Environmental economics : theory and policy in equilibrium

Preface
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Acronyms
Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1 Ecology and Economy: Unequal Partners?
		1.1.1 Environmental Economics
		1.1.2 Ecological Economics
		1.1.3 Why is Theory Needed in a Practical Environmental Context?
	1.2 Survey of the Book
	References
Part I The Environmental Movement
	Chapter 2 Differing Views on the Environment
		2.1 The Europeans and the Environment
			2.1.1 Attitudes Towards the Environment in Europe
			2.1.2 Conclusions for Environmental Economics
		2.2 The Environmental Movement in the U.S.
		2.3 Emerging Markets and the Environment
			2.3.1 China and the Environment
			2.3.2 India and the Environment
		2.4 Attitudes Towards the Environment: A Summary
		References
	Chapter 3 The International Dimension of the Environment
		3.1 International Environmental Issues
			3.1.1 Global Environmental Commodities
			3.1.2 Consequences of Globalization
			3.1.3 The Environment and International Trade
		3.2 International Conferences and Environmental Agreements
			3.2.1 The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
			3.2.2 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
			3.2.3 The Kyoto Protocol
			3.2.4 Copenhagen, Paris, Glasgow and . . . ?
		References
Part II The International Dimension of the Environment
	Chapter 4 Basics of Environmental Economics
		4.1 Fundamental Concepts
			4.1.1 Environmental Awareness and Perceived Scarcity
			4.1.2 Environmental Commodities and Allocation Problems
		4.2 Efficiency as a Normative Criterion for Environmental Economics
			4.2.1 Economic Efficiency and the Environment: Theory
			4.2.2 Economic Efficiency and the Environment: Applications
		References
	Chapter 5 Allocation Problems in a Market Economy
		5.1 Efficient Equilibrium Allocations
			5.1.1 The Model Economy
			5.1.2 Market Equilibrium
		5.2 Environmental Effects in a Market Economy
			5.2.1 The Concept of an External Effect
			5.2.2 Analysis of an Externality
			5.2.3 Market Equilibrium with External Effects
		5.3 Public Commodities in Environmental Economics
			5.3.1 The Prisoners’ Dilemma in an Environmental Context
			5.3.2 The Prisoners’ Dilemma and International Efforts to Mitigate Climate Change
			5.3.3 The Tragedy of the Commons
		References
	Chapter 6 The Internalization of External Effects
		6.1 External Effects and Missing Markets
			6.1.1 Supplementing the Market System
		6.2 The Pigou Tax
		6.3 Firm-Specific Prices for an Environmental Commodity
		6.4 Tradeable Emission Certificates
		6.5 Pollution Rights
		6.6 The Coase Theorem
		References
	Chapter 7 Public Goods in Environmental Economics
		7.1 The Lindahl Mechanism
			7.1.1 The Concept of a Lindahl Equilibrium
			7.1.2 Lindahl Equilibrium and Incentive Compatibility
		7.2 Core Equivalence in a Public Goods Economy
			7.2.1 The Core of an Economy with a Public Good
			7.2.2 The Cost-Share Equilibrium
			7.2.3 Core Equivalence and Cost-Share Equilibria
		7.3 Implications for International Negotiations on Mitigating Climate Change
			7.3.1 The Kyoto Protocol
			7.3.2 The Paris Agreement
			7.3.3 The Glasgow Climate Pact
			7.3.4 Beyond Kyoto, Paris and Glasgow
		References
Part III Environmental Policy
	Chapter 8 From Theory to Policy: Information Deficits
		8.1 Informational Requirements Regarding the Structure of the Markets
			8.1.1 The Competition-Price Mechanism
		8.2 Information Deficits in International Environmental Policy
		8.3 Information Deficits Regarding Hazardous Materials and Processes
		8.4 Consequences for Environmental Policy
		References
	Chapter 9 Command-and-Control Policy
		9.1 Environmental Standards and Framework Conditions
			9.1.1 Standards in Economic Systems
			9.1.2 Ecological Efficiency of Standards: Examples
			9.1.3 Framework Conditions, Standards and the Private Finance Initiative
