Environmental policy and public health. Volume 2.

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Authors
Chapter 1 Environment-Related Infectious Diseases
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Infectious Diseases – A Global Perspective
	1.3 The Environment and Infectious Diseases
		1.3.1 Cholera
		1.3.2 Typhus
		1.3.3 Scabies
		1.3.4 Implications for Environmental Health Policy: Clean Water and Sanitation
	1.4 Zoonotic Diseases and Human Health
		1.4.1 H1N1 Global Influenza Pandemic
		1.4.2 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic
		1.4.3 Social Justice Issues
		1.4.4 West Africa Ebola Epidemic
		1.4.5 Measles Epidemics
		1.4.6 Implications for Environmental Health Policy: Quarantine and Public Health
	1.5 Emergence of Vector-Borne Diseases
		1.5.1 Mosquito-Borne Diseases
			1.5.1.1 Malaria
			1.5.1.2 Yellow Fever
			1.5.1.3 Dengue
			1.5.1.4 West Nile Virus
			1.5.1.5 Chikungunya Virus
			1.5.1.6 Zika Virus
			1.5.1.7 Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) Virus
			1.5.1.8 Implications for Environmental Health Policy: Vector Control and Pesticides
		1.5.2 Tick-Borne Diseases
		1.5.3 Rodent- and Bat-Borne Diseases
		1.5.4 Parasitic Diseases Caused by Worms
			1.5.4.1 Helminth Infections
			1.5.4.2 Guinea Worm Disease
		1.5.5 The Kissing Bug
		1.5.6 Superbugs
		1.5.7 Research to Counter Superbugs
			1.5.7.1 New Approaches to Antibiotics
			1.5.7.2 Bacteriophage Therapy
			1.5.7.3 Basic Research on Microorganism Mechanisms
		1.5.8 Nosocomial Infections
			1.5.8.1 Candida auris Infection
			1.5.8.2 Klebsiella pneumoniae
		1.5.9 Necrotizing Fasciitis (Flesh-Eating Bacteria)
		1.5.10 Swimming Pool Bacteria
		1.5.11 Legionnaires Disease
		1.5.12 Naegleria Fowleri, the “Brain-Eating Ameba”
		1.5.13 Implications for Environmental Health Vector Control Policies
	1.6 Tropical Infectious Diseases
	1.7 Implications for Environmental Policy: Climate Change
	1.8 Implications for Ecosystem Health
	1.9 Hazard Interventions
	1.10 Summary
	References
Chapter 2 Solid and Hazardous Waste
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Contemporary Challenges to Waste Management
