English Language Skills

Cover
Contents
Unit I: Listening Skill
	1. Listening Skill
		Introduction
		Hearing and Listening
		Phonetic Features of Listening
		Purpose of Listening
		Barrier to Listening
		Guidelines for Improving Listening Skill
		Summary
		Self-Analysis Evaluation Form of Your Listening Skill
		Review Questions
		Exercises
Unit II: Speaking Skill
	2. English Sound System
		Introduction
		Distinction Between Letters and Sounds
		Classifi cation of English Sounds
		Syllable: Its Structure
		Silent Consonant Letters in Some Words
		Confusing Sounds for Practice
		Words and Sentences for Practising Vowel Contrasts
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	3. Accentual Pattern of Words and Sentences
		Introduction
		Accentual Pattern of Single Words
		Accentual Pattern of Compound Words
		Accent Change According to Function
		Sentence Accent
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	4. Effective Speech
		Introduction
		Elision of Sounds or Syllables
		Addition of Sounds or Syllables
		Transposition of Sounds
		Pronunciation Based on Semantics
		Pronunciation of Infl ectional Suffi xes
		Pronunciation of Some Common Word Endings
		General Suggestions for Pronunciation
		Enunciation
		Pronunciation of Consecutive Consonants
		Word Combinations in Sentences
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	5. The Art of Conversation
		Introduction
		Small Talk
		Body Language
		Principles of a Good Conversationalist
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	6. Debate
		Introduction
		Process of Organisation
		Purpose
		Rebuttal
		Participating in a Debate
		The Judges’ Decision
		Preparation for the Debate
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	7. Group Discussion
		Introduction
		Conversation, Debate and Group Discussion
		Kinds of Groups
		Importance of a Group Discussion
		Features of a Group Discussion
		Strategies of a Group Interaction
		Barriers to an Effective Group Discussion
		Suggestions for Self-Improvement
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
Unit III: Study Skill
	8. Dictionary: Its Use
		Introduction
		The Meaning of a Word
		The Spelling of a Word
		The Pronunciation of a Word
		Synonyms and Antonyms
		Grammar
		Abbreviations
		Dictionary Symbols
		Use of a Thesaurus
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	9. Prepositions and Phrasal Verbs
		Introduction
		Prepositions
		Idiomatic Combinations
		Phrasal Verbs
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	10. Vocabulary Extension
		Introduction
		Context Clues
		Word Analysis
		Semantic Changes
		Word-Formation Methods
		Synonyms
		Antonyms
		One Word Substitution
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	11. Effective Use of Words
		Introduction
		Word Order
		Word: Its Meaning
		Avoid Clichés
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	12. Effective Sentences
		Introduction
		Unity of the Sentences
		Coordination and Subordination
		Emphasis in the Sentence
		Use Periodic Sentences
		Effective Repetition of Words and Ideas
		Parallel Structures
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	13. Learning Spellings
		Introduction
		Spelling Rules
		Commonly Misspelled Words
		Variant Spellings
		Spell-Checker
		Summary
		Exercises
	14. Punctuation
		Introduction
		End Punctuation Marks
		Internal Punctuation Marks
		Direct Quotation Punctuation Marks
		Word Punctuation
		Spacing with Punctuation
		Too Much Punctuation
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	15. Common Errors in English
		Introduction
		Errors in Using Nouns
		Errors in Using Pronouns
		Errors in Using Prepositions
		Errors in Using Verbs
		Errors in Using Gerund or an Infi nitive
		Use an Infi nitive not a Gerund
		Errors in Using Adjectives
		Errors in Using Adverbs
		Errors in Using Conjunctions
		Errors in Using Punctuations
		Common Errors Due to Commonly Confused Words
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
Unit IV: Reading Skill
	16. Reading Skill
		Introduction
		Mechanics of Reading
		Types of Reading
		Reading Speed
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
Unit V: Writing Skill
	17. Paraphrase Writing and Précis Writing
		Introduction
		Paraphrase Writing
		Methods of Paraphrasing
		Difference Between Paraphrase and Précis
		Guidelines for Writing Paraphrase
		Defi nition of a Précis
		Principles of Writing a Précis
		Steps for Writing a Précis
		Methods of Abridging Sentences
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	18. Note-Making and Summary Writing
		Introduction
		Note-Making
		Organising the Information
		Shortening Process
		Acquiring Note-Making Skills
		Taking Notes
		Summary Writing
		Basics of Writing a Summary
		Overall Organisation
		Guidelines for Writing a Summary
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	19. Paragraph Writing
		Introduction
		Unity of the Paragraph
		The Development of Sentences
		Coherence in the Paragraph
		Paragraph Development
		Types of Paragraphs
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	20. Writing an Essay
		Introduction
		Features of an Essay
		Thesis Statement
		Organisation of the Material
		Modes of Developing Essays
		Revise and Proofread the Essay
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
Unit VI: Business Communication
	21. Structure and Style of Business Correspondence
		Introduction
		Structure
		Layout of a Business Letter
		Styles of Presentation
		Style of Writing
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	22. Various Types of Letters
		Introduction
		Enquiry Letter
		Important Points
		Some Useful Expressions
		Quotation Letter
		Important Points
		Some Useful Expressions
		Orders and Acknowledgement of an Order
		Orders
		Important Points
		Some Useful Expressions
		Acknowledgement of an Order
		Important Points
		Some Useful Expressions
		Complaint and Adjustment Letters
		Complaint Letter
		Important Points
		Some Useful Expressions
		Adjustment Letter
		Important Points
		Circular Letter
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	23. Sales Letter
		Introduction
		Features of a Sales Letter
		Structure of a Sales Letter
		Main Body of the Letter
		Concluding Paragraph
		Some Useful Expressions
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
	24. Job Application
		Introduction
		Locating Job Vacancies
		Preparing a Résumé
		Elements of a Résumè
		Selection of the Organisational Plan
		Preparation of the Final Copy
		Writing a Job Application Letter
		Summary
		Review Questions
		Exercises
Appendix A: Grammar and Usage: A Review
Appendix B: Speech Acts
Appendix C: One Word Substitutes
Appendix D: Lexical Items
Appendix E: Commonly Confused Words
Appendix F: Idiomatic Expressions
Appendix G: Semantic Problems of Singular and Plural Nouns
Appendix H: American and British English
Appendix I: Foreign Words