Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationships, 12th Edition

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
About The Authors......Page 7
Brief Contents......Page 9
Preface
......Page 19
Critical Thinking
......Page 24
Guided Tour
......Page 25
Contents......Page 10
CHAPTER 1: ENVIRONMENTAL INTERRELATIONSHIPS......Page 28
Interrelatedness Is a Core Concept
......Page 29
An Ecosystem Approach
......Page 30
Political and Economic Issues
......Page 31
The Global Nature of Environmental Concerns
......Page 32
The Wilderness North
......Page 33
The Agricultural Middle
......Page 34
The Dry West
......Page 35
The Great Lakes and Industrial Northeast
......Page 36
The Diverse South
......Page 37
Issues & Analysis: Government Regulation and Personal Property......Page 39
CHAPTER 2: ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS......Page 41
Environmental Ethics
......Page 42
Three Philosophical Approaches to Environmental Ethics
......Page 43
Development......Page 45
Conservation
......Page 46
Mediterranean Shrublands (Chaparral)
......Page 47
Environmental Justice
......Page 48
The Legal Status of Corporations
......Page 50
Case Study 2.2: Environmental Disasters and Poverty......Page 51
Is There a Corporate Environmental Ethic?......Page 52
Green Business Concepts
......Page 53
Food......Page 54
Energy
......Page 55
Global Environmental Ethics
......Page 56
Water Connections: A Global Water Ethic
......Page 57
Issues & Analysis: Environmental Dissent:Is Ecoterrorism Justified?
......Page 60
CHAPTER 3: ENVIRONMENTAL RISK: ECONOMICS, ASSESSMENT, AND MANAGEMENT......Page 63
Risk Assessment
......Page 64
Risk Management
......Page 65
Case Study 3.1: What’s in a Number?
......Page 66
True and Perceived Risks
......Page 67
Resources
......Page 68
Supply and Demand
......Page 69
Assigning Value to Natural Resources
......Page 70
Environmental Costs
......Page 71
Cost-Benefit Analysis
......Page 72
Concerns About the Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis
......Page 73
Comparing Economic and Ecological Systems
......Page 74
Common Property Resource Problems—The Tragedy of the Commons......Page 75
Using Economic Tools to Address Environmental Issues
......Page 76
Subsidies
......Page 77
Market-Based Instruments
......Page 78
Life Cycle Analysis and Extended Product Responsibility
......Page 79
Case Study 3.2: Pollution Prevention Pays!......Page 80
Economics and Sustainable Development
......Page 81
Campus Sustainability Initiative:Campus Business Partnership to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions......Page 82
Economics, Environment, and Developing Nations
......Page 84
Issues & Analysis: The Economicsand Risks of Mercury Contamination
......Page 85
CHAPTER 4: INTERRELATED SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES: MATTER, ENERGY, AND ENVIRONMENT......Page 88
Elements of the Scientific Method
......Page 89
Atomic Structure......Page 93
Acids, Bases, and pH
......Page 94
Going Green: Evaluating Green Claims
......Page 95
Chemical Reactions
......Page 96
Water Connections: Applying the Scientific Method—Acid Rain......Page 97
Chemical Reactions in Living Things
......Page 98
States of Matter
......Page 99
First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 100
Energy Quality
......Page 101
Pollution and Thermodynamics
......Page 102
Issues & Analysis: Diesel EngineTrade-offs
......Page 103
CHAPTER 5: INTERACTIONS: ENVIRONMENTS AND ORGANISMS......Page 106
Environment
......Page 107
Limiting Factors
......Page 108
Habitat and Niche
......Page 110
Genes, Populations, and Species
......Page 111
Natural Selection
......Page 112
Evolutionary Patterns
......Page 113
Predation
......Page 116
Competition
......Page 117
Symbiotic Relationships
......Page 119
Community and Ecosystem Interactions
