Environmental Policy in the European Union

Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 6
List of Tables and Figures......Page 9
Preface......Page 10
List of Abbreviations......Page 15
Introduction......Page 20
PART I: THE POLICY PROCESS......Page 34
1 Policy Parameters......Page 36
What is Environmental Policy?......Page 37
The Priorities of European Policy......Page 40
2 Policy Evolution......Page 60
Phase I: Focus on the Common Market (1957–72)......Page 61
Phase II: The Environmental Revolution (1973–86)......Page 64
Phase III: The EU Establishes Legal Competence (1987–92)......Page 74
Phase IV: Consolidation (1993– )......Page 80
3 Policy Principles and Agenda-Setting......Page 88
The Legal Basis for EU Policy......Page 89
Policy Principles......Page 94
Agenda-Setting......Page 105
4 Policy Formulation......Page 114
The European Council......Page 115
Initiation: The European Commission......Page 117
The Commission Policy Process......Page 124
Consultation: The European Parliament and External Actors......Page 130
5 Policy Adoption and Implementation......Page 142
Adoption I: The Council of Ministers......Page 143
Adoption II: Parliament......Page 148
Legitimation and Clarification: The Court of Justice......Page 151
Implementation: The Commission and the Member States......Page 153
Preconditions for Successful Implementation......Page 161
Improving the Quality of Implementation......Page 167
PART II: POLICY OUTPUTS......Page 172
6 Chemicals and Waste......Page 174
Chemicals: The Problem......Page 175
Chemicals: The Policy Response......Page 177
Waste: The Problem......Page 184
Waste: The Policy Response......Page 187
7 Air and Water Quality......Page 199
Air Quality: The Problem......Page 200
Air Quality: The Policy Response......Page 203
Water Quality: The Problem......Page 212
Water Quality: The Policy Response......Page 214
An Integrated Response to Pollution......Page 224
8 Acidification......Page 227
Acidification: The Problem......Page 228
Early Policy Responses......Page 231
The Germans Increase the Pressure......Page 233
The British Come Around......Page 241
The Large Combustion Plant Directive......Page 247
Towards a Strategic Approach to Acidification......Page 251
9 Nature and Natural Resources......Page 256
Biodiversity......Page 257
Genetically-Modified Organisms......Page 264
Fisheries......Page 268
Agriculture......Page 272
Forestry......Page 273
Energy......Page 276
10 Ozone, Climate Change and the International Dimension......Page 281
The EU as an International Actor......Page 282
The Ozone Layer: The Problem......Page 288
The Ozone Layer: The Policy Response......Page 290
Climate Change: The Problem......Page 296
Climate Change: The Policy Response......Page 299
Conclusions......Page 310
Appendix: Treaty Provisions......Page 319
Bibliography......Page 329
C......Page 339
D......Page 340
E......Page 342
G......Page 344
J......Page 345
R......Page 346
S......Page 347
W......Page 348