Environmental Contamination from the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster: Dispersion, Monitoring, Mitigation and Lessons Learned

Contents
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part I Transport of Radioactive Materials in the Environment
	1 Introduction: Basic Concepts Regarding the Fukushima Accident and Radiation and Radioactivity
		1.1 Overview of the Fukushima Accident
		1.2 Radioactive Elements, Radioactive Nuclides and Radioactive Substances
		1.3 Measurement of Radiation
		1.4 Example of γ-Ray Spectrometry to Determine Accurate Radioactivity Values
		1.5 Radioactivity and Radiation Dose
		1.6 Effects of Radioactive Substances on Humans
		1.7 Environmental Transfer of Radioactive Substances
		1.8 Temporal Trends of Radioactive Substances after and before the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident : Quantitative Comparison
		1.9 Characteristics of Anthropogenic Radionuclides in the Atmosphere after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident
		1.10 Time-Dependent Change of Radiation Levels in the 80 km Zone for Five Years after the Fukushima Accident
		References
	2 Estimation of Environmental Releases of Radioactive Materials
		2.1 Release of Radioactive Materials into the Atmosphere
		2.2 Reverse Estimation Method for the Source Term
		2.3 Release Rates of Radionuclides from the FDNPS
		2.4 Evaluation of the Release Rates
		2.5 Estimation of the Direct Release into the Ocean
		References
3 Diffusion in the Atmosphere
	3.1 The Atmospheric Transport Process for Radioactive Substances and the Effects of Meteorological Conditions
	3.2 Atmospheric Transportation and Deposition of the Radioactive Materials
	3.3 Atmospheric Dispersion of Releases
	3.4 What Would Have Happened if This Accident Had Occurred in a Different Season or at a Different Power Plant?
	3.5 Factors Contributing to Uncertainty in Atmospheric Diffusion Models
	3.6 Behaviour of Radioactive Substances Based on Atmospheric Monitoring at Fukushima University
	3.7 Atmospheric Radionuclides Concentrations Just After the Fukushima Accident
	3.8 Monitoring the Radioactivity of Atmospheric Aerosols and the Influence of Resuspension from the Ground
	3.9 Characteristics of Radioactive Materials in Aerosols
	3.10 Sizes and Distributions of Metallic Particles Caused by Burning or Explosion
	References
4 Global Transport of Radioactive Materials
	4.1 Global Observation of Radioactive Material
	4.2 Simulations of the Long-Range Transport of Radioactive Materials after the Accident
	4.3 Estimation of the Transport Pathway and Simulation of Radioactive Materials Using Global-Scale Models
	4.4 Inverse Estimation of Emission Fluxes Based on Global Observations and Numerical Simulations
	4.5 Future Issues in the Global Simulation of Radioactive Materials
	References
5 Ocean Transport of Radioactive Materials
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Measurement of Radioactive Materials Over the Marine Atmosphere
	5.3 Behaviour of Radiocaesium from Rivers to the Coastal Marine Environment
	5.4 Transport of Radiocaesium in the North Pacific Ocean
	5.5 Dispersion Simulation and Estimation of the Total Amount of 137Cs Directly Discharged into the Ocean
	5.6 Investigation of Radioactive Contamination of Marine Biota: A Chronicle
	5.7 Pollution in Coastal Environments: Seawater and Sediment
	5.8 Pollution of Marine Fish and Shellfish
	5.9 Transfer Mechanisms of Radionuclides in the Marine Ecosystem
	5.10 Radioactive Caesium from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant in Migratory Marine Animals
	References
6 Diffusion and Deposition of Radioactive Materials in the Terrestrial Environment
	6.1 Overview of the Large-Scale Measurement of Radioactive Materials Deposited on Ground Surfaces
	6.2 Radionuclide Transfer from Forest Environments
	6.3 Sediment and Radionuclide Transfer from the Land to the Ocean: International Research Perspectives
	6.4 Distribution and Migration of Radioiodine in Terrestrial Environment
	6.5 Understanding the Migration Behaviour of Radiocaesium at the Molecular Scale
	6.6 Effects on Agricultural Products and Wild Plants
	References
Part II Development and Future Issues for the Infrastructure of Disaster Prevention
	Preliminary remarks
	7 Monitoring System
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Radiation Monitoring Facilities
		7.3 Information Necessary for Off-Site Countermeasures
		7.4 Other Infrastructure
		7.5 Monitoring of Rivers
		References
	8 Dispersion Modelling of Radioactive Materials
		8.1 Overview of SPEEDI
		8.2 Role of SPEEDI in the Emergency Response Framework
		8.3 Response to the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident
		8.4 How Should We Have Utilised SPEEDI?
		8.5 Lessons and Tasks for SPEEDI from the Accident
		8.6 Recent Status of Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling
		References
	9 Off-Site Decontamination
		9.1 Concept of Decontamination and Its Application
		9.2 Decontamination Techniques Used at Contaminated Sites
		9.3 Timeline of the Decontamination-Related Events Following the Disaster
		9.4 Demonstration Tests and Demonstration Model Projects for Decontamination Technologies
		9.5 Contamination Levels Required to Trigger Intensive Survey for the Necessity of Decontamination Work and of the Goals of Decontamination
		9.6 Temporary and Interim Storage, Processing and the Final Disposal of Soil and Waste Generated by Decontamination
		9.7 Conclusion
		References
Part III Lessons and Future Issues from the Fukushima Accident
	10 Urgent Actions by Scientists
		10.1 The Gathering and Distribution of Information Required for Applying Countermeasures at the Disaster Site
		10.2 The Need for Interdisciplinary Research
		10.3 Explanation of Scientific Phenomena and Uncertainties: The Importance of Validation –Lessons from the IPCC
		10.4 Proposal for Group Voice: Going beyond the Limits of One Voice and Making Information Provided by Scientists Available to the Public in Emergency Situations
		10.5 The Autonomous Dissemination of Information from Scientists
	11 Emergency Actions and Messages Related to the Fukushima Accident
		11.1 Reports from Fukushima University
		11.2 Efforts of the Science Council of Japan and Scientific Societies and Unions
		11.3 Urgent Atmospheric Measurements Under Collaboration between Geoscientists and Radiological Chemists
		11.4 Urgent Survey for the Disaster at Sea
		11.5 Participation of Nuclear Physicists in the Screening Survey
		11.6 Large-Scale Investigation of Deposited Radioactive Materials
		11.7 Scientists’ Contribution to the Study of Forests
		11.8 Specific Characteristics of the Fukushima Accident
		References
	12 Recommendations for the Fukushima Project from Foreign Scientists
		12.1 Emergency Response Improvements Following the Fukushima Nuclear Accident
		12.2 Suggestions for Future Steps to be Taken by Japan
		12.3 Recommendations to Japanese Researchers
		References
Glossary
Names of Locations
Index