......Page 121
Keystone Species
......Page 122
Energy Flow Through Ecosystems
......Page 123
Food Chains and Food Webs
......Page 124
Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems—Biogeochemical Cycles
......Page 125
Water Connections: Changes in the Food Chain of the Great Lakes......Page 127
Human Impact on Nutrient Cycles
......Page 130
Going Green: Phosphorus-Free Lawn Fertilizer
......Page 132
Issues & Analysis: Phosphate Mining in Nauru......Page 133
CHAPTER 6: KINDS OF ECOSYSTEMS AND COMMUNITIES......Page 135
Primary Succession
......Page 136
Secondary Succession
......Page 138
Modern Concepts of Succession and Climax
......Page 139
Precipitation and Temperature
......Page 141
Major Biomes of the World
......Page 142
Desert
......Page 143
Going Green: Conservation Easements
......Page 144
Temperate Grassland
......Page 145
Savanna
......Page 146
Tropical Dry Forest
......Page 148
Tropical Rainforest
......Page 149
Temperate Deciduous Forest
......Page 151
Taiga, Northern Coniferous Forest, or Boreal Forest......Page 153
Tundra
......Page 154
Marine Ecosystems
......Page 156
Freshwater Ecosystems
......Page 160
Water Connections: Varzea Forests—Where the Amazon River and Land Meet......Page 161
Issues & Analysis: Ecosystem Loss in North America......Page 164
CHAPTER 7: POPULATIONS: CHARACTERISTICS AND ISSUES......Page 166
Mortality—Death Rate
......Page 167
Sex Ratio
......Page 168
Age Distribution
......Page 169
A Population Growth Curve
......Page 170
Density-Dependent and Density-Independent Limiting Factors
......Page 171
Accumulation of Waste Products
......Page 172
Carrying Capacity
......Page 173
Going Green: Increasing Populations of Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers......Page 174
K-Strategists and r-Strategists
......Page 175
Human Population Growth
......Page 176
Measuring the Environmental Impact of a Population
......Page 178
Case Study 7.1: Thomas Malthus and His Essay on Population......Page 179
Biological Factors
......Page 180
Social Factors
......Page 182
Political Factors
......Page 183
Population Growth Rates and Standard of Living
......Page 184
Environmental Impacts of Food Production
......Page 185
Case Study 7.2: The Grameen Bank and Microcredit......Page 186
Economics and Politics of Hunger
......Page 187
The Demographic Transition Model
......Page 188
The U.S. Population Picture
......Page 189
Available Energy
......Page 191
Interaction with Other Organisms
......Page 192
Ultimate Size Limitation
......Page 193
Issues & Analysis: The Lesser Snow Goose—A Problem Population......Page 194
CHAPTER 8: ENERGY AND CIVILIZATION: PATTERNS OF CONSUMPTION......Page 197
Increased Use of Wood
......Page 198
The Role of the Automobile
......Page 199
Growth in the Use of Natural Gas
......Page 200
Residential and Commercial Energy Use
......Page 201
Industrial Energy Use
......Page 202
Water Connections: Heating Water—Saving Energy......Page 203
Electrical Energy
......Page 204
Electricity Pricing
......Page 206
Growth in Energy Use
......Page 207
Political and Economic Factors
......Page 208
Issues & Analysis: Government Actionand Energy Policy
......Page 209
Campus Sustainability Initiative: Delta College and Energy Efficiency......Page 210
CHAPTER 9: ENERGY SOURCES......Page 212
Resources and Reserves
......Page 213
Coal
......Page 214
Issues Related to the Use of Fossil Fuels
......Page 215
Coal Use
......Page 216
Oil Use
......Page 219
Natural Gas Use
......Page 221
Case Study 9.1: The Arctic National Wild life Refuge......Page 222
Biomass Conversion
......Page 223
Hydroelectric Power
......Page 226
Solar Energy
......Page 228
Wind Energy
......Page 231
Geothermal Energy
......Page 232
Tidal Power
......Page 233
Energy Conservation
......Page 234
Are Fuel Cells in the Future?
