Environmental Science

Cover
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Natural Resources
	1.1 Introduction
		Types of Natural Resources
	1.2 Forest Resources
		Introduction
		Uses of Forests
		Over Exploitation of Forest Resources
		Deforestation
		Major Activities in Forests
	1.3 Water Resources
		Introduction
		Over-utilization of Water (Surface and Ground Water)
		Flood and Drought
		Confl icts Over Water
		Big Dams—Benefits and Problems
	1.4 Mineral Resources
		Introduction
		Classification of Mineral Resources
		Uses and Exploitation of Minerals
		Classification of Minerals
		Environmental Impacts of Mineral Extraction and Use
	1.5 Food Resources
		Introduction
		World Food Problems
		Impacts of Overgrazing and Agriculture
	1.6 Energy Resources
		Introduction
		Classification of Energy Resources
		Renewable Energy Resources
		Solar Energy
		Wind Energy
		Ocean Energy
		Geothermal Energy
		Biomass Energy
		Non-renewable Energy Sources
		India’s Development in Non-conventional Energy
	1.7 Land Resources
		Introduction
		Land Degradation
		Soil Erosion
	1.8 Conservation of Natural Resources—Role of an Individual
	1.9 Equitable Use of Resources for Sustainable Life Style
Chapter 2: Ecosystem
	2.1 Introduction
		The Ecosystem Concept
		Components of an Ecosystem
		Functions of an Ecosystem
	2.2 Food Chain
		Tropic Levels (or) Feeding Levels
	2.3 Food Web
		Types of Ecological Pyramids
	2.4 Ecological Succession
		Types of Succession
		Clement’s Theory of Succession/Mechanism of Succession
		Importance of Ecological Succession
	2.5 Forest Ecosystem
		Types of Forest Ecosystem
		Features of Forest Ecosystem
	2.6 Grassland Ecosystem
		Types of Grassland Ecosystem
		Features of Grassland Ecosystem
		Structure and Function of Grassland Ecosystem
	2.7 Desert Ecosystem
		Types of Desert Ecosystems
		Features of Desert Ecosystem
		Structure and Functions of Desert Ecosystem
	2.8 Aquatic Ecosystem
		Pond Ecosystem
		Structure and Functions of Pond Ecosystem
		Lake Ecosystem
		River Ecosystem
		Ocean Ecosystem
		Estuarine Ecosystem
	2.9 Biodiversity
		Introduction
		Classification of Biodiversity
	2.10 Biogeographical Classification of India
		Introduction
		Botanical Region of India
	2.11 Value of Biodiversity
	2.12 Hotspots of Biodiversity
	2.13 Biodiversity at Global Level
	2.14 Biodiversity at National Level
	2.15 Biodiversity at Local Level
		Wildlife Sanctuaries
	2.16 India as a Mega Diversity Nation
		Plant and Animal Diversity
	2.17 Threats to Biodiversity
		Habitat Loss
		Poaching of Wild Life
	2.18 Endangered Species of India
		Endangered (or) Threatened Species
		Measures
	2.19 Endemic Species
		Plants
		Animals
	2.20 Conservation of Biodiversity
		Introduction
Chapter 3: Environmental Pollution
	3.1 Introduction
		Causes of Pollution
		Classification of Pollutants
		Classification of Pollution
	3.2 Air Pollution
		Introduction
		Sources (or) Causes of Air Pollution
		Classification of Air Pollution
		Classification of Air Pollutants
		Air Pollutants and Their Effects
		Control Measures of Air Pollution
	3.3 Climate Change
	3.4 Green House Effect
		Green House Gases
		Global Warming
	3.5 Acid Rain
		Measuring of Acid Rain
		Consequences of Acidification
	3.6 Ozone Layer Depletion
		Ozone Formation
		Ozone Layer Depletion
		Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion
		Control of Ozone Depletion
	3.7 Nuclear Holocaust
		Effect of Nuclear Holocaust
		Examples of Nuclear Holocaust
	3.8 Water Pollution
		Introduction
		Types of Water Pollution
		Sources of Water Pollution
		Causes of Water Pollution
		Effects of Water Pollutants
		Indicators of Water Quality
		Control of Water Pollution
	3.9 Land (or) Soil Pollution
		Introduction
		Sources or Causes of Soil Pollution
		Effects of Soil Pollution
		Control of Soil Pollution
	3.10 Marine Pollution
		Introduction
		Sources of Marine Pollution
		Effects of Marine Pollution
		Control Measures of Marine Pollution
	3.11 Noise Pollution
		Definition
		Source of Noise Pollution
		Effects of Noise Pollution
		Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution
	3.12 Thermal Pollution
		Introduction
		Sources of Thermal Pollution
		Effects of Thermal Pollution
		Control of Thermal Pollution
		Prevention of Thermal Pollution
	3.13 Nuclear Hazards (Radioactive Pollution)
		Introduction
