Environmental Psychology: An Introduction

Environmental Psychology: An Introduction......Page 5
Brief contents......Page 7
List of contributors......Page 21
Acknowledgements......Page 31
1: Environmental psychology: History, scope and methods......Page 33
1.2 HISTORY OF THE FIELD......Page 34
Towards ‘architectural’ psychology......Page 35
1.3 CURRENT SCOPE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FIELD......Page 36
Problem-focused approach......Page 37
1.4 MAIN RESEARCH METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY......Page 38
Questionnaire studies......Page 39
Computer simulation studies......Page 40
Case studies......Page 41
GLOSSARY......Page 42
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 43
Part I: Environmental Influences on Human Behaviour and Well-Being......Page 45
2: Environmental risk perception......Page 47
2.2 WHAT ARE ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS?......Page 48
Heuristics and biases in risk judgements......Page 49
The psychometric paradigm......Page 51
Values......Page 52
2.5 EMOTIONAL REACTIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS......Page 53
2.6 SUMMARY......Page 55
GLOSSARY......Page 56
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 57
3: Environmental stress......Page 59
3.2 CONCEPTUALISATIONS OF STRESS......Page 60
Noise......Page 61
Poor housing quality......Page 63
Poor neighbourhood quality......Page 64
3.4 SUMMARY......Page 65
GLOSSARY......Page 66
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 67
4: Scenic beauty: Visual landscape assessment and human landscape perception......Page 69
4.2 VISUAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT......Page 70
4.3 THEORIES EXPLAINING LANDSCAPE PREFERENCES AS INNATE OR LEARNT......Page 71
4.4 MEASURING AND MAPPING SCENIC BEAUTY......Page 74
4.5 METHODOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS......Page 75
GLOSSARY......Page 76
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 77
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 78
5: Health benefits of nature......Page 79
5.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 80
5.2 WHAT IS HEALTH AND HOW CAN IT BE MEASURED?......Page 81
5.4 LINKING NATURE TO HEALTH......Page 82
5.5 GREEN SPACE AND PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 83
5.6 MECHANISMS LINKING NATURE TO HEALTH......Page 84
5.7 SUMMARY......Page 86
GLOSSARY......Page 87
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 88
6: Restorative environments......Page 89
6.2 RESTORATIVE ENVIRONMENTS RESEARCH......Page 90
Stress recovery theory......Page 91
Attention restoration theory......Page 92
6.3 THE EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF RESTORATIVE NATURE EXPERIENCES......Page 93
Connectedness to nature......Page 94
Micro-restorative experiences and instorative effects......Page 95
6.5 APPLICATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 96
GLOSSARY......Page 97
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 98
7: Ambivalence towards nature and natural landscapes......Page 99
7.2 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW......Page 100
7.3 EMOTIONAL IMPACTS AND MEANINGS OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT EXPERIENCE......Page 101
7.4 VIEWS OF NATURE AND LANDSCAPE PREFERENCES......Page 103
7.5 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE......Page 104
7.7 SUMMARY......Page 106
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 107
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 108
8: Human dimensions of wildlife......Page 109
8.2 EARLY WORK: ATTITUDES TOWARDS WILDLIFE......Page 110
8.3 THE COGNITIVE HIERARCHY......Page 111
8.4 WILDLIFE VALUE ORIENTATIONS......Page 113
8.6 EMOTIONS TOWARDS WILDLIFE......Page 115
GLOSSARY......Page 117
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 118
9: Appraisals of built environments and approaches to building design that promote well-being and healthy behaviour......Page 119
Uniformities in the appraisal of built space......Page 120
Meaning in architecture......Page 122
Social design......Page 123
Evidence-based design......Page 125
GLOSSARY......Page 126
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 127
10: Urban environmental quality......Page 129
10.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 130
10.2 URBAN SETTINGS AS A SOURCE OF STRESS AND DISCOMFORT......Page 131
10.3 URBAN SETTINGS AS A SOURCE OF RESTORATION AND WELL-BEING......Page 132
10.4 A MULTIDIMENSIONAL APPROACH TO URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY......Page 133
10.5 THE MULTI-PLACE APPROACH......Page 136
GLOSSARY......Page 137
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 138