......Page 236
Issues & Analysis: Does Ethanol Fuel Make Sense?......Page 237
CHAPTER 10: NUCLEAR ENERGY......Page 240
The Nature of Nuclear Energy
......Page 241
Measuring Radiation
......Page 242
Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
......Page 243
The History of Nuclear Energy Development
......Page 244
Nuclear Fission Reactors
......Page 245
Social Forces
......Page 246
Nuclear Fusion
......Page 247
Reprocessing and Waste Disposal
......Page 248
Reactor Safety
......Page 249
Terrorism
......Page 250
Radioactive Waste Disposal
......Page 251
Thermal Pollution
......Page 254
Decommissioning
......Page 255
The Future of Nuclear Power
......Page 256
Technical Trends
......Page 257
Case Study 10.1: The Hanford Facility: A Storehouse of Nuclear Remains......Page 258
Issues & Analysis: Yucca Mountain and Nuclear Waste Storage......Page 259
CHAPTER 11: BIODIVERSITY ISSUES......Page 261
Kinds of Organisms Prone to Extinction
......Page 262
Genetic Diversity
......Page 263
Species Diversity
......Page 264
Biological and Ecosystem Services Values
......Page 266
Ethical Values
......Page 268
Habitat Loss
......Page 269
Water Connections: Freshwater Biodiversity
......Page 271
Overexploitation
......Page 275
Introduction of Exotic Species......Page 277
Control of Predator and Pest Organisms
......Page 278
What Is Being Done to Preserve Biodiversity?......Page 280
Legal Protection
......Page 281
Case Study 11.1: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Report and the Millennium Declaration......Page 283
Going Green: Consumer Choices Related to Biodiversity......Page 284
Sustainable Management of Wildlife Populations
......Page 285
Sustainable Management of Fish Populations
......Page 287
Case Study 11.2: The California Condor
......Page 288
Issues & Analysis: The Problem of Image......Page 289
CHAPTER 12: LAND-USE PLANNING......Page 291
Migration from the Central City to the Suburbs
......Page 292
Water Connections: Waterways and Development......Page 294
Lifestyle Factors
......Page 296
Problems Associated with Unplanned Urban Growth
......Page 297
Higher Infrastructure Costs
......Page 298
Floodplain Problems
......Page 299
Other Land-Use Considerations
......Page 300
Land-Use Planning Principles
......Page 301
Establishing State or Regional Planning Agencies
......Page 303
Purchasing Land or Use Rights
......Page 304
Regulating Use
......Page 305
Urban Transportation Planning
......Page 306
Urban Recreation Planning
......Page 307
Smart Growth
......Page 308
Going Green: Green Building
......Page 309
Federal Government Land-Use Issues
......Page 310
Issues & Analysis: Smart Communities’ Success Stories......Page 312
CHAPTER 13: SOIL AND ITS USES......Page 315
Geologic Processes
......Page 316
Soil and Land
......Page 318
Soil Properties
......Page 319
Campus Sustainability Initiative:Composting on Campus
......Page 322
Soil Profile
......Page 321
Soil Erosion
......Page 325
Soil Conservation Practices
......Page 328
Soil Quality Management Components
......Page 329
Contour Farming
......Page 330
Waterways
......Page 331
Conventional Versus Conservation Tillage
......Page 332
Protecting Soil on Nonfarm Land
......Page 334
Case Study 13.1: Land Capability Classes
......Page 335
Issues & Analysis: Soil Fertility and Hunger in Africa......Page 336
CHAPTER 14: AGRICULTURAL METHODS AND PEST MANAGEMENT......Page 338
Mechanized Agriculture
......Page 339
The Impact of Fertilizer
......Page 341
Insecticides
......Page 342
Case Study 14.1: DDT—A Historical Perspective......Page 343
Herbicides
......Page 344
Other Agricultural Chemicals
......Page 345
Water Connections: The Dead Zone of the Gulf of Mexico......Page 346
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
......Page 347
Pesticide Resistance
......Page 349
Human Health Concerns
......Page 350
Why Are Pesticides So Widely Used?
