Environmental Mechanics: Water, Mass and Energy Transfer in the Biosphere: The Philip Volume

Title Page 
......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
John Robert Philip AO FAA FRS......Page 7
Preface
......Page 9
CD-ROM Information
......Page 10
1. Introduction......Page 11
2.1. Formulation of the Theory......Page 12
2.2. Classes of Soils......Page 13
2.3. Characterization of Soils and Monitoring of Processes......Page 14
3.2. Green and Ampt or Delta Function Soils......Page 15
3.4. Approximate Methods Involving Integral Constraints......Page 16
3.5. Solutions for the Class of Brooks and Corey or Power Function Soils......Page 17
3.6. Solutions for the Class of Gardner Soils: Quasilinear Analysis of Multi-dimensional Steady Flows......Page 18
3.8. Numerical Solutions of Flow Problems......Page 19
4.2. Simultaneous Transport of Water and Heat......Page 20
4.3. Flow of Water in Soils Subject to Swelling-Shrinkage......Page 21
4.5. Flow and Transport Processes at Various Scales in Space and Time......Page 24
5. Micrometeorology and Physical Ecology......Page 26
6. Challenges for Environmental Mechanics......Page 29
References......Page 30
Getting It Right......Page 39
A Young Editor Meets a Giant
......Page 40
1995 AGU History of Hydrology Interview 
......Page 41
References......Page 43
2.1. The Scope of his Research......Page 44
3.1. The Simplification Tradition......Page 45
3.3. Rigorous Analysis and Review......Page 46
4.2. Simplifying the Infiltration Problem......Page 47
4.3. General Asymptotic Solutions......Page 48
4.4. Special Analytical Solutions......Page 49
5.3. Two- and Three-Dimensional Problems......Page 50
5.4. Non-Homogenous Stable Soils......Page 51
6. Concluding Remarks......Page 52
References......Page 53
2. Introduction......Page 55
3.2 Falling Head......Page 56
3.3 Sequential Constant Head 1/Constant Head 2
......Page 57
4.1 Constant Head......Page 58
5. Laboratory Tests......Page 59
6. Concluding Remarks......Page 60
References......Page 61
Introduction......Page 62
The Problem......Page 63
The Solution......Page 64
Discussion and Application of Solution
......Page 67
References......Page 69
1. Introduction......Page 71
2.1. Pressure Head Distributions for Absorption......Page 72
2.3. Comparison of Infiltration With Two Hydraulic Functions......Page 73
3. Summary and Conclusions......Page 74
References......Page 76
1. Introduction......Page 77
2. Vertical Flow to a Water Table
......Page 78
4. Conformal Mapping Solution......Page 79
8. Maximum Width of Cavity
......Page 81
9. Discussion......Page 83
References......Page 84
Early Work......Page 85
Analysis......Page 88
Conclusion......Page 89
References......Page 90
Introduction......Page 92
Problem Definition......Page 93
Moment Equations......Page 94
Perturbation analysis......Page 95
Analytical solution in one dimension......Page 96
Results and Comparison with Monte Carlo Simulations......Page 98
References......Page 99
1. Introduction......Page 100
2.1 The Water Retention Curves......Page 101
2.2 The Overburden Potential......Page 103
2.3 The Groenevelt-Bolt Equation of State......Page 105
3. Matristatics
......Page 106
3.2 Dry end of Shrinkage Curves......Page 107
3.3 Matristatics of Talsma\'s Clay Paste......Page 108
References......Page 109
1. Introduction......Page 111
2. Flow in Swelling Material......Page 112
2.1. Flow Laws in Swelling Materials......Page 113
2.2. Physically Based Simplifications of Theory......Page 114
2.3. General Comments......Page 116
3.1. Dispersion and Reaction During Soil Water Absorption......Page 117
3.2. Dispersion and Reaction During Desorption FromClay......Page 119
4. Concluding Remarks......Page 120
Notation......Page 121
References......Page 122
1. Introduction......Page 125
2.1 Matric Potential Profiles......Page 126
2.2 Moisture Content Profiles in Material Space......Page 128
2.3 Consolidation and the Relation between Physical and Material Coordinates......Page 129
2.4 Moisture Content Profiles in Physical Space......Page 130
3. Electrolyte Consolidation of Swelling Soils......Page 131
4. Discussion and Conclusions......Page 133
References......Page 134
1. Introduction......Page 136
2. Flow Model......Page 137
3.2. Finite Pulse......Page 140
3.4.. Multiple Cycles......Page 141
4-1. Mean Water Content......Page 142
4-2. Transport of an Instantaneous Pulse
......Page 143
Appendix A: Derivation of Z{t Forconservative Solute
......Page 144
Appendix C: Derivation of the Mean Solute Concentration for Instantaneous Input
......Page 145
References......Page 146
1. Introduction......Page 148
2. Solute Transport Equations......Page 149
3. Algebraic Techniques Forsymmetry Reduction
......Page 150
4. Symmetry Reductions of Solute Transport Equations
......Page 151
5. Invariant Non-Radial Solutions