		9.2 The Refillables Quota Issue
			9.2.1 Facts and Developments Regarding Refillable Packaging
			9.2.2 The Refillables Quota Issue and the German Packaging Legislation
		9.3 Economic Feasibility of an Environmental Policy
			9.3.1 The Concept of Economic Feasibility
			9.3.2 Economic Feasibility: A Formal Analysis
			9.3.3 Economic Feasibility in a Practical Context
		References
	Chapter 10 The Price-Standard Approach to Environmental Policy
		10.1 Market-Oriented Environmental Policies
		10.2 Pollution Tax
			10.2.1 Relevant Features of the Pollution Tax
			10.2.2 Cost Efficiency of the Pollution Tax
			10.2.3 Cost Efficiency with Spatial Differentiation
		10.3 Ecotaxes
			10.3.1 Aspects of an Ecotax
			10.3.2 Theoretical Considerations Regarding an Ecotax
			10.3.3 The Ecological Tax Reform in Germany
		10.4 Tradeable Emission Certificates
			10.4.1 Relevant Features of Markets for Tradeable Certificates
			10.4.2 Emission-Oriented and Immission-Oriented Trading Schemes
		10.5 Experiences with Markets for Tradeable Certificates
			10.5.1 The EU Emission Trading System (EU ETS)
			10.5.2 A Critical Assessment of the EU ETS
			10.5.3 The U.S. Cap and Trade Policy
			10.5.4 Cap and Trade Policies in Other Parts of the World
		References
	Chapter 11 International Environmental Commodities and the Principal-Agent-Approach
		11.1 International Environmental Agreements
		11.2 The Principal-Agent Problem in Environmental Policy
			11.2.1 The Role of Mitigation Strategies
			11.2.2 The Role of Adaptation Strategies
		References
	Chapter 12 Holistic Environmental Policies
		12.1 Holistic Policies: Motivation
		12.2 Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
		12.3 The EPR Principle in Practice
			12.3.1 Global Experience with the EPR Principle
			12.3.2 Practical Example: WEEE Regulations in the EU and Germany
		12.4 Integrated Environmental Policies (IEP)
			12.4.1 IntegratedWaste Management (IWM)
			12.4.2 Constitutive Elements of Integrated Environmental Policies (IEP)
		12.5 The Circular Economy – An Outlook
			12.5.1 The Concept of a Circular Economy
			12.5.2 PackagingWaste in Germany
		References
Part IV The Environment in the Globalized World
	Chapter 13 Trade and the Environment: The Legal Context
		13.1 The Framework Conditions for International Trade
		13.2 Environmental Aspects of the GATT and the WTO
		13.3 Regional Trade Agreements
			13.3.1 The Environmental Policy of the EU
			13.3.2 United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)
		13.4 Strategic Considerations: The Example of the Climate Club
		References
	Chapter 14 Overfishing
		14.1 The State of Fishery Resources
		14.2 Short-Run Supply of the Fisheries
			14.2.1 Interdependence of Fisheries
			14.2.2 Short-Run Supply and Fixed-Stock Equilibrium
		14.3 Integration of Economic and Biological Aspects
			14.3.1 A Biological Growth Process
			14.3.2 The Bioeconomic Equilibrium
		14.4 The Market Equilibrium
		14.5 Conclusions from the Formal Analysis
			14.5.1 An Analysis of Externalities in the Fishing Industry
			14.5.2 Attempts to Internalize Externalities in Fisheries
			14.5.3 Quota Management Systems
		14.6 Fisheries Policies
			14.6.1 Subsidies in the Fishing Industry: The Legal Background
			14.6.2 Evaluating the Common Fisheries Policy of the EU
			14.6.3 A Glance at the U.S. Fisheries Policy
		14.7 Overfishing: A Summary
		References
	Chapter 15 Integration of Trade and the Environment
		15.1 Trade and Environment – “Genuine Problems”
		15.2 Trade and the Environment: A Formal Approach
			15.2.1 The Model
			15.2.2 Autarky Equilibrium
			15.2.3 Free Trade Equilibrium
		15.3 Trade and the Environment: The Formal Integration
			15.3.1 From Autarky to Free Trade
			15.3.2 Harmonizing Environmental Standards
		15.4 Regulation
		15.5 Stackelberg Equilibrium
		15.6 Integrating Trade and the Environment: A Summary
		References
Index