Environmental Noise Control: The Indian Perspective in an International Context

Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Author
Chapter 1: Environmental Noise Control: A Review
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Basic Acoustical Quantities
	1.3 Loudness and Weighting Networks
		1.3.1 Implications of A-Weighting
	1.4 Hearing Mechanism
	1.5 Noise Rating Curves
	1.6 Directivity and Directivity Index
	1.7 Octave Bands
	1.8 Sound Fields
	1.9 Noise Measurements and Analysis
		1.9.1 Microphones
		1.9.2 Sound Level Meter
	1.10 Outdoor Sound Propagation
	1.11 Noise-Control Engineering: Concept and Methodology
		1.11.1 Source Treatment
		1.11.2 Path Treatment
		1.11.3 Receiver Treatment
	1.12 Anechoic and Reverberation Chamber
	1.13 Noise Pollution Control Policy
	1.14 Challenges Ahead in Indian Perspective for Noise Pollution Control
	References
Chapter 2: Noise Sources: Characteristics and Control
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Community Noise Pollution
	2.3 Noise Sources
		2.3.1 Road Traffic Noise
		2.3.2 Railway Noise
		2.3.3 Aircraft Noise
		2.3.4 Industrial Noise
		2.3.5 Vehicular Horn Noise
	2.4 Assessment of Community Noise
		2.4.1 Equivalent Continuous Sound Level (Leq)
		2.4.2 Day-Night Average Sound Level
		2.4.3 Statistical Indicators
		2.4.4 Traffic Noise Index
		2.4.5 Noise Pollution Level
		2.4.6 Single Event Noise Exposure Level
		2.4.7 Noise Exposure Forecast (NEF)
		2.4.8 Noise and Number Index (NNI)
	2.5 Machinery Noise
		2.5.1 Air Distribution System Noise
		2.5.2 Pump Noise
		2.5.3 Industrial Fans Noise
		2.5.4 Compressor Noise
		2.5.5 Transformer Noise
		2.5.6 Electric Motors Noise
		2.5.7 Household Appliances and Equipment Noise
	2.6 Impulsive Noise
	2.7 Occupational Noise
	2.8 Noise Dose
	2.9 Noise Sources Identification
	2.10 Sound Absorption and Sound Transmission Loss
		2.10.1 Sound Absorption
		2.10.2 Sound Transmission Loss
	2.11 Enclosures
	2.12 Acoustical Materials
	2.13 Noise Management and Control
	2.14 Air and Noise Pollution
	2.15 Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH)
	References
Chapter 3: Sound Level Measurements: Standards and Traceability
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Primary Sound Standard
	3.3 Secondary Sound Standard
		3.3.1 Pressure-Field Calibration
		3.3.2 Sound Calibrator and Pistonphone
		3.3.3 Microphone Free-Field Comparison Calibration
			3.3.3.1 Microphone Comparison Calibration as per IEC 61094-8 Standard
			3.3.3.2 Microphone Calibration Using Pressure Response
	3.4 Sound Level Meter Calibration
	3.5 Traceability in Sound Parameter
	3.6 Measurement Uncertainty
	3.7 Sound Intensity
	3.8 Sound Power Level
	3.9 Calibration and Measurement Capability
	3.10 Measurements with ISO Standards
	3.11 Sound Intensity Mapping and Noise Sources Ranking
	3.12 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Environmental Noise Control Regulations
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules of India
		4.2.1 Restrictions on the Use of Loud Speakers/Public Address System and Sound Producing Instruments
		4.2.2 Restrictions on the Use of Horns, Sound-Emitting Construction Equipment, and Bursting of Firecrackers
		4.2.3 Consequences of Any Violation and Complaints to Be Made
		4.2.4 Noise Limits for Vehicles at Manufacturing Stage
		4.2.5 Noise Limits for Generator Sets Run with Diesel
			4.2.5.1 Noise Limit for Diesel Generator Sets (up to 1000 KVA) Manufactured on or After the First January 2005
		4.2.6 Firecrackers´ Noise
		4.2.7 Airport Noise Limits
		4.2.8 Noise Regulations for Horns and Sirens
	4.3 Environmental Noise Regulations Followed in Various Countries
		4.3.1 Motor Vehicle Noise Regulations
		4.3.2 Railway Noise Regulations
		4.3.3 Aircraft Noise Regulations
			4.3.3.1 Respite from Aircraft Noise
		4.3.4 Wind Turbine Noise Regulations
	4.4 Construction Noise Regulations
