Environmental Pollution and the Brain

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Chapter 1 Biology of the Brain
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Neurons
		1.2.1 Cell Body (Soma)
		1.2.2 Dendrites
		1.2.3 Axons
	1.3 Types of Neurons
		1.3.1 Sensory Neurons
		1.3.2 Interneurons
		1.3.3 Motor Neurons
	1.4 Synapses
	1.5 Receptors
	1.6 CNS: The Brain and Spinal Cord
		1.6.1 Cerebrum
		1.6.2 Cerebellum
	1.7 Brainstem
		1.7.1 Midbrain
		1.7.2 Pons
		1.7.3 Medulla Oblongata
	1.8 Spinal Cord
	1.9 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
	1.10 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
		1.10.1 Sympathetic Nervous System
		1.10.2 Parasympathetic Nervous System
		1.10.3 The Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
	1.11 Memory
		1.11.1 Short-Term Memory (STM)
		1.11.2 Intermediate-Term Memory
		1.11.3 Long-Term Memory
		1.11.4 Other Types of Memory
	1.12 Human Intelligence
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Environmental Pollution
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Sources of Pollution
	2.3 Air Pollutants
	2.4 Ozone Formation and Pollution
	2.5 Top Ten Highly Polluted Cities in the World
	2.6 Pollution and Human Health
	2.7 Pollution and Mortality
	2.8 Pollution and Economic Burden
	2.9 Environmental Pollution Management
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3 The Journey of Pollutants from Environment to Brain
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Environmental Pollution Journey from Country to Country
	3.3 Particulate Matter
	3.4 Deposition of Particulate Matter
	3.5 Translocation of Pollutants from Lungs to the Brain
	3.6 Translocation of Pollutants from Nose to Brain
	3.7 Pollutants and Blood–Brain Barrier
	3.8 Pollution and Brain
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4 Environmental Pollution and Brain Development
	4.1 Introduction to Brain Development
	4.2 Embryology of Brain Development
		4.2.1 Neurulation
		4.2.2 Neuronal Proliferation
		4.2.3 Neuronal Migration
		4.2.4 Neuronal Differentiation
		4.2.5 Synaptogenesis
		4.2.6 Myelination
	4.3 Fundamental Features of the Brain
	4.4 Brain Development in Early Life
	4.5 Effect of Environmental Pollution on Brain Development
	4.6 Vulnerability of Children to Environmental Pollution
	4.7 Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Radiation on the Brain
		4.7.1 Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Radiation and the Skull
	4.8 Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Radiation and the Brain
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Biology of Memory and Electromagnetic Field Radiation
	5.1 Biology of Memory: Introduction
	5.2 Historical Background
	5.3 Brain and Memory
	5.4 Sensory Memory
	5.5 Short-Term Memory
	5.6 Working Memory
	5.7 Long-Term Memory
		5.7.1 Declarative (Explicit) Memory
		5.7.2 Procedural (Implicit) Memory
	5.8 Memory Encoding
	5.9 Memory Consolidation
	5.10 Memory Storage
	5.11 Memory Recall and Retrieval
	5.12 Curiosity-Driven Memory
	5.13 Effect of Electromagnetic Field Radiation on Memory
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6 Electromagnetic Field Radiation and Autism Spectrum Disorder
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Prevalence of ASD
	6.3 Clinical Characteristics of ASDs
	6.4 Environmental Pollution and ASD
	6.5 Electromagnetic Field Radiation and ASD
	6.6 Mechanism: RF-EMFR and ASD
	6.7 RF-EMFR, Male Sperm Cell Biology, and ASD
	6.8 RF-EMFR: Pregnancy and Autism
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Electromagnetic Field Radiation: A Risk to Develop Brain Cancer
	7.1 Electromagnetic Field Radiation (EMFR)
		7.1.1 Electromagnetic Field (EMF)
		7.1.2 Natural Sources of Electromagnetic Field Radiation
		7.1.3 Human-Made Sources of Electromagnetic Field Radiation
	7.2 Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Electromagnetic Field Radiation
	7.3 Mobile Phones: Modern Technology of Modern Era
		7.3.1 Worldwide Mobile Phone Users
		7.3.2 Radiation Generated from Mobile Phones
		7.3.3 Mobile Phone and RF-EMFR
	7.4 RF-EMFR and Neurological Manifestations
	7.5 Prevalence of Brain Cancer
	7.6 RF-EMFR and Brain Cancer
		7.6.1 Animal Model Studies on RF-EMFR and Neuronal Cell Deaths and Brain Cancer
		7.6.2 Human Model Studies on RF-EMFR and Brain Cancer
		7.6.3 Meta-Analysis and Systematic Studies on RF-EMFR and Brain Cancer
	7.7 Mechanism of RF-EMFR and Brain Cancer
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8 Environmental Pollution: Mobile Phone Radiation and Hearing
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Environmental Pollution and Pathophysiology of Hearing Impairment
	8.3 Biology of the Ear and Hearing
	8.4 Mechanism of Hearing
	8.5 The Auditory Pathway
	8.6 Global Prevalence and Economic Burden of Hearing Loss
	8.7 Environmental Pollution and Hearing Impairment
		8.7.1 Ambient Air Pollution and Hearing Impairment
		8.7.2 Noise Pollution and Hearing Impairment
		8.7.3 Electromagnetic Pollution and Hearing Impairment
	8.8 Effect of RF-EMFR on Tumorigenesis and Hearing Impairment
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 Effects of Electromagnetic Field Radiation on the Eyes and Vision
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Biology of the Eyes and Vision
	9.3 Global Burden of Vision Impairment and Blindness
	9.4 Electromagnetic Field Radiation (EMFR)
	9.5 Mobile Phones and RF-EMFR
	9.6 Effect of RF-EMFR on Vision
	9.7 Transient Smartphone Blindness (TSB)
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10 Environmental Pollution and Brain Damage
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Environmental Pollution: Particulate Matter (PM)
	10.3 Pollution and the Brain
	10.4 Pollution and Brain Disorders
	10.5 Pollution: Dementia/Alzheimer’s Disease
	10.6 Pollution and Degenerative Changes
	10.7 Pollution and Atherosclerosis
	10.8 Pollution and Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
	Conclusions
	References
Glossary
Index