Environmental Law and Justice in Context

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 10
Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 13
1 Outline......Page 15
2 The notion of justice in environmental law......Page 18
3 Public participation and access to the judiciary......Page 26
4 State sovereignty and state borders......Page 34
5 North–South concerns in global contexts......Page 37
6 Access to natural resources......Page 41
7 Corporate activities and trade......Page 45
Bibliography......Page 50
PART I The notion of justice in environmental law......Page 51
1 Ecological urgency and environmental justice: two views......Page 53
2 The first cycle of ecological urgency......Page 58
3 The second cycle of ecological urgency......Page 62
4 Conclusions......Page 65
Bibliography......Page 67
1 Introduction......Page 69
2 Morality......Page 70
2.1 The Martens Clause and environmental harm in armed conflict......Page 71
3 Equity......Page 72
3.2 Equity praeter legem......Page 73
3.3 Equity infra legem......Page 74
3.4 Equity and distributive justice......Page 75
3.5 Intergenerational equity......Page 76
4 Law......Page 77
4.1 Procedural justice......Page 78
4.2 Substantive norms......Page 79
5 Conclusion: just process and/or just results......Page 83
Bibliography......Page 87
1 Jurisprudence......Page 90
2 Globalisation and G-talk......Page 91
4 Analytical and empirical jurisprudence: some brief comments......Page 93
5 Adjusting the canon: filleting Hart, extending Bentham, realising Rawls......Page 95
6.1 The collective ignorance of other traditions......Page 96
6.2 Secularism and a world-wide religious revival......Page 97
6.3 Belief Pluralism......Page 98
6.4 Moving beyond domestic justice......Page 99
6.5 The salience of human rights discourse: the only show in town?......Page 102
6.6 Universalism and cultural relativism......Page 104
6.7 Anthropocentric and ecocentric views in normative jurisprudence......Page 105
7 Conclusion......Page 106
Bibilography......Page 108
1 Gender and the development of a sense of justice: a Northern perspective......Page 112
2 The limits of environmental law and justice......Page 115
3 Environmental practice as virtue?: Arctic and other inspirations......Page 116
4 Reconsidering justice and/as virtuous behaviour?......Page 119
5 Thoughts on 'sustainable masculinity'......Page 120
Bibliography......Page 126
PART II Public participation and access to the judiciary......Page 129
1 Introduction......Page 131
2 Public participation: access to courts to protect natural resources......Page 134
3 Public participation in the decision-making process......Page 137
3.1 Participation at the project level......Page 138
3.2 Participation at the policy-making level......Page 140
4 Access to information to protect natural resources......Page 144
5 Concluding remarks......Page 147
Bibliography......Page 149
1 Introduction......Page 153
2 Challenges of environmental justice and public participation in China......Page 156
3 Distributive justice through public participation......Page 159
4 Corrective justice through public participation......Page 165
4.1 Citizens' and NGOs' good practice......Page 166
4.2 Limitations of citizen litigation in the public interest......Page 167
5 Conclusions......Page 169
Bibliography......Page 170
1 Introduction......Page 172
2.1 Rosia Montana Gold Mine (Alba Iulia, Romania)......Page 175
2.2 Medical Waste Incinerator (Constanta, Romania)......Page 178
2.3 Germia Park Case (Prishtina, Kosovo)......Page 179
2.4 Fadeyeva v. Russia (European Court of Human Rights)......Page 181
2.5 Judicial procedures as elements of environmental justice campaigns......Page 183
2.6 Other cases (Kosovo, Bulgaria)......Page 184
3.1 Forest reserves of Kornalovichy and Borislavsky (Ukraine)......Page 185
4 Conclusion......Page 186
Bibliography......Page 188
1 Introduction......Page 190
2.1 The 1999 Environmental Code......Page 191
2.2 Institutions for decision-making......Page 192
2.3 The line of appeal......Page 193
3.1 Introduction......Page 195
3.2 The system......Page 196
3.3 Scope of review......Page 199
3.4 Scope of decisions......Page 201
3.5 Actors I: private parties......Page 202
3.6 Actors II: environmental NGOs......Page 204
4 Concluding remarks......Page 206
Bibliography......Page 208
1 The discussion on environmental justice in the United States......Page 209
2 Environmental justice in the European Union......Page 211
3.1 The constraining of corporate influence......Page 213
3.2 Disproportionate charges over certain groups of the population......Page 215
3.3 The right to enjoy the environmental benefits of natural resources......Page 216
3.4 Protection of the indigenous population and its environment......Page 218
3.5 Siting of facilities, and intergenerational equity......Page 219
3.6 The right to know......Page 220
3.7 Participation in environmental decision-making......Page 221
3.8 Access to the courts......Page 222
4 Some concluding remarks......Page 223
1 Complaint procedures and environmental justice in a new world order......Page 225
2.1 The Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee......Page 227
2.2 Analysis of selected cases......Page 231
3 The international complaint procedure under the NAAEC......Page 233
4 A comparison of two complaint regimes, and their strengths and weaknesses: do they promote environmental justice?......Page 236
5 Concluding remarks and lessons learned......Page 239
Bibliography......Page 240
PART III State sovereignty and state borders......Page 243
1 Introduction......Page 245
2 Environmental damage in war......Page 248
3.1 Constraints under peacetime environmental treaties......Page 250
3.2 Protection of the environment in jus in bello stricto sensu......Page 254
4 Security Council powers under Chapter VII......Page 255
5 Permanent sovereignty and inequitable exploitation patterns in armed conflict: lessons from the Congo case......Page 257
