linking between processes......Page 267
Participant observation and the identification of study sites......Page 268
Food diaries......Page 269
Structured interview schedules: khat......Page 270
Issues of consumption: khat......Page 272
Khat and food security......Page 274
Discussion......Page 276
Conclusion......Page 277
References......Page 278
Introduction......Page 282
Fundamentals of remote sensing and gis......Page 283
A brief history of rs-gis applications in anthropology......Page 286
Assessing geospatial data needs in anthropological research......Page 287
Analytical questions and units......Page 288
Cross-referencing available data in preparing a research design......Page 291
Research application: detecting and understanding land change......Page 293
Data preprocessing......Page 295
Characterizing land cover and land use: continuous and discrete approaches......Page 296
Preparing and using images for fieldwork and interviews......Page 300
Detecting land change......Page 302
Understanding and analyzing land patterns/change......Page 305
Concluding remarks: ethical issues, representation, and challenges in spatial-temporal analysis......Page 306
Selected list of specialized remote sensingand GIS journals......Page 309
References......Page 310
Introduction......Page 315
“Environmental archaeology”: the artifact-based methods......Page 316
Geoarchaeology......Page 317
Paleoethnobotany......Page 318
Zooarchaeology......Page 319
Integrating data within environmental archaeology......Page 322
Moving beyond the site: landscape archaeology......Page 323
Anthropogenically driven extinctions......Page 325
Cultural diversity and old world domesticates in the american southwest......Page 326
Archaeological data and studies of society and environment......Page 329
References......Page 330
Introduction to historical ecology......Page 338
Rejection of environmental determinism......Page 339
Historical synthesis......Page 340
Questions in historical ecology......Page 341
Methods in historical ecology......Page 343
Case study: historical ecology and the american yeoman......Page 344
Probate records......Page 346
Grain......Page 347
Livestock......Page 348
Environmental risk......Page 349
Analysis by historical trajectory......Page 350
Results......Page 358
Conclusion......Page 360
References......Page 361
Introduction......Page 365
Study site......Page 366
Socioecological methods for designing mpas......Page 369
Ethnohistory......Page 370
Genealogical demography and spatial patterns of settlement......Page 371
Sea tenure: socioeconomic transformations and coping strategies......Page 372
Income and expenditure analysis......Page 373
Food security......Page 374
Cultural consensus analysis......Page 375
Conflict and natural resources......Page 376
Cooperation and natural resources......Page 377
Sea tenure and ecological assessments......Page 378
Human behavioral ecology and fishing......Page 379
Human foraging patterns and Geographical Information Systems (GIS)......Page 380
Indigenous ecological knowledge......Page 381
Indigenous ecological knowledge and GIS......Page 382
Indigenous ecological knowledge and marine science......Page 385
Discussion......Page 386
Conclusion......Page 390
Index......Page 393