Engineering Psychology and Cognitive Ergonomics: 7th International Conference, EPCE 2007, Held as Part of HCI International 2007, Beijing, China, July 22-27, 2007. Proceedings

Title Page......Page 3
Foreword......Page 5
Preface......Page 11
Organization......Page 12
Table of Contents......Page 13
Part I Cognitive and Affective Issues in User Interface Design......Page 22
Introduction......Page 23
The System......Page 25
References......Page 29
Introduction......Page 30
Passive and Active Stability......Page 31
Intentional Versus Reactive Behavior......Page 32
Human Adaptation and Expertise......Page 33
Connectivity, Separability and Perceived Complexity......Page 34
Cognitive Support......Page 35
Incremental Nature of Design......Page 36
The Importance of Human Modeling in Design......Page 37
Categorization of Cognitive Stability and Perceived Complexity Attributes......Page 38
References......Page 40
Enhancing Creativity......Page 42
Tabletop Systems......Page 43
Mind-Maps as a Collective Creativity Tool......Page 44
Implementation......Page 45
Method......Page 46
Results......Page 48
Conclusion and Future Work......Page 50
References......Page 51
Introduction......Page 52
Affective Response on Product Features......Page 53
Axiomatic Design (AD) Method......Page 54
Affective Response Measurement......Page 55
Integrating Axiomatic Design (AD) Method to the Creativity Approach......Page 56
Prototype System Implementation......Page 58
References......Page 60
From Selling to Creating a Relationship Online......Page 62
Embodied Virtual Agents......Page 63
Trying to Explain the Effects Via Attitudes and Affect......Page 64
Model and Hypothesis......Page 65
Results of the Research and Discussion......Page 66
Limits of the Research and Contributions, Research Avenues......Page 68
References......Page 69
Human Modeling in Design......Page 72
Epistemology......Page 73
Experience......Page 75
Experiments......Page 76
Results......Page 77
Conclusions and Applications......Page 80
References......Page 81
Introduction......Page 82
Purpose......Page 83
Results......Page 84
Results......Page 86
Conclusions......Page 87
References......Page 88
Effects of Animation Location and Timing......Page 89
Visual Search Modeled with Signal Detection Theory (SDT)......Page 90
Hypothesis......Page 91
Methods......Page 92
Discussion......Page 93
Methods......Page 94
Results......Page 95
Discussion......Page 96
General Discussion and Conclusion......Page 97
References......Page 98
Introduction......Page 99
Get Familiar with Data......Page 101
Root Cause Analysis......Page 102
Quantitative Analysis and Interpretation......Page 103
Project Background......Page 104
Root Cause Analysis......Page 105
Qualitative Analysis and Data Interpretation......Page 106
References......Page 107
Extracting User Needs from Stories......Page 109
Theories Substantiating User Requirements Found Beneath Stories......Page 110
Information Contents Within Stories......Page 111
Study 1: Identifying Needs of Older Adults Using Innovations......Page 112
Study 2: Identifying Relationships Between Functional Needs of Older Adults......Page 113
What Stories Can Tell Us While Direct Questioning Methods Cannot......Page 114
Needs, Goals, and Context......Page 115
Conclusion......Page 116
References......Page 117
Function Allocation......Page 118
Experimental Paradigm and Research Question......Page 120
Design......Page 121
General Results......Page 122
Classification of Data According to Taxonomy of Assistance......Page 123
Assistance for Cooperation......Page 124
Discussion......Page 125
Concluding Remarks and Further Research Plans......Page 126
User Research......Page 128
Characteristics of Concept Development......Page 130
Categories......Page 132
Design Perspectives......Page 133
Producing Overview of the Collected Data......Page 134
Creating the Design Perspectives......Page 135
Conclusions......Page 136
References......Page 137
Introduction......Page 138
Benchmark Analysis......Page 139
Designers’ Needs......Page 140
Technical Features Useful for Virtual Prototyping Activity......Page 141
Features Related to the Potential of the Software to Create a Virtual Prototype for a Specific Kind of Use Employment......Page 142
Benchmark Among the Prototyping Tools......Page 144
Method to Asses and Classify Each Prototyping Tool Considering Their Specific Characteristics......Page 145
References......Page 146
Introduction......Page 148
Intuitive Use of User Interfaces: Definition Version 1.1......Page 149
Continuum of Knowledge......Page 150
Using Previous Knowledge Non-consciously......Page 152
Effectiveness......Page 153
Viewpoint: Aesthetics and Intuitive Use......Page 154
References......Page 155
Introduction......Page 157
Human Interface Design Review Guidelines (Nureg 0700)......Page 158