6 Environmental justice in the practice of the United Nations Compensation Commission......Page 260
7 Justice through criminal law processes......Page 261
8 Conclusions......Page 262
Bibliography......Page 264
1 Introduction......Page 267
2 The continuing dominance of state sovereignty in regard to the environment......Page 269
3 Competing conceptions of environmental justice......Page 271
3.1 International distributive justice......Page 272
3.2 Justice towards the environment?......Page 274
3.3 Intergenerational justice......Page 276
3.4 Social justice......Page 277
4 Sovereignty, environmental justice, and diversity......Page 278
5 Conclusion......Page 281
Bibliography......Page 282
1 Environmental law and justice across state borders......Page 284
2 Individuals rather than states as the measure......Page 285
3 Procedural, distributive and corrective justice in transboundary contexts......Page 289
4 Sovereignty, jurisdiction and environmental policy......Page 291
5 Choice of law......Page 295
6.1 Three constellations......Page 296
6.2 Case I: pursuing justice in the state of the cause (activity)......Page 297
6.3 Case II: pursuing justice in the state of the harm......Page 300
6.4 Case III: pursuing justice outside the states of the cause and the harm......Page 301
7 Effective cosmopolitan justice without environmental imperialism......Page 304
Bibliography......Page 306
PART IV North–South concerns in global contexts......Page 309
1 Introduction......Page 311
2.1 Distributive justice......Page 312
2.2 Corrective justice......Page 313
2.3 Environmental justice......Page 314
3 North–South debates in the development of the Montreal Protocol......Page 315
3.1 Stage One: differentiated obligations......Page 316
3.2 Stage Two: resources for the transition to ozone-friendly technologies......Page 321
3.3 Basis of funding......Page 323
3.5 The fund as precedent......Page 324
4 Narratives of justice in the ozone context......Page 325
Bibliography......Page 328
1 Introduction......Page 330
2.1 The concept of environmental justice......Page 332
2.2.1 Global distributive justice?......Page 333
2.3 Procedural and substantive justice......Page 335
3 Global environmental justice and international law......Page 336
4.1 The concept of common but differentiated responsibilities......Page 338
4.2 The interplay between process and substance......Page 342
Bibliography......Page 343
1 Experiences from Chairing the Negotiations of the Desertification Convention......Page 347
2 A new diplomacy for sustainable development......Page 348
3 The background to the Desertification Convention......Page 350
4 Desertification in the 1992 Rio Conference on Environment and Development......Page 351
5 The Desertification Convention and its significance for equity and justice......Page 353
6 Reflections on the implementation of the Desertification Convention and its relevance for the concept of environmental justice......Page 358
Bibliography......Page 361
PART V Access to natural resources......Page 363
1 Introduction......Page 365
2 Changes in classical international water law and the International Court of Justice......Page 367
3 The Helsinki Convention and its Protocols......Page 369
4 The right to water......Page 372
5 The World Bank and water management......Page 376
6 Conclusions: systemic change and fairness......Page 380
Bibliography......Page 383
1 Introduction......Page 385
2 Access and benefit sharing......Page 386
2.1 Access to genetic resources and associated knowledge......Page 387
2.2 Benefit sharing......Page 388
3 Sui generis protection......Page 391
4 Equity for genetic resources and traditional knowledge......Page 394
4.1 Further commodification......Page 395
4.2 An open access system......Page 397
4.3 A broader conception of protection......Page 399
5 Conclusion......Page 401
Bibliography......Page 402
1 Introduction......Page 404
2 Conceptual framework......Page 407
3 Environmental justice for women......Page 408
4.1 Nairobi Forward Looking Strategies......Page 410
4.2 The Beijing Platform for Action......Page 412
5.1 International and regional contexts......Page 414
5.2.1 Constitutions......Page 416
5.2.2 Land laws......Page 417
5.2.3 Framework environmental laws and sectoral environmental laws......Page 419
Bibliography......Page 420
PART VI Corporate activities and trade......Page 423
1 Introduction......Page 425
2 The polluter pays principle in the 'narrow' sense: the costs of measures to prevent pollution should be borne by the polluter......Page 428
3 The polluter pays principle in the 'wide' sense: a principle of internalization of social costs of pollution......Page 430
4 The polluter pays principle as a principle of liability and compensation for pollution damage......Page 434
5.1 The PPP in the narrow sense......Page 437
5.2 The PPP in the wide sense......Page 439
5.3 The PPP as a principle for liability and compensation for transfrontier pollution damage......Page 440
6 Conclusion......Page 441
Bibliography......Page 442
1 Introduction......Page 443
2.1 Concept, movement or ideology?......Page 446
2.2 Formal or traditional methods of protection (instrumentalism)......Page 448
2.3 The Minerals Act, the SRA and the KPML......Page 449
3 Institutional aspects: judiciary and administration......Page 450
4 Distributive justice: equity and fairness......Page 451
5 Participatory rights as justice......Page 452
6 Corporate accountability......Page 454
7 Cooperative aspects of justice......Page 456
Bibliography......Page 459
1 Introduction......Page 461
2 International environmental trade measures driven by justice considerations......Page 463
3.1 EU internal market: negative harmonisation......Page 466
3.2 EU internal market: positive harmonisation......Page 471
3.3 Health regulation......Page 472
Bibliography......Page 474
Index......Page 476