Engineering Rock Mass Classification: Tunnelling, Foundations and Landslides

Front Cover......Page 1
Engineering Rock Mass Classification: Tunneling, Foundations, and Landslides......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 16
The classification......Page 18
Need for engineering geological map......Page 19
Present-day practice......Page 20
References......Page 21
Treatment for tunnels......Page 24
Treatment for dam foundations......Page 26
References......Page 27
Classification of rock material......Page 30
Class I and II brittle rocks......Page 32
Uniaxial compression......Page 33
Stability in water......Page 34
Classification on the basis of slake durability index......Page 35
References......Page 36
Direct method......Page 38
Indirect methods......Page 40
Weighted joint density......Page 41
Red-flag effect of low RQD......Page 46
References......Page 47
Rock load factor......Page 50
References......Page 59
Collection of field data......Page 62
Estimation of RMR......Page 67
Applications of RMR......Page 69
Precautions......Page 72
Rock mass excavability index for TBM......Page 75
Tunnel alignment......Page 77
References......Page 78
Introduction......Page 80
Tunneling Conditions......Page 82
Empirical approach for predicting ground conditions......Page 91
Theoretical/analytical approach......Page 95
Chimney formation......Page 97
References......Page 100
The Q-system......Page 102
Collection of field data......Page 110
Classification of the rock mass......Page 111
Estimation of support pressure......Page 113
Estimation of deformation or closure......Page 118
Unsupported span......Page 119
Design of supports......Page 120
New austrian tunneling method......Page 121
Rock mass characterization......Page 123
Drainage measures......Page 129
Concluding remarks......Page 130
References......Page 133
Introduction......Page 136
Interrelation between Q and RMR......Page 137
Effect of tunnel size on support pressure......Page 140
Correlations for estimating tunnel closure......Page 143
Approach for obtaining ground reaction curve......Page 144
Coefficient of volumetric expansion of failed rock mass......Page 146
References......Page 147
Selection of parameters used in RMi......Page 150
Calibration of RMi from known rock mass strength data......Page 151
Scale effect......Page 154
Examples (palmstrom, 1995)......Page 157
Benefits of using RMi......Page 158
Limitations of RMi......Page 159
References......Page 160
Introduction......Page 162
Classification of management conditions for rate of tunneling......Page 163
Combined effect of ground and management conditions on rate of tunneling......Page 170
Tunnel management (Singh, 1993)......Page 171
Poor tender specifications......Page 172
Quality management by international tunneling association......Page 173
References......Page 174
Support pressure......Page 176
Wall support in caverns......Page 177
Roof support in caverns......Page 179
Stress distribution in caverns......Page 180
Precautions......Page 181
References......Page 183
Effect of intermediate principal stress on tangential stress at failure in tunnels......Page 186
Uniaxial compressive strength of rock mass......Page 189
Reason for strength enhancement in tunnels and a new failure theory......Page 190
Critical strain of rock mass......Page 194
Rock burst in brittle rocks......Page 195
Tensile strength across discontinuous joints......Page 197
Residual strength parameters......Page 198
References......Page 199
Introduction......Page 202
Q and QTBM......Page 203
Penetration and advance rates......Page 205
Penetration and advance rates versus QTBM......Page 206
Risk management......Page 207
References......Page 208
Joint wall roughness coefficient......Page 210
Joint wall compressive strength......Page 213
Residual angle of friction......Page 215
Shear strength of joints......Page 217
Dynamic shear strength of rough rock joints......Page 218
Theory of shear strength at very high confining stress......Page 219
References......Page 220
Non-linear failure envelopes for rock masses......Page 222
Strength of rock masses in slopes......Page 226
References......Page 227
Circular (rotational) failure......Page 228
Toppling failure (topples)......Page 230
Effect of slope height and groundwater conditions on safe slope angle......Page 231
A basic landslide classification system......Page 233
Landslide in over-consolidated clays......Page 234
Rock slope failures......Page 241
References......Page 246
The slope mass rating......Page 248
Slope stability classes......Page 251
Support measures......Page 252
Modified SMR approach......Page 253
Portal and cut slopes......Page 255
References......Page 260
Introduction......Page 262
Landslide hazard zonation maps-the methodology......Page 263
A case history (gupta and anbalagan, 1995)......Page 268
Geographic information system......Page 279
References......Page 281
A classification for net safe bearing pressure......Page 284
Allowable bearing pressure......Page 286
Scour depth around bridge piers......Page 290
Rock parameters to select type of dam......Page 291
References......Page 296
Assessing the rippability......Page 298
Rock mass classification according to ease of ripping......Page 299
Empirical methods in blasting......Page 301
References......Page 302
Drillability and affecting parameters......Page 304
Classification for drilling condition......Page 305
Other approaches......Page 308
References......Page 309
Permeability of various rock types......Page 310
Determination of permeability......Page 312
Grouting......Page 313
References......Page 323
Gouge......Page 324
Shear strength of filled discontinuities (silty to clayey gouge)......Page 327
Dynamic strength......Page 328
References......Page 329
Modulus of deformation......Page 330
Strength criterion......Page 331
Half-tunnels......Page 332
References......Page 334
Geological strength index......Page 336
Generalized strength criterion......Page 340
Mohr-coulomb strength parameters......Page 343
Modulus of deformation......Page 344
Estimation of residual strength of rock masses......Page 346
Classification of squeezing ground condition......Page 347
References......Page 350
Critical parameters......Page 352
Parameter intensity and dominance......Page 353
Example for studying parameter dominance in underground excavation for a coal mine with a flat roof......Page 355
Interaction between rock parameters......Page 357
References......Page 361
Classification of geological conditions and stress regimes......Page 362
Variation of in situ stresses with depth......Page 364
Core Discing......Page 366
References......Page 367
Appendix I......Page 368
Appendix II......Page 372
Index......Page 374