List of Indicators......Page 159
Evaluation......Page 161
CTA Simulator......Page 163
Conclusions......Page 164
References......Page 165
Introduction......Page 167
Design Principles......Page 168
Virtual Work Environment and Its Complexity Factors......Page 169
Dilemma of Ergonomics Methods Selection......Page 170
Method and Data Collection......Page 171
Results of the Study......Page 172
Discussion......Page 174
References......Page 175
Introduction......Page 177
Experiment 1......Page 178
Experiment 2......Page 180
References......Page 183
Introduction......Page 184
Human Factors an Interrelated Concept......Page 185
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)......Page 186
Identification of Human Factors Problem in Public Information Systems......Page 187
Applying Human Factors on Design of Electronic Public Information Systems......Page 189
Implementation Issues......Page 190
References......Page 191
Introduction......Page 194
Collection of Data......Page 196
The Core Task in Automation Design......Page 197
Concept for the Autaki Application......Page 199
Conclusions......Page 202
References......Page 203
Introduction......Page 204
User Interface Design......Page 206
Mono- and Multimodal Display Configurations......Page 207
Design of Experiment......Page 208
Results and Discussion......Page 209
References......Page 212
Frames to Analyze and Describe Multi-locational Work......Page 214
Methods and Data......Page 216
Working Spaces of a Mobile Team......Page 217
Forms and Contents of Synchronous Virtual Communication......Page 218
Forms and Contents of Synchronous Face-to-Face Communication......Page 219
ICT Tools in Use......Page 220
Discussion......Page 221
References......Page 222
Introduction......Page 224
General Outline of the Algorithm......Page 225
Neutral Band for Reference......Page 226
Subjective Confirmation of Emotion......Page 227
Hardware and Software Development......Page 228
Empirical System Verification......Page 229
Discussion......Page 230
References......Page 231
Introduction......Page 232
Technique of Human Error Rate Prediction, THERP......Page 233
Human Error Rate Assessment and Optimizing System, HEROS......Page 234
Task Analysis......Page 235
Human Error Representation......Page 236
Impact Assessment and Error Reduction Analysis......Page 237
The Most Discussed Issues of Implementing HRA on HSI Design......Page 238
Conclusions......Page 239
References......Page 240
Introduction......Page 242
Types of Negotiation Support Systems......Page 243
Perceived Control......Page 244
Decision-Making Style Patterns......Page 245
System Anxiety......Page 246
Research Approach......Page 247
Results and Discussions......Page 249
References......Page 250
Introduction......Page 252
Related Work......Page 253
Adaptive Constraint Capture......Page 254
Dynamic Interaction......Page 256
System Architecture......Page 258
References......Page 260
Part II Cognitive Workload and Human Performance......Page 262
Introduction......Page 263
Hierarchical Organization......Page 264
Role Asymmetry......Page 265
Sharing Information......Page 267
Awareness......Page 268
Portable Devices......Page 269
Large Displays......Page 270
Conclusion......Page 271
Introduction......Page 274
Experimental Studies......Page 276
Experiment 1......Page 277
Experiment 2......Page 278
Summary and Conclusions......Page 280
References......Page 281
Introduction......Page 282
Method......Page 283
Results......Page 284
Conclusion......Page 285
References......Page 286
Introduction......Page 287
Methods......Page 288
The Model Proposed......Page 291
The Intervention Selected According to Stage......Page 292
Personalised Information......Page 293
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 294
References......Page 295
Selective Attention......Page 297
Individual Differences......Page 298
Experiments......Page 299
Experiment 1......Page 300
Experiment 2......Page 301
General Discussion......Page 302
References......Page 303
Introduction......Page 306
Experimental Design......Page 307
Materials......Page 308
Results......Page 309
SA Performance......Page 310
Workload Performance......Page 312
Discussions......Page 313
References......Page 314
Window Display Patterns in the Multi-window System......Page 315
Long-Term Working Memory (LT-WM)......Page 317
Short-Term Working Memory (ST-WM)......Page 318
The Model Proposed by Card, Moran and Newell......Page 319
A Revised Model......Page 320
Conclusion......Page 322
References......Page 323
Introduction......Page 324
Fitts\' Law and Steering Law......Page 325
Apparatus and Participants......Page 328
Mean Movement Times Under the Experimental Conditions......Page 329
Model Fit......Page 331
References......Page 332
Introduction......Page 334
Apparatus......Page 335
Procedure......Page 336