		2.2.1 Plastics Waste
			2.2.1.1 Impacts of Plastics Waste on Human and Ecological Health
			2.2.1.2 Plastics as Solid Waste
			2.2.1.3 Plastics in Oceans
			2.2.1.4 Microbeads in Waste
			2.2.1.5 Microbead-Free Waters Act, 2015
			2.2.1.6 Recycling of Plastics Waste
			2.2.1.7 Bans on Single-Use Plastics
		2.2.2 Food Waste
		2.2.3 Electronic Products Waste (E-Waste)
	2.3 U.S. Solid Waste Management Policies
		2.3.1 Impacts of Solid Waste on Human Health
		2.3.2 Impacts of Solid Waste on Ecosystem Health
		2.3.3 Solid Waste Disposal Act, 1965
		2.3.4 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 1976
			2.3.4.1 History
			2.3.4.2 Amendments to the RCRAct
			2.3.4.3 Key Provisions of the RCRAct Relevant to Public Health
			2.3.4.4 Coal Ash Regulations under RCRA
		2.3.5 U.S. State’s Solid Waste Act Example
		2.3.6 Solid Waste Policy Issues
	2.4 U.S. Hazardous Waste Policies
		2.4.1 Impacts of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites on Human Health
		2.4.2 Impacts of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites on Ecosystem Health
		2.4.3 Nuclear Waste Policies and Issues
		2.4.4 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 1980
			2.4.4.1 History
			2.4.4.2 Key Provision of the CERCLAct Relevant to Public Health
		2.4.5 Health Significance of NPL Site Remediation
		2.4.6 Trump EPA Superfund Sites & Climate Change
		2.4.7 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, 1986
		2.4.8 EPA’s Brownfields Program
	2.5 Key Global Hazardous Waste Policy
	2.6 U.S. Oil Pollution Policies
		2.6.1 Oil Pollution Act, 1990
		2.6.2 National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
	2.7 U.S. Pollution Prevention Act, 1990
	2.8 U.S. Ocean Waste Pollution Policies
		2.8.1 Ocean Dumping Act, 1972
		2.8.2 Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships, 1980
		2.8.3 Obama’s Oceans Policy, 2010
	2.9 International Policies on Maritime Pollution
		2.9.1 London Convention and Protocol, 1972
		2.9.2 International Maritime Organization (IMO)
		2.9.3 EU Maritime Pollution Policies
	2.10 Waste Reduction: Recycling of Waste
		2.10.1 Recycling Issues
		2.10.2 Innovative Technology for Waste Reduction
		2.10.3 The Circular Economy
	2.11 Hazard Interventions
	2.12 Summary
	References
Chapter 3 Drugs and Alcohol
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Drugs and Public Health
		3.2.1 Précis History of Therapeutic Drugs
		3.2.2 Précis History of Drug Abuse in the U.S
		3.2.3 Impact of Drug Abuse on Human Health
			3.2.3.1 U.S. Opioids Epidemic
			3.2.3.2 Effects of Opioid Epidemic on Children
		3.2.4 Impact of Drug Abuse on Ecosystem Health
		3.2.5 U.S. Policies on Drug Abuse
			3.2.5.1 Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906
			3.2.5.2 Food, Drug, Cosmetic Act, 1938
			3.2.5.3 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, 1970
			3.2.5.4 The Controlled Substances Act, 1970
			3.2.5.5 U.S. Federal Agencies with Illegal Drug Authorities
		3.2.6 Oregon’s Decriminalization of Hard Drugs
		3.2.7 UN Policies on Illegal Drugs
	3.3 Alcohol and Public Health
		3.3.1 Précis History of Alcohol Discovery and Use
		3.3.2 Forms and Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption
		3.3.3 COVID-19 and Alcohol Consumption
		3.3.4 Impact of Alcohol on Human Health
		3.3.5 Impact of Alcohol on Ecosystem Health
		3.3.6 U.S. Policies on Alcohol Production
			3.3.6.1 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
			3.3.6.2 Federal Alcohol Administration Act, 1935
			3.3.6.3 U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives
		3.3.7 Global Policies on Alcohol Production
	3.4 Low-Risk Drinking Guidelines
	3.5 Hazard Interventions
	3.6 Summary
	References
Chapter 4 Firearms Violence
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Definition
	4.3 Précis History of Firearms
	4.4 Forms of Firearms
		4.4.1 Possession and Storage of Firearms in the U.S
		4.4.2 Possession of Firearms Globally
	4.5 Human Health Impacts of Firearms
		4.5.1 Premature Firearms-Related Deaths in the U.S
		4.5.2 Premature Firearms-Related Deaths Globally
		4.5.3 Children and Adolescent Premature Deaths
		4.5.4 Mass Casualty Shootings
			4.5.4.1 School Shootings
			4.5.4.2 Psychosocial Impacts of School Shootings
	4.6 Ecological Health Impacts of Firearms
	4.7 Socioeconomic Impacts of Firearms
	4.8 COVID-19 Impacts on Firearm Issues
	4.9 Government Policies to Control Firearms
		4.9.1 Major U.S. Federal Policies to Control Firearms
			4.9.1.1 Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
			4.9.1.2 The National Firearms Act, 1934
			4.9.1.3 Gun Control Act, 1968
			4.9.1.4 Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, 1968
			4.9.1.5 Firearm Owners’ Protection Act, 1986
			4.9.1.6 Undetectable Firearms Act, 1988
			4.9.1.7 Gun-Free School Zones Act, 1990
			4.9.1.8 Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, 1993
			4.9.1.9 Law Enforcement Officers
Safety Act, 2004
			4.9.1.10 Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act, 2005
			4.9.1.11 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms
			4.9.1.12 Trump and Biden Firearms Executive Actions
		4.9.2 U.S. State and Local Firearm Control Policies
			4.9.2.1 “Red Flag” Gun Seizure Statutes
			4.9.2.2 California’s Ammunition Control Statute
			4.9.2.3 Retail Sales of Assault Weapons
		4.9.3 International Government Policies to Control Firearms
		4.9.4 U.S. Federal Policies on Firearms Research
	4.10 Firearms Hazard Interventions
	4.11 Summary
	References
Chapter 5 Noise and Light Pollution
