English as a contact language

Contents......Page 9
Figures......Page 11
Maps......Page 13
Tables......Page 14
Contributors......Page 16
1  Introduction: nothing but a contact language......Page 19
2.1.1 Syntactic change and contact: theoretical background and terminology......Page 36
2.1.2 Contact: social background and language-internal developments......Page 38
2.1.3 Some further general methodological considerations......Page 40
2.2 The external circumstances affecting the linguistic consequences of contact with Latin, Old Norse and medieval French......Page 41
2.2.1 The case of Latin......Page 43
2.2.2 The case of Old Norse......Page 49
2.2.3 The case of French......Page 56
2.3 Brief conclusion......Page 58
3.1 Introduction......Page 59
3.2 Recent research on medieval English code-switching......Page 60
3.3 Code-switching around 1400 and its relevance for lexical change......Page 61
(5)-(9) Wills (L - E - F) (1398-1407), York......Page 67
3.4 Code-switching or language mixing?......Page 72
3.5 Conclusion......Page 74
4.1 Introduction......Page 76
4.2 The mixed-language business system......Page 77
4.3 Elimination and selection......Page 81
4.4 Changing trade patterns......Page 84
4.5 On simplification in Standard English......Page 89
5.1 Introduction......Page 93
5.2 Archaeological, demographic and historical evidence for contact with Celtic......Page 94
5.3 Three case studies of Celtic influence in English......Page 95
5.3.1 The Northern Subject Rule......Page 96
5.3.2 The development of the self-forms as intensifiers and reflexives......Page 100
5.3.3 Third-person singular en /n/......Page 103
5.4 Conclusion......Page 105
6.1 Introduction......Page 106
6.2 The case for contact......Page 107
6.3 Generalizations concerning contact......Page 109
6.3.1 When does contact-induced change appear?......Page 110
6.3.2 What can be traced to contact?......Page 111
6.3.3 The search for categorial equivalence......Page 112
6.3.4 The prosody of transfer......Page 115
6.3.5 Coincidental parallels......Page 118
6.3.6 What does not get transferred?......Page 119
6.3.9 Other factors in the neglect of features......Page 121
6.4 Scottish parallels......Page 122
6.5 Conclusion......Page 123
7.1 Introduction......Page 124
7.2 Discreteness, transfer, and accommodation......Page 125
7.3 Substrate effects......Page 133
7.4 Reconfiguration and reallocation......Page 142
7.5 Conclusion......Page 146
8.1 Introduction: "New Englishes"......Page 149
8.2 Contact and conceptualizations......Page 152
8.3 Modes and contexts of contact influence......Page 154
8.3.1 Historical background......Page 155
8.3.2 Sociolinguistic settings......Page 160
8.3.3 The impact of Second Language Acquisition (SLA)......Page 161
8.4.1 Contact effects i: some general observations......Page 162
8.4.2 Contact effects ii: transfer by levels of language organization......Page 164
8.5 Conclusion......Page 166
9.2 White gaps, Big Fives and an extended agenda......Page 167
9.3 The practical value of LKVEs i: mixing......Page 173
9.4 The practical value of LKVEs ii: colonial lag......Page 178
9.5 Conclusion......Page 182
10.1 Speakers (and their dialects) on the move......Page 183
10.2 Mundane mobilities, mundane contact......Page 185
10.3 Mobility, social networks and linguistic change......Page 190
10.4 Dialect obsolescence......Page 192
10.5  and dialect genesis......Page 194
10.6 Conclusion......Page 198
11.2 Theoretical foundations of the epicentre concept......Page 200
11.3 Investigating epicentric influence empirically: methodological challenges......Page 202
11.5.1 The origin of the notion of the 'epicentre' as a variety of standard English - old, new and emerging epicentres......Page 203
11.5.2 The 'epicentre' as a spatial concept......Page 206
11.6.1 Corpus-based studies......Page 209
11.6.2 Diachronic studies......Page 213
11.6.3 Language attitude studies......Page 216
11.7 Conclusion......Page 219
12.1 Introduction......Page 222
12.2 The contact-based emergence of English......Page 225
12.3 The post-origins history of English in England......Page 227
12.4 English outside the British Isles......Page 230
12.5 Diversity within "indigenized Englishes"......Page 235
12.6 Conclusions......Page 236
13.1 Introduction......Page 240
13.2 Descriptive universals and tense/aspect in contact Englishes......Page 244
13.3 Grammaticalization and the creation of tense/aspect in Caribbean contact Englishes......Page 248
13.4 Internally motivated grammaticalization and tense/aspect in contact Englishes......Page 249
13.5 Universal mechanisms of grammaticalization: cognitive universals......Page 250
13.6 Contact-induced grammaticalization and tense/aspect in contact Englishes......Page 251
13.7 Imposition as a mechanism in contact-induced grammaticalization......Page 255
13.8 Imposition as a cognitive universal?......Page 257
13.9 Conclusion/outlook?......Page 259
14.1 Introduction......Page 260
14.2 Be + -ing in New Englishes......Page 261
14.3 Be + -ing in SAIE......Page 262
14.4 The linguistic study of narratives......Page 264
14.5 Narratives in SAIE......Page 266
14.6 Further comparisons with US English......Page 273
14.7 Conclusion......Page 275
15.1 Introduction: children, contact and change......Page 276
15.2.1 Caregivers'  influence on infants and young children (birth to age 6)......Page 279
15.2.2 Influence of peer groups on preadolescents (ages 6 to 12)......Page 280
15.2.4 Geographical diffusion, children and the difficult conceptualization of 'contact'......Page 282
15.3 Children and adolescents in language and dialect contact......Page 283
15.4 Children and adolescents in language change: the multilingual metropolis......Page 286
15.5 Conclusion......Page 299
16  Innovation and contact: the role of adults (and children)......Page 301
16.1 A few preliminaries......Page 302
16.2 Who changes language, children or adults?......Page 305
16.2.1 Borrowing: child-initiated changes......Page 306
16.2.2 Borrowing: adult-initiated changes......Page 307
16.3 Shift-induced interference: adult-initiated, not child-initiated......Page 310
16.4 Conclusion......Page 314
17.2 Contrastive and developmental perspectives......Page 316
17.3 Typological contrasts and overlaps in Finnish, Swedish, and English......Page 319
17.4 Participants and methods......Page 321
17.5 Selected learner profiles......Page 322
17.6 Evidence of Finnish influence......Page 324
17.7 Factors affecting acquisition and language transfer......Page 326
17.8 Individual variation and group differences......Page 327
17.9 Inferences about substrate influence in language contact......Page 329
17.10 Summary......Page 331
18.1 Introduction: 'Beware of false prophets '  (Matthew 7: 15ff, AV 1611)......Page 332
18.2 New types of contact between non-standard varieties of English: the mediated diffusion of vernacular features......Page 335
18.3 Cyber-writing: language contact in a linguistically 'hyper-aware' domain......Page 337
18.4 Conclusion: 'mobilizing' contact linguistics to deal with the challenges of the twenty-first century......Page 343
2 The role of contact in English syntactic change in the Old and Middle English periods......Page 347
3 Multilingualism and code-switching as mechanisms of contact-induced lexical change in late Middle English......Page 349
4 The contact origins of Standard English......Page 351
9 English as a contact language: lesser known varieties......Page 352
11 The diversification of English: old, new and emerging epicentres......Page 353
12 Driving forces in English contact linguistics......Page 355
17 Accelerator or inhibitor? On the role of substrate influence in interlanguage development......Page 357
18 Speculating on the future of English as a contact language......Page 358
References......Page 360
Index......Page 403