		Sources of Nuclear Hazards
		Effects of Radiations on Man
		Protection and Control from Radiation
	3.14 Solid Waste Management
		Introduction
		Classification of Solid Wastes
		Sources of Solid Wastes
		Effects of Solid Wastes (or) Effect of Improper Solid Waste Management
		Management of Soild Waste
		Process of Solid Waste Management
		Definition of Important Solid Waste Terms
	3.15 Role of an Individual in Prevention of Pollution
		Introduction
		Individual Role
	3.16 Disaster Management
		Hazard
		Disaster
		Floods
		Cyclone
		Landslides
		Earthquakes
		Tsunami
Chapter 4: Water Treatment Methods
	4.1 Treatment of Water for Domestic Supply
		Specification of Drinking Water
		Various Stages of Domestic Water Treatment
	4.2 Estimation of Dissolved Oxygen
	4.3 Estimation of BOD
	4.4 Estimation of COD
	4.5 Bacteriological Examination of Water
	4.6 Sewage Treatment
		Miscellaneous Methods of Sewage Treatments
		Industrial Wastewater Treatment Using Reverse Osmosis Technology
	4.7 Self Purification of Natural Water
	4.8 Membrane Technology for Wastewater Treatment
	4.9 Carbon in Pollution Abatement of Air and Waste Water
Chapter 5: Social Issues and the Environment
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 From Unsustainable to Sustainable Development
		Sustainable Development
		Features of Sustainable Development
		Measures for Sustainable Development
	5.3 Urban Problems Related to Energy
		Causes of Urbanization
		Urban Sprawl
		Energy Requirements
		Energy Management
	5.4 Water Conservation
		Methods of Water Conservation
	5.5 Rain Water Harvesting
		Objectives of Rain Water Harvesting
		Techniques of Rain Water Harvesting
		Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting
	5.6 Watershed Management (WSM)
		Objectives of Watershed Management
		Principles of Watershed Management
		Practices of Watershed Management
		Measures to be Taken for Watershed Management
	5.7 Resettlement and Rehabilitation
		Reasons for Displacement of People
		Resettlement Issues or Serious Implications of Displacement
		Objectives of Rehabilitation
		Rehabilitation Policy
	5.8 Environmental Ethics—Issues and Possible Solution
		Ethics
		Environmental Ethics
		Causes for Environmental Problem
		Environmental Protection
		Guidelines of Environmental Ethics (or) Earth Ethics
	5.9 Wasteland Reclamation
		Classification of Wastelands
		Objectives of Wasteland Reclamation
		Wasteland Reclamation Practices
	5.10 Consumerism and Waste Products
		Objectives of Consumerism
		Waste Products
	5.11 Environmental Legislation and Laws
		Important Acts
	5.12 Issues Involved in Enforcement of Environmental Legislation
		Important Issues Related to the Acts
	5.13 Public Awareness
		Objectives
		Methods to Create Environmental Awareness
Chapter 6: Human Population and the Environment
	6.1 Introduction
		Population
		Population Density
		Parameters Affecting Population Size
	6.2 Population Growth
		Characteristics of Population Growth
		Impacts of Population Growth (or) Consequences of Population Growth
	6.3 Variation of Population Among Nations
		Variation of Population Based on Age Structure
	6.4 Population Explosion
		Doubling Time
		Causes (or) Reasons for Population Explosion
		Effects of Population Explosion
	6.5 Family Welfare Programmes
		Delivery of Family Welfare Services
		Family Planning Programme
		Objectives of Family Planning Programmes
		Fertility Control Methods
		Family Planning Programme in India
	6.6 Environment and Human Health
		Epidemics
		Health Effects Due to Water
		Health Effects Due to Air
	6.7 Human Rights and Environment
		Functions of UNEP
		Human Rights
		Indian Constitution
	6.8 Value Education
		Significance (or) Importance of Value Education
		Objectives of Value Education
		Types of Values
	6.9 HIV/AIDS
		World Scenario
		Scenario in India
		Mode of HIV/AIDS Transmission
		Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
		Screening Test
		Control of AIDS
	6.10 Women and Child Welfare
		Women Welfare and Development
		Women’s Rights and Privileges
		Policies Concerning Women’s Development
		Child Welfare and Development
		National Policy for Children
		Various Organizations Towards Child Welfare
	6.11 Role of Information Technology in Environment and Human Health
		Applications of IT in the Global Environment
		Role of IT in Human Health