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Noise Pollution
		5.2.1 Definition
		5.2.2 Sources of Noise Pollution
		5.2.3 Effects of Noise Pollution on Human Health
		5.2.4 Effects of Noise Pollution on Ecological Health
		5.2.5 Economic Impacts of Noise Pollution
	5.3 Policies to Control Noise Pollution
		5.3.1 U.S. Federal Policies to Control Noise Pollution
			5.3.1.1 Aircraft Noise Abatement Act, 1968
			5.3.1.2 Noise Control Act, 1972
			5.3.1.3 Quiet Communities Act, 1978
			5.3.1.4 Quiet Communities Act, 2015, 2016, 2017
			5.3.1.5 What Sources of Noise are Subject to Federal Regulation?
		5.3.2 International Government Policies to Control Noise Pollution
	5.4 Noise Pollution Hazard Interventions
	5.5 Light Pollution
		5.5.1 Definition
		5.5.2 Sources of Light Pollution
		5.5.3 Effects of Light Pollution on Human Health
		5.5.4 Effects of Light Pollution on Ecological Health
		5.5.5 Effects of Light Pollution on the Night Sky
	5.6 Policies to Control Light Pollution
		5.6.1 U.S. Federal Policies
		5.6.2 U.S. State and Local Policies
	5.7 Light Pollution Hazard Interventions
	5.8 Summary
	References
Chapter 6 The Built Environment
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Terms and Concepts
		6.2.1 Land-Use Policy Tools
		6.2.2 Land-Use Policy Actors
	6.3 History of U.S. Planning Practices
		6.3.1 Industrialization and the Birth of a Movement
		6.3.2 U.S. Federal Government’s Growth into Planning
		6.3.3 New Federalism and the Reemergence of Public Health
	6.4 Impacts of the Built Environment on Human Health
	6.5 Health Benefits of Urban Nature
	6.6 Impacts of the Built Environment on Ecosystem Health
	6.7 Impacts of the Built Environment on the Social Environment
	6.8 Social Justice Issue
	6.9 U.S. Policy Overview
	6.10 Current Practices and Issues
		6.10.1 Sprawl
		6.10.2 Air Quality
		6.10.3 Housing and Health Issues
		6.10.4 Brownfields
		6.10.5 U.S. Transportation Priorities
		6.10.6 Sustainability
		6.10.7 Climate Change
	6.11 Policies
		6.11.1 Health in All Policies
		6.11.2 Complete Streets
		6.11.3 LEED
		6.11.4 Green Roofs Policies
		6.11.5 Urban Agriculture
		6.11.6 Other Built Environment Policies
	6.12 Global Perspective
	6.13 Seminal Issue of Selected Global Built Policies
	6.14 Hazard Interventions
	6.15 Summary
	References
Chapter 7 Transportation
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Précis History of Motor-Powered Vehicles
	7.3 Impacts of Transportation on Human Health
	7.4 Impacts of Transportation on Ecosystem Health
	7.5 U.S. Federal Transportation Policies
		7.5.1 Federal-Aid Highway Act, 1956
		7.5.2 Urban Mass Transportation Act, 1964
		7.5.3 Department of Transportation Act, 1966
		7.5.4 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, 1966
		7.5.5 Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act. 1972
		7.5.6 National Minimum Drinking Age Act, 1984
		7.5.7 Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency
Act, 1991
		7.5.8 Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act, 1999
		7.5.9 Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act, 2015
	7.6 U.S. States’ Transportation Policies with Health Implications
		7.6.1 Motor Vehicle Speed Limits
		7.6.2 Driving under the Influence of Drugs or Alcohol
		7.6.3 Use of Cell Phones while Driving a Vehicle
	7.7 Safety Technology and Health Implications
		7.7.1 Seat Belts
		7.7.2 Child Safety Seat or Booster Seat
		7.7.3 Airbags
		7.7.4 Vehicle Designs
			7.7.4.1 Vehicle Crash Design
			7.7.4.2 Crash Avoidance Technology
			7.7.4.3 Autonomous Vehicles
		7.7.5 Road Design
	7.8 U.S. Federal Agencies with Transportation Responsibilities
		7.8.1 U.S. Department of Transportation
			7.8.1.1 Federal Highway Administration
			7.8.1.2 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration
			7.8.1.3 Federal Railroad Administration
			7.8.1.4 Federal Aviation Administration
			7.8.1.5 Federal Transit Administration
			7.8.1.6 Maritime Administration
			7.8.1.7 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
			7.8.1.8 National Transportation Safety Board
		7.8.2 Other Federal Agencies with Transportation Policies
	7.9 International Government Organizations with Transportation Policies
		7.9.1 International Civil Aviation Organization
		7.9.2 International Maritime Organization
		7.9.3 World Health Organization
	7.10 NGOs Concerned with Traffic and Vehicle Safety
		7.10.1 Global Road Safety Facility
		7.10.2 Insurance Institute for Highway Safety
		7.10.3 Air Transport Action Group
		7.10.4 The International Freight Forwarders Association
		7.10.5 The International Air Transport Association
		7.10.6 International Chamber of Shipping and International Shipping Federation
		7.10.7 The International Road Transport Union
		7.10.8 The International Union of Railways
		7.10.9 The SMDG
	7.11 Motor Vehicles and Climate Change
		7.11.1 Motor Vehicle Emissions and Climate Change
			7.11.1.1 Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, 1975
			7.11.1.2 The Safer Affordable Fuel-Efficient Vehicles Rule, 2018
		7.11.2 The Future of Transportation is Electric Vehicles
			7.11.2.1 Emerging Government Policies
			7.11.2.2 Electric Trucks
			7.11.2.3 Electric Trains
		7.11.3 Aircraft Emissions and Climate Change
		7.11.4 Urban Traffic Control and Air Pollution
	7.12 Global Implications of Transportation
	7.13 Hazard Interventions
	7.14 Summary
	References
Lessons Learned and Authors’ Reflections
Environmental Policy and Public Health: Emerging Health Hazards and Mitigation, Volume 2 Workbook
Index