Environment, Power, and Injustice: A South African History (Studies in Environment and History)

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
List of Illustrations......Page 15
List of Tables......Page 17
Preface......Page 19
Abbreviations......Page 23
1 Approaching Kuruman......Page 25
THE KALAHARI THORNVELD TODAY: A TOUR......Page 28
TWO HISTORIES FROM BELOW:  A SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH......Page 40
DOING SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY IN KURUMAN......Page 45
AN OVERVIEW: THE FRONTIER, COLONIALISM, AND SEGREGATION......Page 52
2 Goat People and Fish People on the Agro-Pastoral Frontier, c.1750–1830......Page 56
GOAT PEOPLE AND FISH PEOPLE BECOME TLHAPING......Page 57
THE ECOLOGICAL CYCLE IN AN AGRO-PASTORAL SOCIETY......Page 63
PASTORALISM: A PROPITIOUS FOOD SOURCE......Page 67
SOCIAL POWER AND THE ECOLOGICAL CYCLE......Page 69
SHIFTING CULTIVATION AS EXTENSIVE PRODUCTION......Page 73
CULTIVATION – A SPHERE OF FEMALE AUTONOMY......Page 76
ENVIRONMENT, PRODUCTION, AND CLASS AND GENDER......Page 80
IRRIGATION AS AN INNOVATION IN PRODUCTION AND SOCIETY......Page 81
AFRICAN INITIATIVE IN RIVER VALLEYS......Page 90
COMMERCIAL HUNTING AND WOOD CUTTING: PROFIT AND EXTENSIVE PRODUCTION......Page 94
THE SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF IRRIGATION AND COMMERCE......Page 96
AN ECOLOGICAL REVOLUTION?......Page 99
4 Colonial Annexation: Land Alienation and Environmental Administration,1884–1894......Page 100
CHANGING CUSTOMS OF TENURE ON THE CAPE FRONTIER......Page 103
THE SCRAMBLE FOR KURUMAN......Page 105
THE BRITISH BECHUANALAND LAND COMMISSION AND THE ALIENATION OF PASTURES......Page 107
THE BRITISH BECHUANALAND LAND COMMISSION AND LAND TENURE......Page 111
LAND DISPUTES UNDER DIRECT RULE......Page 113
DIRECT RULE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATION......Page 115
WORKING THE LAND AND WORKING FOR CASH......Page 116
COLONIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ADMINISTRATION......Page 119
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE OVER THE LONG TERM......Page 120
EPIZOOTIC AND VIOLENCE, 1895–1897......Page 125
FAILURES OF PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION: FOOD SHORTAGE AND FAMINE......Page 130
WAGE LABOR AND GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION DURING THE 1903 FAMINE......Page 135
ENTITLEMENTS UNDER COLONIAL RULE......Page 140
6 The Environmental History of “Labor Reservoir,” 1903–1970s......Page 141
POPULATION AND PRODUCTION......Page 142
PRODUCING FOOD: BROWSERS AND GRAZERS IN A BUSHIER VELD......Page 144
PRODUCING FOOD: EXTENSIVE CULTIVATION AND CASUAL IRRIGATION ON RESERVES......Page 153
‘‘IF WE WERE ALL EQUAL, THERE WOULD BE NO COOPERATION”......Page 165
7 Apportioning Water, Dividing Land: Segregation,1910–1977......Page 172
ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS OF TRIBAL SUBJECTS......Page 173
THE WHITES OF THE EYE......Page 175
SEGREGATION OF THE FLOWING EYE......Page 177
EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE MEETS AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION......Page 182
ESCHEWING THE TRUST......Page 186
REMOVALS FROM BLACK SPOTS AND WHITE FARMS, 1943–1963......Page 188
SEPARATE DEVELOPMENT AND REMOVALS,1963–1977......Page 193
ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY AND RACIAL SEGREGATION......Page 196
8 Betterment and the Bophuthatswana Donkey Massacre: The Environmental Rights of Tribal Subjects,1940s–1983......Page 197
INDIRECT RULE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RIGHTS......Page 198
THE IDEOLOGY OF BETTERMENT IN THE THORNVELD......Page 201
REDEVELOPING THE LANDSCAPE......Page 204
HINDERING SUBSISTENCE, PROMOTING COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION......Page 209
THE EFFECTS OF BETTERMENT: EVIDENCE FROM ABOVE......Page 213
THE GREAT BOPHUTHATSWANA DONKEY MASSACRE......Page 219
COERCION AND CONSERVATION......Page 228
9 Retrospectives on Socio-Environmental History and Socio-Environmental Justice......Page 230
HISTORIES OF DECLINE AND ADAPTATION......Page 231
THE ENDURANCE OF EXTENSIVE PRODUCTION......Page 233
INDIGENOUS THEORIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE......Page 234
SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY AND SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE......Page 241
Appendix A South African Census Statistics on Human Population......Page 247
Appendix B South African Census Statistics on Stock Population......Page 250
Appendix C1 1991 Individual Interviews......Page 252
Appendix C2 1997–1998 Individual Interviews......Page 254
Appendix C3 1991 and 1997–1998 Group Interviews......Page 256
Appendix D A Note on Archival Sources......Page 259
CHAPTER 1......Page 263
CHAPTER 2......Page 268
CHAPTER 3......Page 276
CHAPTER 4......Page 283
CHAPTER 5......Page 288
CHAPTER 6......Page 293
CHAPTER 7......Page 303
CHAPTER 8......Page 308
CHAPTER 9......Page 315
Index......Page 317