	4.5 Noise Labeling of Domestic Appliances
	4.6 Low-Frequency Noise (LFN) Criteria
	4.7 Noise Pollution Index (NPI)
	4.8 Indoor Noise Regulations
	4.9 Implications of Environmental Noise Regulations and Policies
		4.9.1 International Scenario
		4.9.2 National Perspective
			4.9.2.1 Compensation for Violation of Noise Pollution Rules
	4.10 Environmental Noise Guidelines and Health Endpoints
	4.11 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) and Damage Risk Criteria (DRC)
	4.12 Occupational Noise Regulations
	4.13 NIHL Due to Emergency Vehicles Sirens and Horns
	4.14 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5: Environmental Noise Pollution: Evaluation and Analysis
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Environmental Noise Monitoring Studies Across the Globe
	5.3 Environmental Noise Indices
	5.4 Environmental Noise Monitoring in India
		5.4.1 Establishment of NANMN Project
		5.4.2 Evaluation and Analysis of NANMN Data
	5.5 Evaluation and Analysis of Environmental Noise Levels
		5.5.1 Environmental Noise Scenario: Cluster Analysis
		5.5.2 Monthly Day and Night Equivalent Noise Levels
		5.5.3 Difference Between Day and Night Equivalent Noise Levels
		5.5.4 Correlations Between Noise Descriptors
		5.5.5 Overall Noise Scenario: Conclusions and Outlook
		5.5.6 Noise Limit Exceedance Factor (NEF)
	5.6 Analysis of Ambient Noise Levels of Delhi City
	5.7 Ambient Noise Levels on Diwali Festival
	5.8 Ambient Noise Levels on Ganesh Festival
	5.9 Ambient Noise Levels on Sundays
	5.10 Odd-Even Rule Implications on Ambient Noise Levels
	5.11 Environmental Noise Levels During the COVID-19 Lockdown in India
		5.11.1 Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Environmental Noise
	5.12 Long-Term Versus Short-Term and Temporal Strategies
		5.12.1 Short-Term Strategies
		5.12.2 Temporal Sampling Strategies
	5.13 Time-series Modeling of Ambient Noise Levels
		5.13.1 ARIMA Modeling Approach
		5.13.2 ANN Approach for Time-Series Modeling
		5.13.3 Other Modeling Strategies
	5.14 Seasonal Variations of Environmental Noise
	5.15 Uncertainty in Environmental Noise Measurements
		5.15.1 Bootstrap Method for Uncertainty Evaluation
	5.16 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Chapter 6: Noise Impact Assessment Studies
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Principal Traffic Noise Models
	6.3 Comparison of Models
	6.4 Traffic Noise Models in Indian Scenario
		6.4.1 Honking Correction
	6.5 Implications of TNMs, Validation, and Prediction Uncertainty
	6.6 Noise Impact Criteria
		6.6.1 Noise Impact Assessment: Case Study
		6.6.2 Noise Impact Study of Transit Trains at Curvature
		6.6.3 Noise Impact Study of High-Speed Trains
	6.7 Aircraft Noise Model
		6.7.1 Aircraft Noise Contours
	6.8 Acoustic-Induced Vibration
		6.8.1 Diffuse Field Studies
		6.8.2 Field Studies
	6.9 Construction Noise Impact Assessment
	6.10 Noise Impact Assessment of Industrial and/or Commercial Nature
	6.11 Noise Mitigation
	6.12 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Environmental Noise Control Strategies
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Active and Passive Noise Control
	7.3 Source-Path-Receiver Concept of Noise Control
	7.4 Source Noise Control
	7.5 Sound Insulation of Building Elements
	7.6 Sound Insulation of Window Glazing
	7.7 Sound Insulation of Multilayered Building Constructions
	7.8 Airborne Sound Insulation Criteria
		7.8.1 Sound Insulation Criteria: National and International Perspectives
			7.8.1.1 National Building Codes of India
			7.8.1.2 International Scenario
	7.9 Noise Barriers
		7.9.1 Noise Barrier Design Morphology
		7.9.2 Insertion Loss Calculation
			7.9.2.1 Kurze Anderson Equation
			7.9.2.2 ISO 9613 Formula
			7.9.2.3 Harmonoise Model
			7.9.2.4 Optimization in Noise Barrier Design
		7.9.3 Noise Barrier Applications
		7.9.4 Effect of Vegetation
	7.10 Noise Abatement Program and Noise Goal