Correlation Between Secondary Task Performance and Subjective Mental Workload......Page 337
Model Establishment......Page 338
Physiological Indexes......Page 339
References......Page 340
Monitoring Driver Fatigue......Page 342
Questionnaire......Page 343
Statistical Analyses......Page 344
Evaluation of Objectives......Page 345
Feedback Effects......Page 346
Discussion......Page 347
References......Page 348
Background......Page 349
Apparatus......Page 350
Training......Page 351
Simulator Experiment......Page 352
Cognitive Failure......Page 353
Mental Algorithm......Page 354
References......Page 356
Introduction......Page 357
Task Distribution in the Traffic Load Test......Page 359
Method......Page 360
Results......Page 361
Conclusion......Page 365
References......Page 366
Introduction......Page 367
Methods......Page 368
Results......Page 369
Discussion......Page 374
References......Page 375
Introduction......Page 377
Time Estimation and Mental Workload......Page 378
Tasks......Page 379
Results......Page 380
Discussion......Page 381
References......Page 383
Introduction......Page 384
The Effects of Additional Mental Load......Page 385
ALTM Task......Page 386
Materials......Page 387
Procedure......Page 388
Response Time for Positive Match Category Comparisons......Page 389
Discussions......Page 390
The Role of Distraction Task......Page 391
References......Page 392
Introduction......Page 393
Sequential Theory......Page 394
References......Page 396
Introduction......Page 397
Task......Page 398
Data Analysis......Page 399
Results and Discussion......Page 401
References......Page 404
Retinal Image Scanning and Mental Image Scanning......Page 406
Visual Angle and Image Scanning......Page 407
Materials......Page 408
Procedure......Page 409
The Difference of Effect of Visual Angle Between the Two Types of Scanning......Page 410
Discussions......Page 411
The Difference Between Retinal Image Scanning and Mental Image Scanning......Page 412
References......Page 413
Introduction......Page 415
Apparatus......Page 417
Results......Page 418
Lane Change Task Performance......Page 419
Secondary Task Performance......Page 420
Inter-individual Differences......Page 421
Methodological Issues......Page 422
References......Page 423
Situation Awareness......Page 425
Situation Awareness Theory......Page 426
Situation Awareness in Collaborative Systems......Page 429
Distributed Situation Awareness......Page 431
Discussion......Page 432
References......Page 433
Introduction......Page 435
Participants......Page 436
Cardiovascular Measures......Page 437
Behavioural Data......Page 438
Cardiovascular Data......Page 439
Discussion......Page 441
References......Page 442
Introduction......Page 444
NASA-Task Load Index Scale......Page 446
Results......Page 447
Perceived Mental Workload......Page 449
Discussion......Page 450
Conclusion......Page 451
References......Page 452
Introduction......Page 454
Designing Notification Styles......Page 455
Evaluation of Context-Aware Notification......Page 456
Method......Page 457
Results......Page 460
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 461
References......Page 463
Introduction......Page 464
Experimental Design......Page 466
Practice Effect......Page 467
Task Completion Time......Page 469
Number of Screen Operation......Page 470
Discussion and Conclusion......Page 471
References......Page 472
Networks in Command and Control......Page 473
EAST......Page 474
WESTT......Page 476
Mental Workload......Page 477
Distributed MWL......Page 478
References......Page 481
Introduction......Page 483
Method......Page 484
Fragmented Interleaving Activities......Page 485
Activity Scattered in Tools......Page 486
Our Model: Reconstructing Collaborative Activity......Page 488
Conclusion......Page 489
References......Page 490
Part III Cognitive Modeling and Measuring......Page 492
Introduction......Page 493
Cognitive Modeling as Method for the Evaluation of HCI......Page 494
Analyzing Cognitive Model Data......Page 495
Preprocessing......Page 496
Analysis......Page 497
Practical Application: Process Control System......Page 498
Model Data and Empirical Data......Page 499
Conclusion......Page 500
References......Page 501
Introduction......Page 503
Method......Page 505
Results......Page 507
Discussion......Page 509
References......Page 512
Background......Page 513
Method......Page 514
Results......Page 516
Discussion......Page 517
References......Page 518
Introduction......Page 520
The Tool......Page 522
References......Page 526
Introduction......Page 528
Models of Human Cognition......Page 529
Design in Experimental Reality......Page 530
Design of Functional Specification of the System......Page 532
Design of Dissemination, Operation, Maintenance and Evolution......Page 534
References......Page 535
Introduction......Page 538