11: Environment and quality of life......Page 139
11.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 140
11.2 QoL: OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE MEASURES......Page 141
11.3 QoL: UNIDIMENSIONAL AND MULTIDIMENSIONAL MEASURES......Page 142
Which QoL aspects are most important?......Page 143
To what extent is QoL sustained in certain situations?......Page 145
How does QoL differ with varying environmental conditions?......Page 146
How do environmental transformations influence QoL?......Page 147
GLOSSARY......Page 149
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 150
12: How cues in the environment affect normative behaviour......Page 151
12.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 152
12.2 OVERARCHING GOALS AND THEIR RELATIVE STRENGTHS......Page 153
12.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CUES THAT DIRECTLY STRENGTHEN THE NORMATIVE GOAL......Page 155
12.4 ENVIRONMENTAL CUES THAT DIRECTLY WEAKEN THE NORMATIVE GOAL......Page 156
12.5 INDIRECT WEAKENING OF THE NORMATIVE GOAL BY ENVIRONMENTAL CUES THAT STRENGTHEN THE GAIN GOAL......Page 157
12.6 INDIRECT WEAKENING OF THE NORMATIVE GOAL BY ENVIRONMENTAL CUES THAT STRENGTHEN THE HEDONIC GOAL......Page 158
GLOSSARY......Page 159
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 160
Part II: Factors Influencing Environmental Behaviour......Page 161
13: Measuring environmental behaviour......Page 163
Environmental behaviour......Page 164
Environmental impact......Page 165
13.3 HOW SHOULD ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR BE MEASURED?......Page 168
A unidimensional conception of environmental behaviour......Page 169
GLOSSARY......Page 171
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 172
14: Values and pro-environmental behaviour......Page 173
14.2 VALUES......Page 174
Social value orientations......Page 175
Schwartz’s value theory......Page 176
Emergence of biospheric values......Page 178
14.4 HOW VALUES AFFECT ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR......Page 179
14.5 RELATED CONCEPTS......Page 180
14.7 SUMMARY......Page 182
GLOSSARY......Page 183
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 184
15: Social norms and pro-environmental behaviour......Page 185
15.2 WHAT IS A SOCIAL NORM?......Page 186
15.3 HOW INFLUENTIAL ARE NORMS ON BEHAVIOUR?......Page 187
Salience......Page 188
Group size......Page 189
Personal norms......Page 190
Norm conflict and the importance of aligned messages......Page 191
GLOSSARY......Page 194
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 195
16: Affective and symbolic aspects of environmental behaviour......Page 197
16.2 WHAT DO WE MEAN BY INSTRUMENTAL, AFFECTIVE AND SYMBOLIC ASPECTS?......Page 198
Status......Page 202
16.4 AFFECTIVE MOTIVES......Page 203
GLOSSARY......Page 205
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 206
17: Social dilemmas: Motivational, individual and structural aspects influencing cooperation......Page 207
17.2 DEFINING SOCIAL DILEMMAS......Page 208
Resource dilemmas......Page 209
Greed......Page 210
Efficiency......Page 211
17.5 FACTORS PROMOTING COOPERATION......Page 212
Response efficacy......Page 213
Norms in large-scale dilemmas......Page 214
GLOSSARY......Page 215
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 216
18: Models to explain environmental behaviour......Page 217
18.2 THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR......Page 218
18.3 THE NORM ACTIVATION MODEL......Page 221
18.4 THE VALUE–BELIEF–NORM THEORY OF ENVIRONMENTALISM......Page 223
18.5 GOAL FRAMING THEORY......Page 224
18.6 SUMMARY......Page 225
GLOSSARY......Page 226
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 227
19: Yesterday’s habits preventing change for tomorrow? The influence of automaticity on environmental behaviour......Page 229
19.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: HOW HABITS ARE ACQUIRED......Page 230
19.3 NARROWING DOWN DECISION MAKING: HOW HABITS AFFECT INFORMATION USE......Page 233
19.4 MEASURING HABITS: A CHALLENGE FOR RESEARCH......Page 235
19.5 BREAKING BAD HABITS, CREATING GOOD HABITS: INTERVENTIONS THAT CHANGE ROUTINE BEHAVIOUR......Page 238
19.6 SUMMARY......Page 239
GLOSSARY......Page 240
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 241
20: Environmental psychology in Latin America......Page 243
20.2 LATIN AMERICAN BACKGROUND......Page 244
20.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH IN LATIN AMERICA......Page 245
20.4 SUMMARY OF EARLIER REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY IN LATIN AMERICA......Page 246
20.5 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY IN LATIN AMERICA......Page 247