	7.11 Noise Compatible Land-Use Planning and Management
	7.12 Economic Considerations on Noise Control
	7.13 Urban Morphology and Planning
	7.14 Noise Management: Soundscape Approach
	7.15 Monetary Valuation of Noise Control
		7.15.1 Noise Exposure Score and Noise Costs
	7.16 Implications in Indian Perspectives
	7.17 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Chapter 8: Noise Mapping in Urban Environment
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Noise Mapping: Smart Tool for Environmental Noise Control
	8.3 Noise Mapping Strategy
		8.3.1 Measurement Considerations
		8.3.2 Digital Terrain Model
		8.3.3 Sampling and Spatial Interpolation Strategies
			8.3.3.1 Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) Method
			8.3.3.2 Kriging Interpolation Method
		8.3.4 Self-Adaptive Grids
		8.3.5 Calibration of Noise Maps
	8.4 Implications of Noise Mapping
	8.5 Dynamic Noise Mapping
	8.6 Noise Control Action Plans
	8.7 Sampling Strategies
	8.8 Smartphone Applications in Noise Mapping
	8.9 Noise Mapping and Action Plans: Cost-Benefit Analysis
	8.10 Noise Mapping in Indian Scenario
		8.10.1 What Strategy Should Be Followed for Noise Mapping of Indian Cities?
	8.11 Soundscape Mapping: Potential Tool for Urban Development
	8.12 2  D and 3D Noise Mapping
	8.13 Long-Term Noise Action Planning
	8.14 Quiet Areas
	8.15 Noise Priority Indices for Noise Action Plans
	8.16 Tranquillity Rating Prediction Tool (TRAPT)
	8.17 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Effects of Noise on Health
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Noise Annoyance
		9.2.1 Low Frequency Noise Annoyance
		9.2.2 Noise Annoyance Models in Indian Scenario
		9.2.3 Effect of Demographic Factors on Noise Annoyance
		9.2.4 Noise Depreciation Index
		9.2.5 Community Tolerance Level
	9.3 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
	9.4 Cognitive Performance
	9.5 Sleep Disturbances
		9.5.1 Noise Metrics and Sleep Disturbance Measures
	9.6 Cardiovascular Effects
		9.6.1 Studies in Indian Scenario
	9.7 Hospital Noise
	9.8 Environmental Noise Guidelines for Europe
	9.9 Noise-Induced Pathophysiological Effects: Summary
	9.10 Potential Health Effects and Sustainable Action Planning
	9.11 Estimation of DALYs: A Case Study
	9.12 Noise Pollution Health Effects Evaluation and Reduction (NOPHEER)
	9.13 Correlation of Noise Levels with Saliva Cortisol
	9.14 Noise Pollution in COVID-19 Pandemic and Cardiovascular Risk
	9.15 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Chapter 10: MCDM Approach in Noise Control
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Traffic Noise Abatement Measures
	10.3 MCDM Approach
		10.3.1 TOPSIS Method
		10.3.2 Fuzzy Versus Real-Time Data for MCDM
		10.3.3 Application of Fuzzy TOPSIS Approach
		10.3.4 Case Study of Road Traffic Noise Abatement
	10.4 Validation of the Fuzzy TOPSIS Method
	10.5 MCDM Tool for Alternatives in Combination
	10.6 Selection of Optimal Noise Barrier
	10.7 Aircraft Noise Control Strategies
	10.8 Contemporary Noise Control Measures and Balanced Approach
	10.9 Railway Noise Control Strategies
	10.10 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
Appendices
	Appendix I
		Glossary of Acoustical Terms
	Appendix II
		Performance Evaluation of Sound Level Meter/Noise Monitoring Terminal (NMT) for Noise Monitoring
	Appendix III
		Mining Noise Control in India
References
	Appendix IV
		Noise Impact Index (NII) and Its Suitability in Indian Perspectives
References
	Appendix V
	Scoring
	References
	Appendix VI
		Performance Evaluation of Noise Reducing Devices
			Diffuse Sound Field Method for Testing Sound Absorption (EN 1793-1)
			Diffuse Sound Field Method for Testing Airborne Sound Insulation (EN 1793-2)
			Direct Sound Field Method for Testing Sound Reflection (EN 1793-5)
			Direct Sound Field Method for Testing Airborne Sound Insulation (EN 1793-6)
	References
Index