Environment, 7th Edition

Cover Page\r......Page 1
Title Page\r......Page 7
Copyright Page\r......Page 8
Preface\r......Page 9
Acknowledgments\r......Page 12
About the Authors\r......Page 14
Brief Contents\r......Page 15
Contents\r......Page 16
1 Introducing Environmental Science and Sustainability\r......Page 23
Human Impacts on the Environment\r......Page 24
Population, Resources, and the Environment\r......Page 26
Environmental Sustainability\r......Page 31
Environmental Science\r......Page 34
Addressing Environmental Problems\r......Page 40
CASE-IN-POINT Lake Washington\r......Page 41
2 Environmental Laws, Economics, and Ethics\r......Page 46
A Brief Environmental History of the United States\r......Page 47
U.S. Environmental Legislation\r......Page 51
Economics and the Environment\r......Page 55
Environmental Justice\r......Page 63
Environmental Ethics, Values, and Worldviews\r......Page 65
CASE-IN-POINT Environmental Problems in Central and Eastern Europe\r......Page 61
3 Ecosystems and Energy\r......Page 70
What Is Ecology?\r......Page 71
The Energy of Life\r......Page 73
CASE-IN-POINT Life Without the Sun\r......Page 77
CASE-IN-POINT How Humans have Affected the Antarctic Food Web\r......Page 81
4 Ecosystems and Living Organisms\r......Page 87
Evolution: How Populations Change over Time\r......Page 88
Biological Communities\r......Page 92
Species Richness in a Community\r......Page 103
Community Development\r......Page 106
CASE-IN-POINT Species Richness in Lake Victoria\r......Page 105
5 Ecosystems and the Physical Environment\r......Page 111
The Cycling of Materials Within Ecosystems\r......Page 112
Solar Radiation\r......Page 121
The Atmosphere\r......Page 123
The Global Ocean\r......Page 126
Weather and Climate\r......Page 130
Internal Planetary Processes\r......Page 133
CASE-IN-POINT Hurricane Katrina\r......Page 132
6 Major Ecosystems of the World\r......Page 139
Earth’s Major Biomes \r......Page 140
Aquatic Ecosystems\r......Page 150
CASE-IN-POINT The Everglades\r......Page 154
7 Human Health and Environmental Toxicology\r......Page 167
Human Health\r......Page 168
Environmental Pollution and Disease\r......Page 172
Determining Health Effects of Environmental Pollution\r......Page 177
Ecotoxicology: Toxicant Effects on Communities and Ecosystems\r......Page 182
Decision Making and Uncertainty: Assessment of Risks\r......Page 184
MEETING THE CHALLENGE Global Polio Eradication\r......Page 170
CASE-IN-POINT Influenza Pandemics Past and Future\r......Page 171
CASE-IN-POINT The Ocean and Human Health\r......Page 183
8 Population Change\r......Page 190
Principles of Population Ecology\r......Page 191
Factors That Affect Population Size\r......Page 195
Reproductive Strategies\r......Page 198
The Human Population\r......Page 201
Demographics of Countries\r......Page 205
Demographics of the United States\r......Page 209
CASE-IN-POINT Predator-Prey Dynamics on Isle Royale\r......Page 197
9 Addressing Population Issues\r......Page 214
Population and Quality of Life\r......Page 215
Reducing the Total Fertility Rate\r......Page 218
Government Policies and Fertility\r......Page 222
MEETING THE CHALLENGE The Poverty Action Lab\r......Page 227
CASE-IN-POINT The Millennium Development Goals\r......Page 225
10 The Urban Environment\r......Page 231
Population and Urbanization\r......Page 232
The City as an Ecosystem\r......Page 236
Urban Land Use Planning\r......Page 240
Making Cities More Sustainable\r......Page 243
MEETING THE CHALLENGE Green Architecture\r......Page 244
CASE-IN-POINT Curitiba, Brazil\r......Page 245
11 Fossil Fuels\r......Page 249
Energy Sources, Consumption, and Policy\r......Page 250
Fossil Fuels\r......Page 255
Coal\r......Page 257
Oil and Natural Gas\r......Page 264
Synfuels and Other Potential Fossil-Fuel Resources\r......Page 272
YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE Getting Around Town\r......Page 254
CASE-IN-POINT The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge\r......Page 271
12 Nuclear Energy\r......Page 276
Introduction to Nuclear Processes\r......Page 277
Nuclear Fission\r......Page 279
Pros and Cons of Nuclear Energy\r......Page 283
Safety Issues in Nuclear Power Plants\r......Page 286
Radioactive Wastes\r......Page 290
The Future of Nuclear Power\r......Page 294
CASE-IN-POINT Yucca Mountain\r......Page 292
13 Renewable Energy and Conservation\r......Page 299
Direct Solar Energy\r......Page 300
Indirect Solar Energy\r......Page 305
Other Renewable Energy Sources\r......Page 311
High- and Low-Technology Energy Solutions\r......Page 314
CASE-IN-POINT The Three Gorges Dam\r......Page 310
YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE Saving Energy at Home\r......Page 320
14 Water: A Limited Resource\r......Page 323
The Importance of Water\r......Page 324
Water Use and Resource Problems\r......Page 328
Water Problems in the United States and Canada\r......Page 332
Global Water Problems\r......Page 336