International research......Page 249
Differences in values, culture and language......Page 250
GLOSSARY......Page 251
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 252
Part III: Encouraging Pro-Environmental Behaviour......Page 253
21: Informational strategies to promote pro-environmental behaviour: Changing knowledge, awareness and attitudes......Page 255
21.2 INTERVENTIONS: FROM RESEARCH TO IMPLEMENTATION......Page 256
Provision of information......Page 257
Goal setting......Page 258
Commitment......Page 259
Feedback......Page 260
21.4 INTERVENTION RESEARCH: SOME GENERAL ISSUES......Page 261
GLOSSARY......Page 262
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 263
22: Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour with rewards and penaltieNs......Page 265
22.2 ANALYSIS OF CONSEQUENCES......Page 266
22.3 NATURAL VERSUS EXTRA CONSEQUENCES......Page 268
22.4 WHEN IS IT APPROPRIATE TO APPLY EXTRA CONSEQUENCES?......Page 269
22.5 HOW SHOULD EXTRA CONSEQUENCES BE ANNOUNCED AND DELIVERED?......Page 270
Monetary versus non-monetary consequences......Page 271
GLOSSARY......Page 273
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 274
23: Persuasive technology to promote pro-environmental behaviour......Page 275
23.2 TECHNOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR......Page 276
23.3 PERSUASIVE TECHNOLOGY......Page 277
23.4 APPROACHES TO APPLYING PERSUASIVE TECHNOLOGY......Page 278
23.5 SOCIAL INFLUENCE THROUGH SMART SYSTEMS......Page 279
Reactance......Page 280
Ambient persuasion......Page 281
Group interventions......Page 283
23.8 SUMMARY......Page 284
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 285
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 286
24: Acceptability of environmental policies......Page 287
24.2 ACCEPTABILITY AS A SOCIAL DILEMMA......Page 288
24.3 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK TO EXPLAIN THE ACCEPTABILITY OF POLICY MEASURES......Page 289
Collective policy outcomes......Page 290
Fair distribution of policy outcomes......Page 292
24.4 PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS AND ACCEPTABILITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES......Page 294
24.5 HOW CAN PUBLIC SUPPORT INCREASE OVER TIME? AN ILLUSTRATION......Page 295
GLOSSARY......Page 297
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 298
25: Processes of change......Page 299
25.2 LEWIN’S FIELD THEORY......Page 300
25.3 BEHAVIOUR CHANGE: A SELF-REGULATION PROCESS STEERED BY FEEDBACK LOOPS......Page 301
Hierarchical organisation of goals and feedback loops......Page 302
25.4 BEHAVIOUR CHANGE: IT TAKES TIME TO OVERCOME RESISTANCE TO CHANGE......Page 303
25.5 THE STAGE MODEL OF SELF-REGULATED BEHAVIOUR CHANGE......Page 305
25.7 SUMMARY......Page 307
GLOSSARY......Page 309
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 310
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 311
26: Simulating social environmental systems......Page 313
26.2 SOCIAL COMPLEXITY......Page 314
26.3 SOCIAL SIMULATION AS A METHODOLOGY......Page 315
Using theory in simulation models: Formalising processes of attitude change......Page 316
Using theory and data in models: Diffusion of environmental innovations......Page 317
The Lakeland study......Page 318
Companion modelling: A study of rice production and labour migrations in north-east Thailand......Page 319
Integrating multiple models of a socio-environmental system: Water use in the Danube basin......Page 320
Using models......Page 321
GLOSSARY......Page 322
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 323
27: Environmental issues in developing countries......Page 325
27.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 326
Waste control behaviour......Page 327
Water use......Page 328
Energy consumption......Page 329
Environmental concern......Page 330
Slums and public housing......Page 331
Rural communities......Page 332
GLOSSARY......Page 333
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 334
28: Conclusion: Summary, trends and future perspectives in environmental psychology......Page 335
Part I: Environmental influences on human behaviour and well-being......Page 336
Part III: Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour......Page 337
Positive interactions between humans and environments......Page 338
Integrative approaches......Page 339
From one psychology to multiple psychologies......Page 340
Further integration......Page 341
Further development of theories and methods......Page 342
Further engagement......Page 343
GLOSSARY......Page 344
REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 345
References......Page 347
Glossary......Page 387
Index......Page 403