......Page 351
Alternatives to Conventional Agriculture
......Page 352
CHAPTER 15: WATER MANAGEMENT......Page 361
The Water Issue
......Page 362
The Hydrologic Cycle
......Page 364
Domestic Use of Water
......Page 366
Water Connections: The Bottled Water Boom......Page 367
Agricultural Use of Water
......Page 369
Industrial Use of Water
......Page 370
In-Stream Use of Water
......Page 371
Case Study 15.1: Growing Demands for a Limited Supply of  Water in the West......Page 372
Kinds and Sources of Water Pollution
......Page 373
Municipal Water Pollution
......Page 376
Industrial Water Pollution
......Page 377
Marine Oil Pollution
......Page 378
Groundwater Pollution
......Page 379
Water-Use Planning Issues
......Page 380
Case Study 15.2: Restoring the Everglades
......Page 381
Water Diversion
......Page 382
Wastewater Treatment
......Page 383
Groundwater Mining
......Page 385
Preserving Scenic Water Areas and Wildlife Habitats
......Page 387
Campus Sustainability Initiative: Conserving Water on Campus......Page 388
Issues & Analysis: Is There Lead in Our Drinking Water?......Page 389
CHAPTER 16: AIR QUALITY ISSUES......Page 392
Pollution of the Atmosphere
......Page 393
Carbon Monoxide
......Page 394
Particulate Matter
......Page 395
Case Study 16.1: Air Pollution in Mexico City
......Page 396
Volatile Organic Compounds
......Page 397
Ground-Level Ozone and Photochemical Smog
......Page 398
The Clean Air Act
......Page 400
Actions That Have Reduced Air Pollution
......Page 401
Effects on Structures
......Page 402
Effects on Terrestrial Ecosystems
......Page 403
Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems
......Page 404
Global Warming and Climate Change
......Page 405
Causes of Global Warming and Climate Change
......Page 406
Potential Consequences of Global Warming and Climate Change......Page 408
Energy Efficiency
......Page 410
Political and Economic Forces
......Page 411
Secondhand Smoke
......Page 412
Water Connections: Decline in Arctic Sea Ice......Page 413
Noise Pollution
......Page 414
Issues & Analysis: Pollution, Policy,and Personal Choice......Page 416
CHAPTER 17: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND DISPOSAL......Page 419
Kinds of Solid Waste
......Page 420
Municipal Solid Waste
......Page 421
Landfills
......Page 422
Water Connections: Landfills’ Impact on Water......Page 424
Incineration
......Page 425
Producing Mulch and Compost
......Page 426
Case Study 17.1: Resins Used in Consumer Packaging......Page 427
Source Reduction
......Page 428
Recycling
......Page 429
Case Study 17.2: Beverage Container Deposit-Refund Programs
......Page 430
Campus Sustainability Initiative:Recycling Partnership at Northern Arizona University
......Page 431
Issues & Analysis: Paper or Plasticor Plastax?
......Page 433
CHAPTER 18: ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS: HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES AND WASTES......Page 436
Hazardous and Toxic Substances—Some Definitions
......Page 437
Defining Hazardous Waste
......Page 438
Identification of Hazardous and Toxic Materials
......Page 439
Setting Exposure Limits
......Page 440
Synergism
......Page 441
Persistent and Nonpersistent Pollutants
......Page 442
Hazardous-Waste Dumps—A Legacy of Abuse
......Page 443
Toxic Chemical Releases
......Page 445
Hazardous-Waste Management Choices
......Page 446
International Trade in Hazardous Wastes
......Page 449
Hazardous-Waste Management Program Evolution
......Page 450
CHAPTER 19: ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND DECISION MAKING......Page 454
Kinds of Policy Responses
......Page 455
Government and Governance
......Page 456
Thinking About the Future
......Page 457
Water Connections: Shared Water Resources......Page 458
Legislative Action
......Page 459
The Challenge for U.S. Environmental Policy
......Page 461
Environmental Policy and Regulation
......Page 462
Other Important Environmental Legislation......Page 463
Role of the Environmental Protection Agency
......Page 464
International Aspects of Environmental Problems
......Page 465
Case Study 19.1: The Environmental Effects of Hurricane Katrina......Page 466
National Security Issues
......Page 467
Terrorism and the Environment
......Page 468
The Role of the United Nations
......Page 469
Earth Summit on Environment and Development
......Page 471
New International Instruments
......Page 472
Campus Sustainability Initiative: College and University Presidents’ Climate Commitment......Page 473
It All Comes Back to You
......Page 474
Issues & Analysis: Gasoline, Taxes, and the Environment......Page 475
APPENDIX 1
......Page 478
APPENDIX 2
......Page 479
GLOSSARY
......Page 481
CREDITS
......Page 491
INDEX
......Page 494