......Page 152
6. Conclusions......Page 154
References......Page 155
1. Introduction......Page 157
1.1. Stability of the Equilibrium Saline Boundary Layer
......Page 158
2. Problem Formulation......Page 159
3.1. Perturbation Equations......Page 160
3.2. Variational Energy Method......Page 161
3.3. Linearised Stability......Page 164
4.1. The Numerical Method......Page 165
4.2. Stability Criterion......Page 166
5. Discussion and Conclusions
......Page 167
Appendix A......Page 170
References......Page 171
2.1 Crude Oil/Brine/Rock Systems
......Page 172
3.1 Brine/Rock Interactions
......Page 173
3.2 Brine/Oil Interactions
......Page 176
3.3 Oil/Rock/Brine Interactions
......Page 177
References......Page 179
1. Introduction......Page 181
2.2. Darcy-Buckingham Equation
......Page 182
2.3. Soil Hydraulic Properties and Multi-Dimensional Flows
......Page 183
3.1. Analysis of Deformation and Motion
......Page 185
3.2. Vector Fields, Vector Lines, and Vector Tubes
......Page 186
4.1. Three-Dimensional Flows
......Page 187
4.2. Two-Dimensional Plane Flows
......Page 189
4.3. One-Dimensional Flows
......Page 191
5.1. Rotationality of Flow of Soil Water
......Page 192
5.2. Scalar Potentials and Distance Functions
......Page 193
References......Page 194
1. Introduction......Page 198
2. The Phenomenon......Page 199
3.1. Water Expansion......Page 203
3.2. Trapped Air Bubbles......Page 204
3.3. Solutes......Page 205
3.4. Contact Angles......Page 207
4. Concluding Remarks......Page 209
References......Page 210
Soil Water Hysteresis Prediction Model Based on Theory and Geometric Scaling
......Page 212
1. Introduction......Page 213
2. Theory......Page 214
2.1. Hysteresis Model......Page 215
4. Material and Test Criteria
......Page 225
5.1. Quality of Experimental Soil Data
......Page 227
5.2. Scanning Order......Page 229
5.3. Shape Parameters......Page 231
5.4. Pressure Head Scale Parameters......Page 232
5.5. Water Content Scale Parameters......Page 235
6. Limitations on the Use of the Model
......Page 238
7. Conclusions......Page 239
8. Appendix......Page 240
9. Parameter Notation......Page 241
References......Page 243
Introduction......Page 246
Nonstationary Soil Properties......Page 248
Analysis of Process Scales
......Page 249
Scaling Across Spatial Scales......Page 250
Examples of Scaling Applicatons Across Spatial Scales
......Page 251
Soil Core Scale......Page 252
Field Plot and Field Scale
......Page 253
Concluding Remarks......Page 254
References......Page 255
1. Introduction......Page 258
2.3. Evaluation of Infiltration Tests
......Page 259
3.1. PDF of Sorptivity
......Page 260
4. Conclusions......Page 261
References......Page 262
1. Introduction......Page 263
2. The Problem Demonstration......Page 264
3. Infiltration Outflow Experiment......Page 265
4. Computer Tomography......Page 266
5. Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 267
7. Conclusion......Page 270
References......Page 271
Introduction......Page 273
Governing Equation......Page 274
Character of the Solutions
......Page 275
Relationships for Time to Temperature Maxima
......Page 276
Heat Capacity Error Analysis......Page 277
Error in Heat Capacity
......Page 278
Error in Water Content
......Page 279
References......Page 280
1. Introduction......Page 282
2. Governing Equations......Page 283
3. Complex Surfaces......Page 285
4.1. Local Advection: Yhe Wind Field......Page 286
4.2. Local Advection: Surface Stress......Page 288
4.4 Patchwork Surfaces......Page 289
5. Topography......Page 291
5.1 Drag Force on Isolated Hills
......Page 294
5.2 Effective Roughness Length of Hilly Terrain
......Page 295
References......Page 296
1. Introduction......Page 298
2.1. Equation of Motion
......Page 300
3.1. Fluid Elements......Page 302
4. The Covariance Function and Time Scalefor the Fluid Velocity Along a Heavy Particle Trajectory
......Page 303
4.1. The Covariance Function R甀瀀aa琀......Page 304
4.3. The Time Scale Tfα and the Length Scale L5
......Page 305
4.4. Character of the Solution
......Page 306
5.2. Flow Fields......Page 308
5.3. Particle Dispersion Measurements......Page 310
6.1. Parameter Values......Page 311
References......Page 312
Introduction......Page 314
Theory for Time- Varying Diffusivity
......Page 315
Results......Page 317
Concluding Discussions......Page 320
References......Page 322
Introduction......Page 323
History......Page 324
Current Problem......Page 325
First Problem of Cohesion Theory
......Page 326
Third Problem of Cohesion Theory
......Page 327
Pressure Probe Measurements......Page 328
References......Page 329
1. Introduction......Page 332
2.2. Measurements......Page 333
3.2. Grove-Scale Modelling and Crop Factors......Page 335
4. Temporal Risk Assessment......Page 337
5. Spatial Risk Assessment......Page 339
References......Page 340