Water Management\r......Page 341
Water Conservation\r......Page 344
CASE-IN-POINT The floods of 2008\r......Page 329
YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE Conserving Water at Home......Page 347
15 Soil Resources\r......Page 350
What is Soil?\r......Page 351
Soil Properties and Major Soil Types\r......Page 356
Soil Problems\r......Page 359
Soil Conservation and Regeneration\r......Page 364
CASE IN POINT The American Dust Bowl\r......Page 361
YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE Composting and Mulching\r......Page 368
16 Mineral Resources\r......Page 371
Introduction to Minerals\r......Page 372
Environmental Impacts Associated with Minerals\r......Page 376
Minerals: An International Perspective\r......Page 380
Increasing the Supply of Minerals\r......Page 383
Using Substitution and Conservation to Expand Mineral Supplies\r......Page 386
CASE-IN-POINT Copper Basin, Tennessee\r......Page 378
MEETING THE CHALLENGE Industrial Ecosystems\r......Page 389
17 Biological Resources\r......Page 392
Biological Diversity\r......Page 393
Extinction and Species Endangerment\r......Page 396
Conservation Biology\r......Page 406
Conservation Policies and Laws\r......Page 411
Wildlife Management\r......Page 413
YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE Addressing Declining Biological Diversity\r......Page 398
CASE-IN-POINT Disappearing Frogs\r......Page 405
18 Land Resources\r......Page 418
Land Use\r......Page 419
Wilderness, Parks, and Wildlife Refuges\r......Page 422
Forests\r......Page 425
Rangelands and Agricultural Lands\r......Page 434
Wetlands and Coastal Areas\r......Page 437
Conservation of Land Resources\r......Page 440
MEETING THE CHALLENGE Preserving Forests in the Eastern States\r......Page 429
CASE-IN-POINT Tongass National Forest\r......Page 430
19 Food Resources\r......Page 443
World Food security\r......Page 444
Food Production\r......Page 447
Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock\r......Page 450
The Environmental Impacts of Agriculture\r......Page 457
Solutions to Agricultural Problems\r......Page 459
Fisheries of the World\r......Page 461
YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE Vegetarian Diets\r......Page 448
CASE-IN-POINT The Green Revolution\r......Page 452
20 Air Pollution\r......Page 468
Types and Sources of Air Pollution\r......Page 469
Effects of Air Pollution\r......Page 475
Controlling Air Pollution in the United States\r......Page 477
Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere\r......Page 482
Acid Deposition\r......Page 485
Air Pollution Around the World\r......Page 489
Indoor Air Pollution\r......Page 492
CASE-IN-POINT Efforts to Reduce Ozone in Southern California\r......Page 473
MEETING THE CHALLENGE States Adopt Low Carbon Fuel Standard\r......Page 481
CASE-IN-POINT Air Pollution in Beijing and Mexico City\r......Page 490
21 Global Climate Change\r......Page 498
Introduction to Climate Change\r......Page 499
The Effects of Global Climate Change\r......Page 505
Dealing with Global Climate Change\r......Page 515
CASE-IN-POINT Impacts In Fragile Areas\r......Page 506
22 Water Pollution\r......Page 520
Types of Water Pollution\r......Page 521
Water Quality Today\r......Page 531
Improving Water Quality\r......Page 539
Laws Controlling Water Pollution\r......Page 543
YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE Preventing Water Pollution\r......Page 533
CASE-IN-POINT Green Chemistry\r......Page 534
MEETING THE CHALLENGE Using Citizen Watchdogs to Monitor Water Pollution\r......Page 544
23 Pest Management\r......Page 548
What Is a Pesticide?\r......Page 549
Benefits and Problems with Pesticides\r......Page 551
Risks of Pesticides to Human Health\r......Page 556
Alternatives to Pesticides\r......Page 558
Laws Controlling Pesticide Use\r......Page 565
The Manufacture and Use of Banned Pesticides\r......Page 567
CASE-IN-POINT BT, its Potential and Problems......Page 561
YOU CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE Avoiding Pesticides at Home\r......Page 564
CASE-IN-POINT Economic Development and Pesticides in Central America\r......Page 568
24 Solid And Hazardous Wastes\r......Page 571
Solid Waste\r......Page 572
Waste Prevention\r......Page 578
Hazardous Waste\r......Page 582
MEETING THE CHALLENGE Reusing and Recycling Old Automobiles\r......Page 579
CASE-IN-POINT Hanford Nuclear Reservation\r......Page 586
25 Tomorrow’s World\r......Page 593
Living Sustainably\r......Page 594
Sustainable Living: A Plan of Action\r......Page 595
Changing Personal Attitudes and Practices\r......Page 606
What Kind of World do We Want?\r......Page 608
I Review of Basic Chemistry\r......Page 613
II Graphing\r......Page 618
III Models and Modeling\r......Page 620
IV Units of Measure: Some Useful Conversions\r......Page 622
V Abbreviations, Formulas, and Acronyms Used in This Text\r......Page 623
GLOSSARY\r......Page 625
TEXT, TABLE, AND LINE ART CREDITS\r......Page 641
INDEX......Page 643