Environmental restoration of metals-contaminated soils

Preface......Page 6
Editor......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Contents......Page 12
Section I......Page 14
1.1 Introduction......Page 16
1.1.2 In Situ Remediation by Adding Solid Phase......Page 17
1.2.1 Methods......Page 20
1.3 Results and Discussion......Page 27
1.4 Conclusion......Page 30
References......Page 33
2.1 Introduction......Page 34
2.2.1 Lime......Page 36
2.2.2 Zeolites......Page 38
2.2.3 Apatite......Page 41
2.2.4 Fe and Mn Oxides, Fe- and Mn-Bearing Amendments......Page 44
2.2.5 Alkaline Composted Biosolids......Page 51
2.2.6 Other Minerals and Industrial By-Products......Page 52
2.2.7 In Situ Redox Manipulation......Page 60
References......Page 66
3.1.1 History of Lead Use......Page 74
3.1.2 Sources of Lead in Soils......Page 75
3.1.3 Health Hazards of Lead......Page 76
3.1.5 Choice of Phosphate Amendment Treatment: Mechanisms of Lead Immobilization by Apatites......Page 77
3.2 Estimation of Lead Bioavailability Using Chemical Extractants......Page 79
3.3.1 Lead Phosphates in Contaminated Soils......Page 80
3.3.2 Phosphate Amendment to Induce the Formation of Lead Phosphate to Reduce Plant Uptake of Lead......Page 82
3.4 Conclusions......Page 86
References......Page 87
4.1 Introduction......Page 90
4.2 Experimental Approaches......Page 91
4.3 Results and Discussion......Page 92
4.4 Conclusions......Page 102
References......Page 103
5.1 Introduction......Page 106
5.2.1 The Contaminated Sites......Page 107
5.2.3 Treatments in Pot Experiments......Page 108
5.3.1 Cd and Pb Concentration Extracted by Different Reagents in Untreated Soils......Page 109
5.3.2 Changes on the Bioavailability of Cd and Pb after Chemical Treatments......Page 110
5.3.3 Transformation of Chemical Forms of Cd and Pb in the Amended Soils......Page 111
5.4 Conclusions......Page 115
References......Page 116
6.1 Introduction......Page 120
6.2.3 Trace Metal Fractionation......Page 122
6.3.2 DTPA-Extractable Metals......Page 123
6.3.4 Lead Fractions......Page 124
6.3.6 Zinc Fractions......Page 125
6.3.9 Relationship between DTPA-Extractable and Metal Fractions......Page 126
6.4 Conclusions......Page 129
References......Page 131
7......Page 134
7.1.2 The Purpose and Scope of This Chapter......Page 135
7.2 Extent and Nature of Contamination......Page 136
7.3.2 Properties and Behavior of Metals/Inorganics......Page 137
7.3.4 Heavy Metal Interactions with Soil Particles......Page 138
7.4.1 Physical Properties......Page 139
7.4.2 Site and Soil Characterization......Page 140
7.4.3 Implications for Treatment Methods......Page 141
7.5.1 Background......Page 142
7.5.3 Size-Based Separation......Page 143
7.5.4 Gravity-Based (Density) Separation......Page 147
7.6 Integrated Process Trans......Page 168
7.6.1 Volume Reduction Unit......Page 169
7.6.2 Toronto Harbor Soil Recycle Treatment Train......Page 170
7.6.4 Application of Physical Separations Systems......Page 172
7.7 Summary......Page 174
References......Page 176
8.1 Introduction......Page 180
8.2 Heavy Metals Transport under Electric Fields......Page 181
8.8.1 Electrode Requirements......Page 191
8.8.2 Electric Field Distribution......Page 193
8.8.3 Remediation Time Requirements......Page 194
8.8.4 Cost......Page 195
References......Page 197
Section II......Page 200
9.1 Introduction......Page 202
9.2.1 Sources of Soil Contamination......Page 203
9.2.2 Chelating Agents as Soil Tests for Heavy Metals......Page 204
9.3.2 Sample Preparation and Analysis......Page 206
9.4.2 Extractable Metals and Phytoavailability Relationships......Page 207
References......Page 210
10......Page 212
10.1 Introduction......Page 213
10.2.1 Parent Material......Page 214
10.2.2 Fertilizers......Page 215
10.2.3 Fly Ash......Page 216
10.2.4 Sewage Sludge......Page 217
10.2.5 Groundwater......Page 218
10.3 Selenium Content of Seleniferous Soils......Page 220
10.4.1 Bioremediation......Page 221
10.4.2 Phytoremediation......Page 224
10.5.2 Permanent Flooding......Page 228
10.5.3 Chemical Immobilization......Page 229
10.5.4 Presence of Competitive Ions in Soil Solution......Page 230
10.6 Conclusions......Page 231
10.7 Future Research Needs......Page 232
References......Page 233
11......Page 242
11.2.1 Trace Metals......Page 243
11.2.2 Biogenic Trace Metals......Page 246
11.3 Trace Metals and Environmental Problems......Page 248
11.3.2 Industrial and Agricultural Chemicals......Page 249
11.4.1 Soils......Page 250
11.5 Conclusion......Page 252
References......Page 253
12.1.1 Role of Chelators in Homogeneous Solution Processes vs. Column Elution......Page 256
12.1.2 Requirements For Successful Use of Immobilized Chelators......Page 257
12.2.2 Metallothioneins......Page 258
12.3.1 Characteristics of the Cysteine Homopolymer......Page 259
12.3.3 Immobilized Poly-L-Cysteine......Page 260
12.3.8 Batch Studies and K......Page 264
12.3.9 Flow Studies and Establishment of Keq......Page 265
12.3.10 Redox Characteristics......Page 267
12.4 Conclusions......Page 269
Acknowledgment......Page 270
References......Page 271
13.1 Introduction......Page 274
13.2.2 Characterization of Natural Zeolites and Bentonite Used in the Experiment......Page 275
13.2.3 Growth Chamber Pot Experiments with Chicory......Page 276
13.3.1 Phytoavailability of Heavy Metals in a Galvanic Mud-Contaminated Soil......Page 277
13.3.2 Immobilization of Heavy Metals with Natural Zeolites and Bentonite......Page 278
References......Page 283
14.1 Introduction......Page 286
14.2.2 Experimental Setup and Crop Chronology......Page 288
14.2.3 Soil and Plant Analysis......Page 290
14.3.1 Heavy Metal Distribution and Migration in Soil......Page 291
14.3.2 Plant Uptake of Heavy Metals......Page 294
14.4.1 Impact of the Waste and Sludge Applications on the Soil......Page 299
14.4.2 Impact on Plants......Page 301
References......Page 302
INDEX......Page 306