Environmental Politics in Japan, Germany, and the United States

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 8
Tables......Page 9
Acknowledgments......Page 11
List of abbreviations......Page 13
1 Introduction......Page 17
Environmental movements......Page 20
Environmental policy approaches......Page 25
International environmental protection and domestic institutional change......Page 30
Comparing environmental politics in Japan, Germany, and the US......Page 31
Forces of convergence and divergence......Page 33
Environmental movements and environmental policy communities......Page 36
Institutions as political opportunity structures......Page 38
Dynamic interactions: institutions, ideas, actors, and interests......Page 42
Research design and methodology......Page 45
The outline of this book......Page 46
The rise of the modern environmental movement: the influence of the US......Page 48
Japan......Page 51
Germany......Page 52
Japan......Page 53
The four big pollution cases......Page 54
The pollution Diet of 1970......Page 60
Early citizen protest......Page 64
Blue skies over the Ruhr campaign......Page 66
Policy change at the federal level......Page 68
The SPD–FDP coalition......Page 69
Citizens’ initiatives......Page 71
Federal environmental law......Page 72
3 The institutionalization of environmental movements......Page 76
Environmental protection and the influence of the US......Page 77
Citizens’ movements, democracy, and the environment in Japan and Germany......Page 83
The environment falls from the agenda......Page 85
Policy implementation......Page 88
Environmental policy retreat......Page 91
The environment falls from the agenda......Page 92
Policy implementation......Page 95
Grass roots activism......Page 98
The rise of the Green Party......Page 101
Political opportunity structures, resource mobilization, and the development of environmental policy communities......Page 103
Movement resources......Page 105
Acid rain......Page 108
The changing German political landscape......Page 111
The Greens as a political force......Page 112
Germany and European environmental law......Page 116
The United States......Page 118
Japan......Page 123
Getting acid rain on to the policy agenda......Page 127
Explaining divergent approaches to pollution control......Page 128
5 Stratospheric ozone depletion......Page 132
The US takes the lead......Page 133
Internationalizing the problem......Page 136
The German response......Page 138
The Japanese response......Page 140
A period of limited international activity......Page 142
The road to the Vienna Convention......Page 144
The Montreal Protocol......Page 145
Germany’s evolving leadership within the EC......Page 147
Japan’s reluctant acceptance......Page 150
The Montreal Protocol amendments: moves towards a total ban of ozone depleting substances......Page 155
Analysis......Page 158
6 Global climate change: the road to UNCED......Page 160
Climate change......Page 161
International preparations for UNCED......Page 162
The US waivers on the road to UNCED......Page 168
Germany leads on the road to UNCED......Page 170
Germany within the European Community......Page 177
Japan divided on the road to UNCED......Page 178
A new basic environment law......Page 186
The UNCED and the Framework Convention on Climate Change......Page 189
The Clinton–Gore administration: a new US approach to climate change?......Page 192
The Conferences of the Parties: from Berlin to Kyoto (1995–1997)......Page 194
The EU proposes a bubble......Page 199
The US pushes flexible mechanisms......Page 200
Japan struggles to determine a position......Page 202
The US announces a position......Page 203
The Kyoto Conference (COP 3) and the formation of the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change......Page 204
The search for compromise on implementation strategies......Page 207
The negotiations collapse: COP 6 in The Hague......Page 209
The George W.Bush administration’s withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol......Page 212
The road to Bonn 2001: the EU and Japan respond......Page 216
Bonn 2001: the agreement......Page 219
From Bonn to COP 7 in Marrakech......Page 221
The Bush administration responds......Page 223
Conclusion......Page 224
Comparing environmental NGO resources in Japan, Germany, and the US......Page 226
Japan’s changing environmental policy community......Page 233
Environmental NGOs......Page 234
Inter-actor cooperation......Page 238
Funding concerns......Page 240
Environmental NGOs and the Green Party in Germany......Page 242
The United States......Page 252
Conclusion......Page 256
9 Domestic politics and the global environment: Japan, Germany, and the US compared......Page 257
The institutionalization of environmental policy communities......Page 258
Environmental policy communities and the policy approaches of states......Page 263
Germany......Page 264
Japan......Page 267
The United States......Page 269
Domestic institutions and actors and global environmental ideas......Page 272
Germany......Page 273
Japan......Page 274
The United States......Page 275
Conclusion......Page 277
ARTICLES, BOOKS, GOVERNMENT AND NGO DOCUMENTS......Page 278
Index......Page 299