Description of the Model......Page 539
Enhanced GPWS: Description......Page 540
EGPWS: Model......Page 541
Method......Page 542
Results......Page 543
Discussion and Future Work......Page 544
References......Page 546
Introduction......Page 547
Methodology......Page 548
The NLP Modeling Process......Page 549
Conclusions......Page 554
References......Page 555
Introduction......Page 557
Multiple Resources......Page 558
Deciphering Psychological-Physiological Mappings......Page 559
Procedure......Page 560
Data Quantification......Page 561
Results......Page 562
Discussion......Page 564
References......Page 565
Introduction......Page 567
Material and Methods......Page 569
Mu Component Activations......Page 570
Central Midline (CM) Component Activations......Page 571
Component Stability......Page 572
Alpha Activity and Drowsiness......Page 573
References......Page 574
Introduction......Page 577
System Architecture......Page 578
Real-Time Driver’s Drowsiness Detection and Warning......Page 580
EEG Signal Analyzing System......Page 581
Results......Page 582
References......Page 583
ePartner......Page 584
Trust......Page 585
Cognitive Task Load......Page 586
Affective Load......Page 587
Cognitive Engineering for H-M Partnership......Page 588
Conclusions......Page 589
References......Page 590
Introduction......Page 591
Procedure......Page 592
Subjective and Behavioral Measures......Page 593
ERPs......Page 594
Implications for Application......Page 596
References......Page 597
Introduction......Page 598
Stimuli......Page 599
Design and Procedure......Page 600
Integration Task Accuracy and Error Rate......Page 602
Eye Movement Behavior......Page 603
Discussion......Page 604
References......Page 605
Report Order......Page 607
Task Switch......Page 608
Stimuli......Page 609
Electrophysiological Methods......Page 610
Behavior Data......Page 611
Discussion......Page 613
References......Page 614
Process Model......Page 616
Contextual Model......Page 618
Decision Model......Page 619
Functional Model......Page 620
Conclusions......Page 622
References......Page 624
Introduction......Page 625
Skills, Rules and Knowledge and Cognitive Compatibility Situation Awareness Rating Technique......Page 626
Cognitive Function Analysis......Page 627
Emotion Definition......Page 628
Schematic, Propositional, Analogical and Associative Representation Systems $(SPAARS)$......Page 629
Self-Regulatory Executive Function $(SREF)$......Page 631
Integration......Page 632
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 633
References......Page 634
Introduction......Page 635
Origins......Page 636
Network Enabled Capability......Page 637
Key Sociotechnical Characteristics......Page 638
Adaptability......Page 639
The Alternative Conception of a ‘Network’ in NEC......Page 641
Conclusions......Page 642
References......Page 643
Part IV Safety Critical Applications and Systems......Page 645
Introduction......Page 646
Survey......Page 647
Experimental Study......Page 649
Conclusions......Page 652
References......Page 653
Introduction......Page 654
Task and Design......Page 656
Apparatus......Page 657
Recording and Data Analysis......Page 658
Results......Page 659
Discussion......Page 660
References......Page 661
Introduction......Page 663
Introduction to HILAS......Page 665
Overall Flight Operations Process Model......Page 666
Information Sharing/Knowledge Integration......Page 667
Flight Crew Task Support......Page 668
Organizational Requirements and Culture......Page 669
Overview of Tool Framework and User Requirements......Page 670
Conclusions......Page 671
References......Page 672
Introduction......Page 673
Related Air Traffic Controller Research......Page 674
Method......Page 676
Results......Page 677
Discussion......Page 680
References......Page 681
Introduction......Page 683
The Navigational Risk Detection and Assessment System......Page 684
Graphical User Interface Design......Page 686
Study I: Evaluation of Risk Model and GUI Design......Page 687
Study II: Experimental Evaluation of System Usability......Page 688
References......Page 691
Introduction......Page 693
Experimental Work......Page 694
Result and Discussion......Page 696
The Type I Helmet Without Ventilation Holes......Page 697
The Type II Helmet with Small Ventilation Holes......Page 698
The Type III Helmet with Manufacturing Ventilation Openings......Page 699
References......Page 701
Human-Machine Cooperation......Page 702
Definition of the Human-Machine Cooperation......Page 703
The Common Frame of Reference (COFOR)......Page 704
A Model of Human-Machine Cooperation Through a Common Workspace......Page 705
Identification of the Contents of the Common Reference Frame......Page 706
Specification of the Man-Machine System......Page 707
Evaluation of the Man-Machine System......Page 708
Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 709
References......Page 710
Safe and Reliable Human Performance......Page 712
Human Factors Certification as a Step Forward......Page 713
FAR/CS§ 25.1302 Installed Systems and Equipment for Use by the Flight Crew......Page 714
An ‘Eye’ for New Behavior with(in) New Systems......Page 715
Innovating Machine Intelligence......Page 716
Concluding Remarks......Page 718
References......Page 719
Introduction......Page 720
Relevant Issues Concerning Multiple Uav Guidance......Page 721
The Work System as a Human Factors Engineering Framework......Page 722
Introduction of Cognitive Automation into the UAV Guidance Work System......Page 724
The Cognitive Process......Page 725
Cognitive UAV Co-operation......Page 726
Projects and Experimental Facilities......Page 727
Conclusion......Page 728
References......Page 729
Introduction......Page 731
Method......Page 733
Discussion......Page 735
References......Page 737
Introduction......Page 738
Alarm Systems in Emergency Evacuation......Page 739
Voice Alarm System......Page 740
Studies and Observations on Occupants’ Response to Voice Alarm......Page 741
Summary and Future Directions......Page 742
References......Page 743
Introduction......Page 746
Design and Stimuli......Page 748
Procedure......Page 750
Results......Page 751
References......Page 754
Introduction......Page 756
Participants......Page 757
Procedure......Page 758
Eye Gaze Angles......Page 759
Distribution of Fixations......Page 760
Discussion......Page 761
Conclusions......Page 762
References......Page 763
Introduction......Page 765
Participants......Page 766
Design and Procedure......Page 767
Performance Analysis......Page 768
Eye Movement Data Analysis......Page 769
Discussion......Page 772
References......Page 773
Introduction......Page 775
Weaknesses in RTD Capability......Page 776
Research and Development Needs......Page 777
System Improvement......Page 778
The ‘System of Systems’......Page 779
Knowledge Management......Page 780
Systems Integration Innovation......Page 781
Modelling the Human in the System......Page 782
References......Page 784
Introduction......Page 785
Simulator......Page 786
Outline......Page 787
Evaluation......Page 788
Results......Page 790
Conclusions......Page 792
References......Page 793
Introduction......Page 794
EOG Blink Waveform Classification......Page 795
Blink Image Sequence......Page 797
HMM Blink Classification......Page 798
References......Page 801
Introduction......Page 802
Data Collection......Page 803
Data Analysis......Page 805
Blink Classification......Page 806
Correlation with Other Physiological Measures......Page 809
References......Page 810
Introduction......Page 811
Common Work Space......Page 812
Fighter Aircraft Experiments......Page 815
Discussion and Conclusion......Page 819
References......Page 820
Crew Resource Management and Communication......Page 821
Culture and Aviation......Page 822
Questionnaire......Page 823
Results......Page 824
Discussion......Page 826
References......Page 827
Driving Factors for Change......Page 829
Economic – Reducing Cost......Page 830
Congestion – Too Many Aircraft, Too Little Space......Page 831
Technology Changes......Page 833
Future Display Technologies......Page 835
Control Technologies......Page 837
References......Page 838
Introduction......Page 839
Process Tracing Technique to Assess Pilot SA......Page 841
Advantages......Page 844
Proposed Modification......Page 845
References......Page 847
General Model of Human Factors Analysis......Page 849
Improved Elementary Events Analysis Method (EEAM)......Page 850
Improved EEAM......Page 851
Characters......Page 852
Analysis of Incidents During 1989-2005......Page 853
Analysis of Accidents During 1990-2000......Page 854
References......Page 855
Motivation......Page 857
Research Goals......Page 858
The Multimodal Touchpad......Page 859
Apparatus and Driving Simulation......Page 861
Design......Page 862
Results and Discussion......Page 863
Conclusions......Page 865
References......Page 866
Understanding Normal Practice......Page 867
Human Factors - A Lifecycle Approach......Page 868
Objectives of the HILAS Strand Maintenance Project......Page 869
The Integrated Maintenance Human Factors Management System (IMMS)......Page 870
Initial Design Considerations for the IMMS......Page 871
Organisational Support for Implementation......Page 873
References......Page 874
Introduction......Page 875
Method......Page 876
Effect of Noise......Page 877
Tune......Page 878
Effect of Noise......Page 879
Contrast......Page 880
References......Page 881
The HILAS Project......Page 882
The Experiment......Page 883
Gwylio......Page 884
IR Camera......Page 885
Cockpit Displays......Page 886
Experiment Preparation......Page 889
References......Page 890
Author Index......Page 892