Environmental Performance Reviews Greece

FOREWORD......Page 5
GENERAL INTRODUCTION......Page 6
OUTLINE OF THE REPORT......Page 7
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS......Page 14
LIST OF TEAM MEMBERS......Page 17
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 18
Strengthening the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of environmental policies......Page 19
Water......Page 21
Air......Page 23
Nature......Page 24
Integrating environmental concerns in economic decisions......Page 26
Towards sustainable urban and coastal development......Page 28
Towards sustainable tourism......Page 29
3. International Co-operation......Page 30
1. The Physical Context......Page 33
Figure 1.1 Map of Greece......Page 34
3. The Economic Context......Page 35
Figure 1.2.  Economic structure and trends......Page 37
National environmental administration......Page 39
Table 1.1  Principal national legislation relating to the environment......Page 41
Figure 1.3 Organisation of the national environmental administration......Page 42
Table 1.2  Other ministries with environmental responsibilities......Page 43
Environmental tasks of municipalities......Page 44
5. Environmental Policy and Legislation......Page 45
Part I. POLLUTION CONTROL AND NATURE CONSERVATION......Page 47
Freshwater resources......Page 48
Figure 2.1  Water resources......Page 49
Pressures on water resources......Page 50
Table 2.1 Water withdrawal by sector......Page 51
Objectives......Page 53
Figure 2.4  Use of pesticides......Page 54
Legal and institutional framework......Page 55
Regulatory instruments......Page 56
Prices and charges......Page 58
Table 2.2. Water prices......Page 59
Table 2.3. Public investment expenditure on water resource management......Page 60
Water quantity......Page 61
Drinking water......Page 62
Water quality......Page 63
Figure 2.5  Population connected to public waste water treatment plants......Page 64
Emissions of atmospheric pollutants......Page 66
Figure 3.1  Air polluant emissions......Page 67
Figure 3.2  Air quality trends in Athens......Page 68
Measures to prevent and control air pollution......Page 70
Table 3.1  Ambient air quality limits applied in Greece......Page 71
Table 3.2  Measures to support development of renewable energy sources......Page 74
Air quality management and the energy sector......Page 75
Figure 3.3  Energy structure and intensity......Page 76
Table 3.3  Energy prices in selected OECD countries......Page 78
Air quality management and transport......Page 79
Figure 3.4  Trends in the transport sector......Page 80
Table 3.4  Age distribution of road vehicle fleet......Page 81
Integration of air pollution concerns in sectoral policies......Page 84
Status and trends......Page 86
Figure 4.1  Fauna and flora......Page 87
Pressures on ecosystems, habitats and species......Page 88
Table 4.1 Factors causing wetland degradation......Page 89
Habitat and landscape conservation......Page 90
Table 4.2 Protected areas......Page 91
Figure 4.2  Major protected areas......Page 92
Protection of species......Page 93
Table 4.3 Main protected species......Page 94
International co-operation......Page 95
Table 4.4 Protected areas of international importance......Page 96
Species protection......Page 97
Policy integration......Page 98
Figure 4.3  Intensity of use of forest resources......Page 99
Part II. INTEGRATION OF POLICIES......Page 101
Environmental impact of economic development......Page 102
Table 5.1 Economic trends and environmental pressures......Page 103
Table 5.2 Second Community Support Framework......Page 104
Table 5.3 Investment and current expenditure by medium......Page 107
Table 5.4 Operational Environment Programme......Page 108
Institutional context......Page 109
Use of regulatory instruments......Page 110
Table 5.5 Selected national programmes, plans and strategies......Page 113
Use of economic instruments......Page 114
Table 5.6 Economic instruments......Page 115
Other instruments......Page 118
3. Environmental Performance......Page 120
Integration of environmental concerns in economic policies......Page 121
Implementation of environmental policies......Page 123
Coastal and urban development......Page 125
Table 6.3  Importance of urban areas......Page 126
Table 6.4  Main Greek cities......Page 127
Environmental conditions......Page 128
Policy objectives and institutional framework......Page 131
Regulation of the built environment......Page 133
Measures for environmental management in urbanised areas......Page 134
Controlling land use and urban development......Page 137
Mitigating the environmental impact of urban development......Page 139
Current situation and trends......Page 140
Figure 7.1  Trends in tourism......Page 141
Table 7.1 Tourist overnights, by region......Page 142
Table 7.2 Seasonality of domestic and international tourism......Page 143
Figure 7.2  Annual international tourist arrivals......Page 145
Related environmental conditions......Page 144
Policy objectives and institutional framework......Page 147
Measures towards sustainable tourism......Page 149
Table 7.3 Fiscal and financial incentives for development of tourism infrastructure......Page 150
Table 7.4 EIAs submitted to YPEHODE for tourist establishments......Page 151
Table 7.5 GNTO subsidisation of tourism industry......Page 153
Fostering implementation of recent tourism policy......Page 155
Integrating environmental concerns in tourism-related decision making......Page 156
Part III. CO-OPERATION WITH THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY......Page 158
1. Bilateral Co-operation......Page 159
Table 8.1 EU transfers......Page 161
Transboundary air pollution......Page 162
Table 8.2 SOx and NOx deposition......Page 164
Marine pollution......Page 163
Climate change......Page 168
Table 8.3 Greenhouse gases......Page 169
Biological diversity......Page 170
Follow up to UNCED......Page 171
Development aid......Page 172
Regional co-operation......Page 173
Global co-operation......Page 176
ANNEXES......Page 178
Annex I:  Selected environmental data......Page 179
Annex II: Selected economic data and trends......Page 181
Annex III.A:  Selected multilateral agreements (worldwide)......Page 183
Annex III.B:  Selected multilateral agreements (regional)......Page 189
Annex IV. Chronology of selected environmental events (1990-99)......Page 193
List of tables......Page 12